Archive lectures and events

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Thank you very much if you can hear me and see me then We've made our first made our first step, and done that correctly.

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Good afternoon, everyone. Good afternoon. Good early evening. Happy International Dance Day in anticipation of of tomorrow.

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So. yeah, this is quite a timely little thing to do for dance day.

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I'm very interested in the craft of filmmaking That's kind of what I what I what I teach about, and it's you kind of what I what I write about.

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And think about a lot the nuts and bolts of filmmaking.

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And not too long ago I was having a

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A period of enjoying musicals as I often do I'm, never too far away from a musical, and I started to.

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I started to to kind of get attached to this idea that perhaps musicals are the the true birthplace of visual effects in cinema.

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When we think of special effects and visual effects and cinema, we tend to think of monsters, spaceships, etc.

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Fantastical things. but I started to think perhaps there's a case to be made.

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The musicals already started this, and it would stand to reason.

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The history and the development of musicals is intrinsically tied up with the development of film.

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Early film, the very first, the very first talky, was, in fact, a musical.

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If you think of the jazz singer there's as much singing and music in it as there is dialogue.

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The screen in some ways was as ready for music as it was as it was for speaking at the time, and then musicals occupied this very special kind of space in cinema in that they are sometimes realistic.

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Some. Sometimes they make excuses for having music and and dancing and performances in the film.

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There's lots of particularly early hollywood films that are that are about performance that are sort of backstage musicals or films that are about people putting on a show, and So we get to see the show and that's how

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the music is worked in, and then sometimes musicals are in the more sort of West Side story vein where carried but more operatic, and like a cinema version of opera wire characters will just bust into song and there'll be

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a number, and those ones are very interesting, because they ostensibly take place in the real world.

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But they but they sort of bend they bend the rules of reality somewhat in real life.

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People don't suddenly burst into song. and they son you don't start doing fantastic things.

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So I find those musicals. Those musicals are particularly interesting ones.

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To look at. so it's it's really exploring the idea, the idea today that perhaps the musicals of the true originators are special effects, and perhaps there's a kind of straight line.

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We can draw from some of the early musicals to 2 more fantastical things.

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Perhaps we need top hat. have star wars perhaps there's a very straight link of kind of fantastical filmmaking that joins the 2.

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And so to that End we're going to look at a small handful of films, and we're going to have a couple of a couple of Freda stairs and a couple of gene carries I don't want

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to pit the 2 men against each other because that would be nuts.

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We've got both, and we can enjoy both were very we're. very lucky. but they were both definitely during the sort of golden age of Hollywood.

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They were both definitely at the top of their game, both definitely about approaching.

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Approaching the whole idea of musicals in different in different ways.

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Gene. Kenny was much more of a craftsman, and was much more involved in Wanted to put new things on the screen himself.

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Furnace there. we just wanted to kind of affect the effect the dance, but it might be interesting to look at a few of these with this idea that just maybe you know make maybe there's there's something going on

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that's that that we that we haven't formally seen about musicals in their place as as special effects films.

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So let's start with one let's jump straight into a clip.

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I would like to show you a bit of a film called if I can find it called Cover Girl.

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Now. i'll bring this up and then I started in a moment cover.

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Girl is a Gene Kerry movie from 1,944, directed by Charles Vidor.

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It has a sequence. It that's normally referred to as the mirror dance it's let's bring it to the cover. That's the fun there in the sequence.

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Jim Kelly is having a moment of crisis and a moment of personal introspection, and it does one of those kind of slightly fantastical things that musicals do, and and certainly the gene county musicals do in that

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it all. all gets represented through the medium of dance, but not just any dance a dance that we hadn't seen on screen before.

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Jim Kelly was very keen to do a dance where he dances with a reflection of himself.

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And you put that idea to the director charles charles Vedar and the director said, no, that's not that's not going to be possible.

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We don't have the technology to have you dancing with your cell on the screen.

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That's nuts and he said no i'm i'm pretty sure I can do it, and he dropped up away himself that he that he that this could be done and they ended up giving him the studio giving him a camera man and

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giving him a skirt and staff for the weekend.

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Basically on this idea. they had come up with and said go for it. This is the results. So we're going to look at the clip, and then we're going to talk after It's about what approach you might have taken to do

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it bear in mind the bit of technology that he was missing and wanting to dance with himself is the thing that didn't exist.

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But he couldn't get his hands on in 1,944 would be some kind of device for recording how our camera moves, and then repeating it exactly if I would make a film with myself.

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I've got to do some kind of split screen but the camera's not going to stay still, So if the camera moves, and I then I film the other half with the camera moving again.

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How can I possibly get those 2 things to line up? There was no technology at the time to do it.

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So Jane had a a workaround and he had to think about how to do it.

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So i'm going to show you the click while we're watching it.

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Think about how you think he might have done it and then Well, I shall reveal after it.

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So I'm going to share the clip from the beginning obviously, if you you can, to, if you can.

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All you can all see this news if you can't see it and hear it.

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I'm sure this will work just scream and i'll and i'll solve it.

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But otherwise here is a Here is the mirror dance from 1,940 four's cover, though

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Beauty like rusty's the man's legs Huh!

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She loves me. I love her that's all 2 people need and why didn't she meet you at the oyster bar tonight?

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Something happened. She'll explain it tomorrow. wait a minute, Danny Mcguire.

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She stood you up and you know it she's out with waiting and you know that, too.

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So she's out with wheat what dimmers does it make penny

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Don't be such a hard-headed Irishman for once. if you really love Rusty, it let it go.

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Coder's right you have nothing to give her Wheaton has everything.

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Hey, Danny, you can't run away from yourself you got to make up your mind about this, and i'm gonna see that you do it.

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Now wait a minute! Stop!

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That's pretty intense stuff isn't it and quite as quite a destructive destructive little ending there.

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Now you're probably all dreaming up some sort of ideas about how we might have done that. when you see superimpose film, someone goes invisible.

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The person you. The film you you put on top goes goes not invisible.

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See through So he's really benefited from I mean he said to choreograph both parts for a start, and then block it out and decide how it's going to be filmed.

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But the real trick is, how does he get? How does he move the camera around and film both bits?

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Well, they they trained up a cameraman because the cameras were enormous, heavy things.

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They trained up a cameraman to move the camera on the according to the to the beats of the song

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And so he would be moving it, and someone would be counting.

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1, 2, 3, 4, move it back, 1 2 3 4 move it left, and that captures the second dancing gene, and the second dancing gene, as you saw, was was transparent, because he's filmed as as a

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superimposed character. Now the thing we couldn't do is couldn't line it up perfectly.

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He could move it so that the camera background is said so that the camera was moving almost exactly the same ways before.

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But human error means it'll never line up perfectly so why don't we see 2 backgrounds?

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Why do we only see? And the second superimposed bit why don't we?

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Why did we only see 1 one gene and not a background?

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If we could see the background you'd see all the background going out of focus as the 2 backgrounds blurred together as they didn't properly line up.

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This is the problem Gene had to solve. so his solution was incredibly practical.

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One. he got as much black velvet as he could possibly lay his hands on, covered the needs for the second run through, covered the entire set from tops of bottom with black velvet.

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So the second time round he was dancing in a completely blacked out room, so he couldn't see the stairs he couldn't see the pole to slide down.

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He couldn't see the gantry he runs across He had to do it all from memory, because it was like that.

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It was like being upside down or being in a sensory deprivation room.

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And so he had to dance all that in a complete blackout, and the camera man had to remember all his beats having someone behind him sort of pulling him and going now start turning right, now start turning left.

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So he would just pick up the the second the second dancing Gene.

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It's an incredible fate, I love it I mean it's a it's a majestic bit of a bit of a bit of choreography, and it is the original It sort of is the original blue screen

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it's black screen is blacked. out the whole background and of course he wants the the other gene to be transparent because he's a reflection.

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Only wish it was a true reflection. The other gene.

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His pocket is still on the left. It really upsets me every time I watch it.

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I think, could they know if they if he wasn't doing that by himself on a kind of spare?

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We can. A seamstress at Columbia would have just a move.

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That bucket for him quickly. but it's an amazing feat, and it sort of predates a lot of the technology that got invented in the seventys.

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So in the seventies they've been to something called a motion control rig which they used in films like star wars and science fictiony stuff.

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Perfectly replicate a camera move and they needed it for familiar star warscomes for filming special effects.

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Shots and emotion control rig is basically a camera on a big arm on a on a track, and it just moves where you send it, and then you press again and it moves exactly where you send it again and you can it's

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completely replicated, reputable, reputable. But again

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So if you have one of those at the time problem solved but he didn't, so he basically invented one from from scratch.

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And so it's the it's the original it's before blue screen technology existed.

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Otherwise he may have been tempted to do on a blue screen.

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But the the studio said, he couldn't do it so he had to do it himself, which is very very Gene Kelly.

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He just took the weekend and and and get it himself, and the result was amazing.

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The cameras weighed £500 at that point, so you can imagine how hard it was to get someone to move the camera and then to replicate that movement exactly.

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All had to be done or had to be an absolutely absolutely musicically So that's our first gene category.

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I hope you enjoyed that one it's it's it's a it's a very it's a very clever one.

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I want to show you something equally clever from around the same period, slightly later, 1,951.

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This next clip. so 90 51 I want to show you a clip from a film called Royal Wedding, which is a slightly lesser known Fred Stair, Musical.

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And You're lucky because i've just got hold of a very nice new copy of this it's a film that's in It's in the public domain.

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Unfortunately, it's it's copyright expired so almost any dvd you buy of it?

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Would be it's a horrible kind of Vh. jie copy, but I've got a lovely new copy to show you.

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So this sequence in royal wedding is quite well known but it's another one where we ship think about how it's done.

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Really we're going to see freddie's fred is in love, and it's another sort of fantasy sequence and furniture is going to dance by round at room up the walls

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across the ceiling and down again. Have a look at this one and it just as we go.

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Just have a think about let me find it. We have a think about exactly how how they might have done this. it's again.

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It's It can only be practical only the only practical technologies exist at this time, so here's a little bit from 1,950 one's.

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Royal wedding. let's bring it to the front and here it is

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Everywhere that you you are everywhere an orchid, rose. Whoa!

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Everything that's young and gay Brighter than a Holloway everywhere the you are your like Paris in April.

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May your cause day with South, as the sun grows fainter, your lot, Lowman.

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When autumn is fly all night, and get 3 looking out of the sea, you're all places that leave me, and no wonder you're all the world

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Fantastic stuff isn't it fantastic stuff they do not make them like that anymore.

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When you think about that one there's only really one way they could have done it.

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Fred is there, for all his talents and all disabilities could not defy gravity.

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At least not 100%. So what we're looking at is a set of room.

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Imagine a set of a room built inside a barrel and you roll the barrel, and you so I from attached to the room, is a is like a is a camera that's fixed.

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There's sitting on the same for sitting on the floor of the room, and then it's inside a barrel and it rolls, and when it rolls the camera rolls and the camera man rolls and the camera man and the camera and

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the room, and the floor, and the walls in the ceiling all turn upside down.

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They all rotate, but fred because he's a human being, and is affected by gravity.

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To stay standing the right way up so from our point of view We're staying still and Fred is moving from hit from but from the point of view of the film it looks like Fred goes up around the wall it's very

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clever isn't that it's a very it's just very well executed, that it looks like it's all one take.

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There are a couple of tiny hidden cups in it.

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I suspect they had to pause to. It goes in 90 degree increments, and I expect to make it a back the other way.

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They had to break. But fred is so good and so Well, choreographed that he he moves through that through the sort of hidden break You don't you don't really spot it it's it's a I mean it's you

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can you can see how it's done it's incredibly practical.

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The things that I like about it are there's lights hanging from the ceiling.

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So the whole. the room has electricity so that's wiring like providing electricity in the room.

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And there's that lovely moment where he's on the ceiling, and he reaches down and he picks the the frame photo off the desk, which is now in reality dangling upside down above him he picks it up and looks

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at it as if he's the right way up that was done with a magnet.

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It was magnetized to the desk I found it into Stanley Dunning, Director, who directed that race, said, That's It's sort of stuck on with a magnet, so you can go and just and just put

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it off brilliant stuff isn't it really very clever thinking about how all these special effects that were developed for musicals kind of had a long long tail and influenced other things that happened later.

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I thought it might be quite nice. so have a very quick look at this. I've already got a small copy of this this little sequence here from 2,001 a space.

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Odyssey so jump forward to 1,968 and we've got exactly the same special effect.

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You're saying it in and and it's a revealing how it worked as it as it were and i'll show you how it looks in the finished film as well. So that's your standard cubic loved a rotating

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set so that's kind of an approximation of how he of how he did that.

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If I stop sharing that instead. share this you can see what that looks like in the finished in the finished movie.

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It's exactly the same technology have a look at that

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So can we say without without royal wedding there's no 2,001 space, Obviously, maybe not.

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Maybe that's slightly overstating it but certainly so that you could have been loved to big a big practical set, and that was the only way to do that effect. and it's done exactly the way that it was done by Freddie There those

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kind of those 17 years earlier. So only dome and also directed a film in the eightys chord break into electric boogaloo, which is a breakdown movie, and i'm going to show you 15 s of it

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because it's just because it's international dance day, which uses exactly the same technology. So Stanley Donum was still doing this.

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Yes, lady, and he made it more sophisticated.

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But he You see, the camera is a bit more mobile.

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I can and pans and tracks around a little bit and it's not on a flat angle, but it's exactly the same technology.

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The room moves the dancing guy. Stay still

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Like ends with the few more clever little visual effects.

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The the guy's girlfriend comes in and and then, during this bit here she sort of uncomfortably bolted to the wall, first down

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That's it's a little treat for you just because it's international down today, tomorrow, you know, to go all the way from Freddis there to break into electric boogaloo.

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But it's the same technology, a rotating room, and people, the people staying still, but very effective, I think, and very, extremely extremely influential, as we saw in in the the 2,001 clip, as well, So we have one.

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Gene, and we've had one fred time for another Gene i'm gonna show you a little bit of a film called anchors away from 1,945 at some Mgm.

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Movie gene, Kenny being the being the the the film innovator, that he was, decided that he would really like to dance with a cartoon character in this movie.

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He wanted to have a number where he was dancing with a completely animated dance.

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Partner. His first idea was, he wanted to start. with Mickey mouse making mouse being the the the biggest and most recognizable cartoon character at the time the producers thought it couldn't be done.

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They said, No, there's no way we can combine lines action. and and an animation in a way that will in a way that's sophisticated enough you to actually dance and interact with a character so once again poral Gene was was

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was doubted. but Joe Pasanac, who was produced in the film.

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He liked it, and he asked Jean to speak to Walt Disney directly.

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Walt Disney love the idea. Just thought, Yeah. fantastic. More more more exposure for making mouse.

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But it was 1,945 it was the more years. Disney were having trouble, even distributing their own films at the time they couldn't spare anybody to do an animation of Mickey mouse for the

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film. So the idea looked like it was going to fall completely.

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Fact, but anchors away is mgm fell and Mgm had their own cartoon cartoon characters, their own cartoon properties, as it were, and they had Tom and Jerry so why not

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utilize them. they're well known enough people know who Thomas Jerry are so.

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The idea came, became that Gene would dance with with Jerry the Mouse, and so he does.

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So in the clip we're going to see it's this is a choreographed dance between very human gene, Kelly, and a very animated if I can just find the clip in a second a very

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animated. Jerry the mouse and it's how it's done is not hugely complicated.

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Oh, if you you may have seen animation cells at 1 point They're kind of painted on clear clear sheets of plastic, clear estate.

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Normally they draw a background for animation, and then they paint the characters.

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I a bit of clear plastic, so animation cells have a transparent background already.

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So if you wanted to superimpose one with a bit of live action footage that would actually work really well, because they're opaque, unlike film which is, see through.

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So you've already got an opaque medium with a with a with a clear background.

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So you can actually sound them with a bit of film and technically. It'll make a really nice and to make a really nice math. It'll just block itself out, and it should look really good together.

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The sophisticated thing in this central clip is that Jerry the Mouse has a really lovely reflection.

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Starting characters really have reflections, but have a look at how lovely and shiny is Reflection is here.

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So this is the dance number of a song called the king who couldn't sing from 1945 bankers of way,

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Tell me it makes the mirror

00:30:17.000 --> 00:30:27.000
Hello! hello! Just a sailor come of visiting. Why are you sad?

00:30:27.000 --> 00:30:36.000
Oh, yes, you will ourselves. Yes, you are love Well, you deserve to be lonesome.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:43.000
Lonesome's too good for you passing a law like that not letting people sing and dance aren't you ashamed of yourself?

00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:51.000
I haven't what do you mean you had it well

00:30:51.000 --> 00:30:58.000
Only better,

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:11.000
I you can't so sick does anybody can well not anybody that's cracky and food being grumpy, but anybody whose heart is big and warm and happy.

00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:18.000
They can try it just for a minute. try being happy. If you were Re.

00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:25.000
If you worry if you bother you I do it won't help you with 4 won't help you it will hurt you instead.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:30.000
Growners, cranks and mowners they're so unfair.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:35.000
You can't be gay and merry lock yourself in solitary though it hurt you.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:42.000
Go. it hurt you. Be a pleasanter guy. you may even learn to like it if you give it a try.

00:31:42.000 --> 00:31:50.000
Good laugh at singing dances, Maybe as an help but don't expect to get much help if you don't help yourself.

00:31:50.000 --> 00:32:01.000
Will you try if you show me i'll show you i'll try Good! 1, 2, 3, 4, 1 2 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 love along.

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:31.000
You see,

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:16.000
It's not brilliant that's great stuff. There was nothing technically impossible about that is just hard work.

00:34:16.000 --> 00:34:28.000
It's just he did someone's had to walk jean Kelly himself has had to really sort of grind to to choreograph that and make that and make that really work.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:40.000
He he's worked it all out and then they animates us coming and done that thing like I say animated characters don't normally have things like reflections or shine or anything so I think that's

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.000
sequence, where he's kind of walking walking towards the camera and They're on a very shiny floor.

00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:53.000
It would look all for if jerry the mouse didn't have a shiny reflection in it as well, so they had to do an extra bit of leg work in kind of flipping the flipping the the image of

00:34:53.000 --> 00:35:00.000
Jerry upside down and making it transparent. so just an additional step to kind of blend him in with the live action.

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:08.000
Now, of course, the legacy of live action and and animation together is films like Ufrain Roger Rabbit, which kind of takes that to the to the extreme.

00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:24.000
And there are. there are other examples but the legacy of that in in Jan Kelly's career is that he got really really into it, and for his first directorial credit, which is 11 years later, a phone called invitation to the dance

00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:35.000
1,956 it's a whole film of just dance numbers, and one of the sections isn't isn't done it using entirely, animation.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:41.000
So he took this idea, and just have worked it up into a into a Maxif into a massive project.

00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:52.000
So i'm got the i've got a trailer we can just look at quickly for invitation to the dance rather than the than the homobe and you'll get to see a sort of taste of it and

00:35:52.000 --> 00:36:04.000
you see how far he pushed this idea of interacting with the interacting with animated with animated characters,

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:18.000
Ladies and gentlemen, this is George Peterson inviting you to a program preview of invitation to the desk hailed by those who know as one of the most imaginative productions ever conceived filmed and tech the color it

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:36.000
stars. Gene Kelly, the incomparable young who thrilled you, and singing in the rain the superb Kelly, who starred in that wonderful production, an American in Paris

00:36:36.000 --> 00:36:42.000
Now the extraordinary gene Kelly brings to the screen a delightfully new and modern form of motion.

00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:49.000
Picture entertainment Invitation to the dance with this great star in his new picture.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:09.000
He's a cast to international dan's favorites prevention, of view. Igor, you escape it Come on up to monitor Carol Haney, Claire Somber Belita and many more you are now witnessing

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:17.000
a sequence from circus

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:28.000
The music is played by the Royal philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by John Hollingsworth, of Sadler's Welles Ballet Faith, the celebrated French composer, Jacques Ebert composed the

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:34.000
music. This tells the dramatic story of the unrequited love of a clown for a beautiful ballet.

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:43.000
Answer. And just for variety, here is an ultra-modern presentation entitled, Ring around the Road.

00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:48.000
This is the amusing story of a jeweled bracelet which travels from one set of lovers to the next.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:38:05.000
Finally returning to its original owner on its merry-ground trail

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:24.000
Andre Preven, recognized as one of our finest concert and recording artists, composed the unusual modern score, and also performs the piano songs

00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:32.000
Jean Kelly, who went, introduced the novelty, combination of live action and animation in Cinema Dripsy Court now achieves even greater stature in Sinbad.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:44.000
The sailor Rinsky Kosikovs, the immortal shares on sweet and riches, the magic of this cartoon venison, the full 100 piece Mgm Symphony Conducted by

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:56.000
Johnny Green record of the music adapted by Roger Eden

00:38:56.000 --> 00:39:06.000
In invitation to the dance is a new endeavor in screen entertainment, combining the outstanding talents of the world of arts, music, and the dance.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:13.000
It is a project that is bold, ambitious, but most of all unprecedented.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:26.000
We recommend it sincere for a new adventure in motion, picture enjoyment,

00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:35.000
So you can see, by the time you got that whole thing out of his system he was with the lone human character in a completely animated world rather than rather than vice versa.

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:40.000
That was definitely, I think he went through Sorry about the low slightly low quality copy of that clip that's the best I could find.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:46.000
I should have pointed out as well when I showed the the rotating 2,001 space.

00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:50.000
Odyssey clip the the corrected one where she stays still on the thing where it takes found I didn't make that I found that online.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:59.000
So if you're watching this and you made that thank you very much, I can't honestly heart number where I where I found it.

00:39:59.000 --> 00:40:01.000
Let's have one more i've got time to squeeze in one more click.

00:40:01.000 --> 00:40:04.000
I'm going to show you this one because I don't know how it's done.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:09.000
So this is a way to leave you with a little something to think about, and to ponder.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:18.000
I'm going to show you a clip from blue skies just 1,946. and this was originally talented as Frederick Stair's final movie.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:22.000
So they wanted to do something really big and majestic for his for his final dance.

00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:32.000
It turns out he was brought back out of retirement pretty quickly, but at the time this was going to be the last time we saw we saw Fred.

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:35.000
You'll understand when you when you see it but There's some.

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:47.000
There's a technology going on here that I haven't quite managed to figure out we're going to see Fred dancing with a multiple of threads in the background, and there seems to be a pretty seamless.

00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:51.000
Blend between the background threads and the front the front the foreground.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:04.000
Fred. Now there's a guy credited on this film called Fascio Edward, who was a process photographer who had developed an amazing technology for showing for rear projection, which is when you can show a big background

00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:14.000
a big animated background behind you on a screen and he's quoted on this, and I think it may be some kind of rear projection going on, but it's very, very, sharp, very crisp, much better than a

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:21.000
rear projection normally is, I found an interview with Fred a stair where he said he danced it, and then he wasn't allowed to see it for months.

00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:31.000
So there was some post-production going on which wouldn't have been the case if it was rear projection, so maybe there's some blue sc If there's blue screen on This it's the shot those pin sharp lovely blue

00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:37.000
screen, especially for the especially for the time there's lots of little clues to look for.

00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:41.000
In theory. the background behind him is too big for a rear projection screen.

00:41:41.000 --> 00:41:51.000
But Farsio Edward had been working on this on using bigger screens by having other other projectors all synchronized together.

00:41:51.000 --> 00:42:04.000
And you he could synchronize 3 projectors together. and There's 9 Freds so part of me thinks 3 projectors per Fred lining them up that could have happened I Don't know I can't figure

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:10.000
out by looking at it, and have not managed to find any particularly good research or interviews for the time. That really show how it's done.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:16.000
So it's really just here for us to for us to enjoy, and for us to then sort of ponder on.

00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:46.000
So here is what would have been for reads final dance from blue skies, and you're going to have to knock yourself out figuring out how this is done.

00:42:49.000 --> 00:43:11.000
Have you seen the well to do up and down Park Avenue, that famous thorough affairs with their noses in the air, high hats and arrow comeers, white spats, and lots of dollars, spending every die far a wonderful

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:24.000
time with your and you don't know where to go to why don't you go where fashion sits button on the Ritz?

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:29.000
Different types of wear redecoat pants with stripes and cut away coat.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:38.000
Perfect fits button on the writ, dressed up like a 1 million dollar.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:46.000
True, trying hard to look like Gary Cooper. so.

00:43:46.000 --> 00:44:16.000
But Duke Bert come let's mix for rock Thefelders walk with sticks or umbrellas in their myths along the Ritz

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:05.000
And there you have it. What would have been fred's last dance on film, even watching that Now I look at that thing.

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:10.000
There's any clues as to whether I can get any closer to how that was done.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:19.000
None whatsoever. have a lovely international dance day tomorrow, if one whenever you choose to do it, we've got time for questions, so you can.

00:47:19.000 --> 00:47:27.000
I'm sure you have questions whether I have answers on that is, there is another is another issue. But i'm happy to to field any that you've any that You've got I know if you want to make a guess as

00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:31.000
how that last one was done i'm always happy to chew that over with anybody.

00:47:31.000 --> 00:47:37.000
So. thank you very much. That was a bit good Christopher. I really enjoyed that one.

00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:42.000
I hope everybody else does and I think you've done everybody into silence a little bit.

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:48.000
But We've got one question so let's click off with that, and we'll see here we go on.

00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:54.000
No, let me just find it. It was actually about cover, girl light at the start with, said Jean.

00:47:54.000 --> 00:48:01.000
Kelly and Sue is asking how many ticks were done for each gene.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:10.000
Do we know? Don't know for sure but I do know that they only had a weekend to film it.

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:20.000
So I found an int i've got an interview with them with Jin's widow where she talked about it. talks about how that was done because for a long time people didn't didn't know it was only and he

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:29.000
didn't really sort of talk about they're nuts and balances work at that time, and I know they had 3 weeks to work out the scene, and 2 days of shooting.

00:48:29.000 --> 00:48:39.000
So there's a lot of choreography to to to work out i it's one of those it's one of those train hard fight easy things I think.

00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:46.000
But you do all the choreography and you've got it all absolutely nailed when you go in, and you're actually kind of spending money on the on the weekend So if you've got 2

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:57.000
weekend days to shoot that over that weekend you've got to wrap up the entire set in black velvet at some point, probably over the middle night, so they probably took a day to film each to film each part I

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:05.000
would think that would have been hard to film the second ones because nobody because we wouldn't know where you are. but he found over quite a bit.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:14.000
I think he said At this interview I found he said it was it was like, Jean said it was disorientating like a pilot trying to fly a plane upside down.

00:49:14.000 --> 00:49:18.000
Because they But if you let's not be in a completely blacked out room.

00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:26.000
There's no there's there's no there's an and velvet is of course the reason they use that is, and i'm it's like my jacket it's it's there's no light at all there's

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:35.000
no reflections. It reads us completely black on camera so you'd get so that enables him to be completely seed through and have no background at all.

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:42.000
So yes. But so the answer to the question in a long, winded way is probably as many takes as you could do in a day.

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:56.000
Which I mean knowing Jean kennedy would be quite a few. and then it would be a case of sifting through the in post-production and getting making sure that you've got the bright ones also moving the 500

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:01.000
pound camera around, even though it's on it's on wheels would not be an easy thing.

00:50:01.000 --> 00:50:06.000
You don't want to have to do it too many times you know, and he only had a kind of skeleton crew doing it.

00:50:06.000 --> 00:50:11.000
So have a camera operator, and maybe one or 2 people even the cameras are like tanks.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:17.000
You start moving them, and it's an effort to move them and then they roll, and then you have to sort of stop them.

00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:19.000
So you wouldn't want to do it too many times when you look at that clip.

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:32.000
You can see there's lots of bits where it does drift slightly, and you can see where you know the like the that. the reflection Gene moves line in the frame or the frame, starts moving and then and then it just

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:35.000
catches up a little bit, so he's it's not perfectly syncs.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:37.000
He could have, you know you could just keep doing it forever.

00:50:37.000 --> 00:50:48.000
But within the tolerance of kind of human the human you know the human ability to repeat those actions. it's as perfect as you could have as you could have got it.

00:50:48.000 --> 00:50:59.000
Yeah, well, okay, very interesting. Lots of nice comments that I'm going to pass on to tomorrow Yeah, we do have lots and less questions.

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:07.000
But i'm gonna ask you one and off of you know the the clips that you've watched these 2 guys and the innovation.

00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:16.000
What what's your favorite. I do not think Yeah, I do love that one from from blue skies purely, because I don't know how it's done.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:19.000
And I think that i'm always really intrigued by things that I can't.

00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:23.000
But I can't quite figure out I mean that that blue skies Clip is amazing even watching it.

00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:33.000
Then I was thinking if it's if it's a brier projection behind him onto a screen, he dances really really back, incredibly close to it.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:36.000
And there's there, There should be some if there is a re objection.

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:44.000
There should be some kind of seam on the floor you should be able to see it, and you can't it looks like the floor just disappeared, and if it's it's blue screen again.

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:55.000
There should be some kind of edge but he's got a shadow that's falling behind him towards the guys and that's as he moves back that his shadow kind of merges with their shadow and it's like it's

00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:04.000
really there. so i've watched that clip loads and loads and loads of times, and I've never quite got to the bottom of it, and it's a great bit of dancing I found a one of the few blues I found about

00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:07.000
that was in a Parkinson interview from the seventies. No.

00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:20.000
Parkinson interviewed everyone, everybody, those those parking lot. I hope one day they just make them all all available, because he really got a lot of those old Hollywood actors and and and directors.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:22.000
And so on. Just why were there some at the end of their careers?

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:28.000
And they were, and they were feeling a bit talking and they kind of you know, a lot of them kind of talk their way through these these amazing.

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:31.000
They're going with awesome Wells is amazing but they're the one with Frederick.

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:37.000
He talks about it, and I was kind of doing something else. and I heard him say blue skies, and I was like he's gonna he's gonna tell us how he's done it.

00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:41.000
But he doesn't really mention it he mentions how the cane springs off the floor.

00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:52.000
Which is which you kind of think how on earth is that done There's a little hydraulic spring in the floor under the floor, and someone has to press a button and it flings the cave in. there.

00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:56.000
But they had to get a musician to do it because it had to be 1, 2, 3, spring.

00:52:56.000 --> 00:53:01.000
But it actually had to be 1, 2, 3, spring, like, so that it comes up on one.

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:06.000
So you had to get someone that understood the meter of the thing to make in land in his hand.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:13.000
I bet they did that a few times. Yeah, just just talking about the blue screen about the blue screen. I've actually got a question from Anne.

00:53:13.000 --> 00:53:16.000
Could you explain a little bit more about exactly what blue screen is?

00:53:16.000 --> 00:53:24.000
So Blue screen is a technology that they they came up with when technical cameras were invented.

00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:34.000
So a technical camera records. it actually records 3 roles of black and white film, but through a prism and through 3 filters a red, green, and a blue.

00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:41.000
And so, if you imagine you filmed something bright red, it goes onto the black and white roll through the red prism.

00:53:41.000 --> 00:53:49.000
It will look really dark on the red roll, and then something really blue will look pretty dark on the blue roll, and so and and and so on.

00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:57.000
And then you combine those those those 3 black and white roles by dying them the opposite color, and put them together and project them.

00:53:57.000 --> 00:54:03.000
And that's how we get that's how technical It works. And that's why technical a film can be preserved, because it's actually 3 roles of black and white film.

00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:07.000
All you need is the right kind of filter to show it through, and we know what kind of filters are so they cut.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:11.000
They don't color fade technicolor prints because they're just black and white prints.

00:54:11.000 --> 00:54:24.000
Someone realized that you could that if you film someone against the against a completely blue background on the blue roll, that background would be completely black.

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:28.000
And you could then make a negative of that, so that a high contrast negative.

00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:41.000
So then the thing in the foreground the person would be completely black in the background to be white, and then you can sound a but photochemically, you can then sandwich those together with a new background, which will print through because the background of the

00:54:41.000 --> 00:54:49.000
blue roll is black, the person will appear and they Won't be transparent because of the in-between map you made, making them black in the background.

00:54:49.000 --> 00:54:58.000
White. it's complicated It was complicated at the time and it's not as simple as green screens are now clicking up, you know.

00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:10.000
Just all done done digitally. It had to be done photochemically. so you would film against a blue background, and you can chemically remove that that blue and place it with with whatever you want prior to that There was black screen They

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:15.000
did use to film things against black, but they did are using to just one role of black and white film.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:18.000
But they what would go wrong with that is, the person in the foreground would be transparent.

00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:22.000
So you see some early, you see some silent films and some early sound films.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:32.000
Where they do. they do experiments with that and they they're only ever on screen, very briefly, because there's no way to make the person in the front not transparent. and there was another method that used an orange screen.

00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:45.000
And Disney had yellow screen. Disney discovered a color yellow that got lost in the prism of the of the of the technical camera, and wouldn't appear on any of the 3 roles, and they built this a special prism that could

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:55.000
then split the light into yellow, and not yellow but meaning you didn't have to make an in-between maps, and it could be incredibly sharp, and they used that for a few they use that for Mary poppins if you think about the bit of Mary

00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:59.000
Poppins, where she dances with the penguins and so forth.

00:55:59.000 --> 00:56:03.000
She's wearing like a lace pat with all veils and bets on it, and it's all really really sharp.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:10.000
It's sharper than blue screen should be because they and they had the only camera that could do it that could do yellow screen sodium vapor.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:16.000
They called it, and other people tried to make a prism that would capture this yellow color, and they could never do it.

00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:19.000
So there's only one sodium vapor process camera in existence.

00:56:19.000 --> 00:56:27.000
It still exists, and it hasn't been used for years and no one else ever made it was like a bit of like a magic thing that no one else was ever able to make again.

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:31.000
So there's a brief history of blue screen for you black screen orange screen, blue screen.

00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:39.000
We use green screens now, because digital cameras are twice as sensitive to green light as to red or blue light.

00:56:39.000 --> 00:56:46.000
So you get a sharper edge. on a digital camera. If you if the background you want to remove is green, because it's looking at Green more closely.

00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:50.000
So that's why we move from blue to green very interesting ?

00:56:50.000 --> 00:56:59.000
I've got another question, for you yeah and I think sorry both people's skin is rarely green, So that's why we use blue.

00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:08.000
Because Mr. Strike, I suppose and no one final question, and I think we will wrap things up.

00:57:08.000 --> 00:57:18.000
This is a question from Patrick and I guess it's quite an obvious question to ask was there much competition between Gene and Fridge, and coming up with new effects.

00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:24.000
I'm, assuming there probably was I think there was a kind of a bit I sort of friendly arms race.

00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:37.000
Jean was by far the more involved of the 2 in the in. In that, you know, Gene was the one that went on to become a director, And was I was really hands on and putting us off the screen? Fred never was And he kind of left that

00:57:37.000 --> 00:57:43.000
a little bit to the to that, to the to the technical stuff, for his gene was very involved in it.

00:57:43.000 --> 00:57:51.000
Any of these kind of rivalries, friend here. or otherwise are always dreamed up by Pollywood publicity people, and, in fact, they were really good friends, and they really liked each other.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:59.000
If you've ever watched in the early seventys there's a couple of movies called that's entertainment one and 2 where they they both.

00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:03.000
They. they revisit musicals, and they go banded.

00:58:03.000 --> 00:58:09.000
The second one is presented by the 2 of them and that's sort of a bit friendly ribbon, but you can tell they really kind of love each other.

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:19.000
It's just like an old guy and an even older guy kind of attracted chatting away about their lives. You can tell they really got on Fred, by the way, i'm going to point out in that in Royal

00:58:19.000 --> 00:58:24.000
wedding, where he danced up the wall fabulous 52 when he made that film.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:30.000
So there's hope for all of us. Am I still yet managed to dance on a ceiling.

00:58:30.000 --> 00:58:39.000
But there was There was, I think they were actually the best of friends, and I think it was more to do with studios wanting to create big spectacle films that we would go and see.

00:58:39.000 --> 00:58:49.000
And there was always room for both hmm i've actually just had one final question: that's come in, which we'll do this one, and then we'll definitely wrap up and this is from Ian.

00:58:49.000 --> 00:58:52.000
And was there much technical manipulation in the Berkeley movies?

00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:57.000
Now that's not something that i'm familiar with and the exactly B.

00:58:57.000 --> 00:59:03.000
E R. K. l y do you? It does. Do you mean the

00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:08.000
The buck is Broadway that's A that's a a later possibly yes, Oh, no.

00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:17.000
The best people the best people. no, so much, no, Most of those are slightly earlier, and that was all.

00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:25.000
They were all done really with big stages and lots and lots of identity.

00:59:25.000 --> 00:59:30.000
Dressed girls they were. Normally they were pretty good at creating a kind of he was.

00:59:30.000 --> 00:59:41.000
He was very much into this kind. of gometric spec because if you Think of those, you know the the the the buzzer back to comes from that from that thing They're they're quite good at having interesting camera angles so there's often

00:59:41.000 --> 00:59:52.000
a camera suspended, looking down, and the girls were always sort of going, and they'll you know that that was more about the kind of getting really interesting choreography and really interesting camera angles.

00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:58.000
It wasn't quite the era of thinking about of thinking about.

00:59:58.000 --> 01:00:07.000
How can we sort of what what tricks can we do to bump these up them, or there may be there may be ones that i'm that i'm less familiar with?

01:00:07.000 --> 01:00:11.000
Where he does a little bit of surveillance, camera trick, a real post-production trickery, but less.

01:00:11.000 --> 01:00:17.000
So I think more. just spectacle. Okay, lovely Well, I think we'll have to wrap it up there.

01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:27.000
That was absolutely fabulous.

00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:12.000
Thank you very much. I hope everyone can hear me. Okay?

00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:17.000
Yes, fungi, and the role they play in the planets ecology.

00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:30.000
It's a huge topic and obviously in the a little under an hour. we won't be able to cover all of that ground, but we will look at some fungi and explain a little bit about their ecology.

00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:38.000
How they work, and the role they play in nature firstly what's in a name.

00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:41.000
So you know it may call fungi mushrooms, or you may call them toadstools.

00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:47.000
To be honest, there is absolutely no difference between the word mushroom and toadstool.

00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:58.000
Some people use word toast to to describe something that's poisonous, and and the word mushroom to describe something that is, it is edible.

00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:13.000
But actually they're both fungi and the names come from many different cultures In Britain, we have about 20,000 species of fungi.

00:01:13.000 --> 00:01:30.000
That may seem a lot if you're out in the woods in autumn time or early wintertime. you're probably only ever likely to see at a maximum about 3,000. and these are the larger fungi many fungi are

00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:34.000
so small that we can't see them so if you're walking through the woods.

00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:37.000
You're likely to come across a toadstool a mushroom.

00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:44.000
But there's lots of other fungi doing very critical roles in the woodland ecosystem and worldwide.

00:01:44.000 --> 00:01:55.000
There are about 200,000 species, though that number is continuing to increase year on year, as more fungi are discovered.

00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:08.000
Nowadays the use of DNA analysis is used. and that is helping to establish relationships with fungi and work out which species of which they're not easy to identify.

00:02:08.000 --> 00:02:15.000
So there's a warning There This is a difficult area even for more experienced ecologists.

00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:22.000
Before we start on our woodland survey i'm looking at woodland fungi.

00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:32.000
Let's just think a little about fungi in our lives We probably don't realize what fungi I pray a major part in our in our lives, and particularly with medicines.

00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:38.000
They produce some important medicines, cheese, bread, and beer.

00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:53.000
All use Fungi of times turned to help with their manufacturer, and of course, in Britain not many of us go out on for fungi forests but abroad.

00:02:53.000 --> 00:03:03.000
This photographer talkings in Finland. You can see here that fungi are for sale in the market, and a lot of people, particularly in Europe.

00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:21.000
But around the world go out, and forage for fungi in the autumn, and and actively the so they've been used by humans for thousands of years, and today there's still an active interest in going out and looking for

00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:33.000
mushrooms to eat and enjoy. Fungi also play a role all in the light of the Marshall.

00:03:33.000 --> 00:03:41.000
Kit has got a link with fungi. the spores that are produced.

00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:47.000
Sorry. The seeds that are produced are very tiny indeed from the orchid.

00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:57.000
So when they land on the ground, they do need the fungus to work with them in a what is called a symbiotic relationship.

00:03:57.000 --> 00:04:05.000
Now what is a fungi Well, let's look above and below ground!

00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:20.000
So here we can see the very familiar cap and stalk of a fungi, and then below ground the mycelium, or the structures like cotton wall that are the real body of the fungus.

00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:26.000
Cap itself. The mushroom, if you like, is just the fruit is in body.

00:04:26.000 --> 00:04:35.000
The mind of the fungus is below ground that's comprised of very fine threads, called mycelium.

00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:52.000
So the body of the fungus is made up of high fee, which then joined together, tangled together called a mycelium, and these, as I say, a very fine threads indeed, and they're very hard to see with the naked

00:04:52.000 --> 00:05:04.000
eye. But if you go into a woodland and you scrape aside the leaf litter, sometimes you can see this white ghostly outline in the soil, no fungi.

00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:14.000
It's just been well very recently discovered also link trees together.

00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:27.000
That may sound fairly fantastic, but one tree is linked to another tree in a woodland or a forest by the fungi mycelium, and they that way trees can actually communicate with each other.

00:05:27.000 --> 00:05:31.000
Could say talk to each other, but that's taking it a bit far.

00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:51.000
What happens is the roots of the tree are either in contact with the fungi on the outside, or in some cases the fungi actually is living on the inside of the roots, and that forms what has been recently called the wood wide web connecting all

00:05:51.000 --> 00:06:15.000
the trees together across a woodland you can often see in a woodland, particularly if you walk in there in the autumn time the large black bootlace-like structures of things called root rider moths. you particularly get these on the fungus.

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:23.000
That many of you may have heard of the honey fungus, and this was discovered.

00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:29.000
Here we go here's the photograph of the the rhizomorph actually actively decaying the tree there.

00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:37.000
Now, fungi do not produce a food on their own so they're unlike plants.

00:06:37.000 --> 00:06:44.000
They can't photosynthesize so food depends on them getting food from other sources.

00:06:44.000 --> 00:07:04.000
So they break down dead or rotten wood or dead animals That's all that some of the food is produced, or they can feed directly of living parts of the plants, in which case the actors parasites and a third group is

00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:11.000
this those associated with this microarizal association in the roots.

00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:27.000
How do they reproduce that's a complicated story which we don't have time to go into tonight, but the main thing you need to know is that spores are involved and spores are very small.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:43.000
They're mostly microscopic and I hope you can see from the illustration here that they come in different shapes and sizes, but pretty small here on the right. we have fungi actually discharge in the

00:07:43.000 --> 00:07:54.000
spores. This is a type of puffball, and you can see here, caught in the light, the spores floating in the air, and many thousands of spores will be produced

00:07:54.000 --> 00:08:05.000
And this one is puffing them up into the air so they will catch the air currents and float the through the forest over and travel many, many miles.

00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:13.000
They're dependent on landing on just the right Peter ground with just the right sort of chemistry moisture for them to.

00:08:13.000 --> 00:08:21.000
Then turn into another fungi. Each fungi produces millions, if not trillions, of spores in its lifetime.

00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:30.000
The colour of spores can be quite important as well when you're trying to work out what species of fungi you've got.

00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:37.000
So here we've got a print a spore print these are very easy to do, and good fun to do.

00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:40.000
So what did you do? Is you just take the cap of the fungi.

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:50.000
You take off the the stem below it, and you place it on a piece of white paper, then leave it for a few hours, and when you come back, lift the cap up.

00:08:50.000 --> 00:09:06.000
Then you can clearly see the small pattern what's more important though, is, you can see the spore color small color is a one of the ways you can help identify a plant and that's a fungus and that's one of the first

00:09:06.000 --> 00:09:11.000
steps you can often say the spore color are surrounding the fungus.

00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:29.000
In some in some cases. Okay, we're, getting, too, technical there are 2 main groups of fungi that you're likely to be able to see in a woodland situation, and these are the so called Basidio my seats and asco

00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:33.000
my seats the that's a Major Division in the fungi kingdom.

00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:52.000
So with Basidio. My seats, What! you have the stalk and the gills underneath the underneath the cap a close stuff of that shows you the gills attached to those gills.

00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:57.000
Are these structures called basidium. The whole thing is made up of high feet.

00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:04.000
These have all joined together to produce the fungus, which is the fruit in body.

00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:25.000
And what happens is the spores are literally shot from these peridium at a very quick rate, and then they drift down between the gills, catch the air current, and are launched on their journey where they end up no one knows it's

00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:31.000
a huge chance that they end up somewhere there will they won't turn into another fund eye.

00:10:31.000 --> 00:10:43.000
So here are some common guild fungi that you're likely to come across fungi Color is quite interesting.

00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:54.000
No one quite knows why these toad stools or mushrooms are quite brightly colored, that doesn't seem to be any particular reason for that.

00:10:54.000 --> 00:11:03.000
But that you'll find a wide range of colors with them. So here we've got the tawny funnel, Bill, or funnel cap.

00:11:03.000 --> 00:11:15.000
You can see here the gills are those things under the cap of the A total that run right down to the stork stem.

00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:26.000
The spores will be produced from this area. Another thing that makes fungi interesting is the fact that as they you develop, they change shape.

00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:40.000
So you can see here you got round headed toadstools and young ones there, and by the time they start to age they change shape pretty often, so they can be quite difficult.

00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:51.000
They're not like a plant which keeps its shape as it grows here's another example of a guild fungi.

00:11:51.000 --> 00:12:03.000
So here, great against an oak tree is the oak milk, bug or milk gap bug milk cap.

00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:12.000
That's its scientific name lac terrace Cosineus. the Cassinus refers to the oak tree.

00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:16.000
And this is one of those fungus that we talk about.

00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:27.000
A little bit later that produce a white milky substance. But this may be some sort of deterrent for slugs or other predators trying to eat the fungi.

00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:38.000
So if you bite into this, you get a mouthful of sort of sappy liquid, not very pleasant tasting, so that may be a defense.

00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:48.000
It only occurs if the cap is is damaged, and that only occurs moist or damp weather.

00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:55.000
If the fungi dries out, then it is less likely to produce this latex type compound.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:03.000
So what we've seen so far are those gills that run from the stipe to the outside.

00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:09.000
But not all Basidio. My seats have this sort of structure.

00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:16.000
Here we got an example of what is called a bleetus, and instead of gills here we've got paws.

00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:20.000
So the mechanism is exactly the same as in the Guild Fung.

00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:23.000
But I but the outlet there is a is a round poor.

00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:34.000
So from the structures. Now you drift onto the air, Ralph, strangely.

00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:40.000
Sometimes you get these sort of fungi which are on they don't have pause.

00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:52.000
They don't have guilty they're sometimes called hedgehog fungi. and these are the have spines rather than these are tend to be relatively uncommon.

00:13:52.000 --> 00:14:00.000
Mushrooms. You can see this phone. The Tiered Fung Fungal.

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:11.000
Here is actually growing on a stump of a tree You'll find Funga in many places growing on the soil, growing on dead wood, growing on living woods.

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:18.000
A wide range of of places. They will grow in woodland in grasslands as well.

00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:23.000
You'll get to fungi most of them appear in the autumn time.

00:14:23.000 --> 00:14:28.000
But there are fungi, or mushrooms that appear at this time of year in spring.

00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:36.000
Quite often you'll find fungi as brackets on trees.

00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:51.000
So this one is turned over. this is the underside and you can see here that it's it's been broken off of the tree. and again, you've got a series of sort of pause that They spoils who come from they're

00:14:51.000 --> 00:14:57.000
grown on an oak tree. Sorry on a beach tree.

00:14:57.000 --> 00:15:13.000
You got these rather large, splendid brackets this is quite a common bracket fungi that you'll find on beach trees, and as you can see here, there's sort of a brown coloration to the top of these ones

00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:18.000
here. That's where the spores have landed on the top of that.

00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:24.000
And, in fact, if you look lower down, you can see this sort of spore dust right over the face of the tree.

00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:35.000
There now, unlike a toadstool, but comes up, opens up, releases its spores, and then long eyes quickly or relatively.

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:39.000
Quickly. These can last for a year, or 2 or 3 or more.

00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:46.000
These are sort of permanent structures on the tree the tree isn't going to be very healthy.

00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:50.000
This is one of those fungal I don't actually rot in the tree down and killing it.

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:57.000
But they will last for for a very long. time. and as I say that they're relatively common.

00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:09.000
So the the bracket fungi sometimes called artists bracket, because if you turn them over, break them off the tree and turn them over. you can actually make patterns in the spore layer below in this white small layer

00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:26.000
here, so that's a basidio my seats we now come on to the second group, which are the asco my seats, and instead of having gills or paws or spines, here, we've got a cupped

00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:37.000
fungi here, and these little structures are embedded in the top of the fungus, and they shoot out spores from these strong structures, called as sky.

00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:49.000
So the short sport is literally shot up into the atmosphere, where it shoots above the fungus, and then catches the breeze and moves on like other links.

00:16:49.000 --> 00:16:54.000
You can see here, the hold of the fungi is made up of mycelium.

00:16:54.000 --> 00:17:03.000
All bound together. a really common example, sometimes called Scarlet Elf Cap.

00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:07.000
This one will be shooting its scores into the atmosphere.

00:17:07.000 --> 00:17:13.000
Very pretty this, so, as I say, the color a fungo.

00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:22.000
No one really understands whether that pays plays a role or not that doesn't seem to be any particular reason why this is bright red.

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:28.000
It doesn't have a function as far as we can tell but who knows?

00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:38.000
And as for color, this one has got to be one of the brightest and most stunning fungi to find this is for all in a crust, on the on a twig.

00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:53.000
Here on the hazel twig it's called cobalt crust, and that's not a doctored picture that is actually the color you find I've only found this 2 or 3 times in the last 10 years or so But

00:17:53.000 --> 00:18:09.000
when you find it You're always amazed but the bright coloration. other structures in the of these fungal. Here we've got something called Salaria Polymorpha.

00:18:09.000 --> 00:18:19.000
Its English name is dead man's fingers and they literally look in some cases like dead fingers coming out of a tree rotting away.

00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:30.000
There's also a closely related dead moles. fingers and this is the group that also contains the the quite common fungus that's called candle snuff.

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:43.000
So these of will appear in autumn time we'll last for much of the winter, but then break breakaway break down a and be gone by springtime.

00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:56.000
But let's go back to our fungus so here we have the typical layout of a fungi.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:03.000
You don't have to learn many fancy words to understand fungi.

00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:10.000
So the cap which most people would would be well aware of as the name on top of that.

00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:23.000
Sometimes you get scales These stick to the top of the cap, and which can be sticky and slimy where they're coming from is when the fungus is young.

00:19:23.000 --> 00:19:28.000
It's it's a completely encased in a bag and as it expands.

00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:43.000
They don't grow they expand through water pressure that bag ruptures, and the bits they are stuck on this cap of the the scales are stuck on the top of that cap.

00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:50.000
And then, as you can see here, as i've already described there are either gills or in this example.

00:19:50.000 --> 00:20:00.000
Here we've got pause. as well so the color of the cap is a very important feature that you look for when trying to identify fungi.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:08.000
But beware! After a rainstorm some of the colors can actually be washed out, and they can change color.

00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:15.000
Another very common feature, but certainly not found on on all mushrooms or toadstores, is is a ring.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:21.000
This ring was once attached to the base of the cat of the Cap.

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:30.000
Here protecting the gales or the pores as it grew up, and the remnants of that is an important feature that you have to look for.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:42.000
And then there's a stalk or the stipe. then at the bottom you may have some scales, and then, as I say, there's this bag called a revolver base. there.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:47.000
So those are the basic parts of a mushroom or a toad store.

00:20:47.000 --> 00:21:03.000
Each one of those can vary quite considerably so books will give you a range of illustrations of the type of tap. You've got all that shape of the stipe or whether they're rooting that's

00:21:03.000 --> 00:21:09.000
not rooting in the sense we understand it from plants, or whether the thing called riseoids under the soul.

00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:14.000
When you collect a sample you have to go beneath the soil.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:22.000
Just gently lift it up with a knife blade and and look at the entire structure of the other of the function.

00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:34.000
I. and then the cap below that are these rings so here you've got various types of ring, some in a very complicated group.

00:21:34.000 --> 00:21:50.000
You find there's a cobwebby type appearance, and that's critical to look for that cobweb can be bright, purple, or various different colors. and the gills themselves can be either sort of distantly

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.000
spaced. They can be closely spaced. they can be crowded.

00:21:54.000 --> 00:22:00.000
They can go from one side to but other cap to the centre, or they can break halfway.

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:08.000
So you have to observe these issues. And then the other thing to look for is how the gills actually connect to the stipe.

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:14.000
And this is a question who quite often asked other girls free, or are they d current?

00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:23.000
For example, the current means so flowing down the stem cats of course, don't just come in round shapes.

00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:28.000
They come in a wide range of structures. so you get conical ones and bell-shaped ones.

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:34.000
This one is. There is sort of a depressed in the in the center.

00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:40.000
Deeply, deeply depressed in the center. Sometimes I have a little bump on the top.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:50.000
Go to umbrella so it's quite a wide range of these, and don't forget there's about 3,000 species to look at.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:59.000
Not all will occur in all Woodlands You'll get special ones that go in Scotland or Wales, or Southern England.

00:22:59.000 --> 00:23:06.000
So one of the most commonly asked questions have but i'm leading a walk is, Can I eat it?

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:28.000
Well, you can eat any fungi once someone won't told me. but you, if you did at this one, which is the the really deadly one, the death cap you even under modern medicines, you would not survive probably so if you do decide to

00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:34.000
go out foraging it. you must know what you're looking at, and what you're picking before you cook or eat it.

00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:40.000
It's really good practice is to be absolutely sure and if in doubt.

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:48.000
Don't eat it. Ask an expert or go out on an organized fungus foray or meeting.

00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:57.000
So the death cap looks greenish on top here. You can see this ring, which is an important feature.

00:23:57.000 --> 00:24:05.000
You've got the gills you've got the remains of the bag here, so any fungi with those features?

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:14.000
A bag, a ring, a colored cap they're likely to be ones that do you no good at all.

00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:27.000
This is one of very few deadly ones there's a few that will get kill people, and there are lots that will make you ill, and there are plenty that are really good to eat.

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:40.000
So if you fill, on this one well here, we got the remains of the vale on the cap there these scales, but it's got a back, and it's got what's going to be a ring I've cut this

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:46.000
in half to look at the fundra. So this is another one of that group, the Amanitas.

00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:50.000
So am Anita Floyd is is the death cap.

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:55.000
This one here is is less less risky but it won't taste.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:04.000
Very nice fungi formed these amazing relationships with trees.

00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:11.000
So here we've got some of the examples that form This micrizer relationship with an oak tree.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:20.000
Oak trees are amazing. They have relationships with lots of insects, but with fungi in particular.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:38.000
You can see here that I brought me into 2 groups the the so-called milk caps and the rushler. go on to explain a little bit about those at the moment, and each tree can have a fungus that is associated

00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:43.000
with it. A really good example is the bright red fungi that you get.

00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:52.000
That is all in any blightened type books blier Garrick, and that's got an association with birch trees.

00:25:52.000 --> 00:25:59.000
But these ones here have got an association, and are only ever found in association with oak trees.

00:25:59.000 --> 00:26:13.000
So there is a large family called the Russia Lacy, and that contains 2 big genera like Terrace and Rachela, and in Europe there are about 160 species.

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:28.000
This is quite a challenging group. we've lots of different species being found in Britain as well.

00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:35.000
Both of these, both general, are characterized by the brittle flesh and and the pale colored spores.

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:40.000
So if you did a spore print on white paper you wouldn't see anything.

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:45.000
So using this one, you would use a bit of colored paper, and then that would allow you to see it.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:53.000
See the color of the sports, which would be very pale indeed, we've come across this the oak milk bug.

00:26:53.000 --> 00:27:02.000
This is the one that produces the milk, so it belongs to a family called lacteria, which means the reducing milk.

00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:10.000
I lactate in the again. This one, as I say, is connected exclusively with with oak trees.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:22.000
If you break the gill, or then it will produce this fluid, this white fluid, So that's one very big family.

00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:29.000
The lact areas. Another very big and very common family is the rustler.

00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:34.000
The thing about Russellers is mostly they're all very bright colors.

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:49.000
You can see this lovely, shiny yellow color here but rushler actually means red reddish, and many of them are of these brittle caps, as they're commonly called, have red cats.

00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:53.000
But they do come in a range of colors as well.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:28:03.000
So the gills here are very brittle. You just run your thumb over them, and they will break easily and crumble.

00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:11.000
So. this one, I think, is a is called a beachwood.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:21.000
Second You can see here. it's not quite perfect you hardly ever find a perfect fungi, because slugs and snails love them.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:30.000
Even the deadly poisonous ones, or deadly poisonous to humans. Slugs and snails will be eating them.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:36.000
You can see here that it's taken something's taken out a bite out of the cap there, and the stipe.

00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:49.000
Here is very characteristically eaten away. So, apart from the color, the other thing you have to look for is all detect is the smell.

00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:54.000
And many of these fungi, many of the rationalists.

00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:57.000
The brittle caps have a very distinctive smell.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:11.000
This one beach would sickener. is said to smell of pineapple, but others, for example, smell of crab meat, or Sam or Crabs smell is not a characteristic.

00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:17.000
That everyone I identifies and recognizes each one smell slightly different treatment.

00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:22.000
There's even one that's supposed to smell a bed bugs.

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:35.000
Now, of course, many of us today do not know what bed bugs smell like, but it's a name that's come down, or I know the tip has come down through the ages, so that's the milk caps the

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:40.000
milk, producing muns and the the brittle caps.

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:53.000
And then another big group are the bleeders and this has got some really interesting fungi in there in that group some of the best edible ones, for example.

00:29:53.000 --> 00:29:58.000
So here we've got the pores where the spores come from

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:12.000
This is one of the best edible fungi you can get the sep, or sometimes called the penny bun bleetus, edgeless, really large fungi.

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:26.000
These are probably 4 or 5 inches in height and This group here was collected specifically for the purposes of eating, so they've only collected the very very nicest ones there.

00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:36.000
You take them home, you wash them off, obviously cut them in half. slice them up, cook them a butter, or bake, and not on the other, and they're very nice.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:41.000
Throw away any slug eaten months, you don't want to be tempted to be eating those.

00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:51.000
So that is the sep. with a penny bum now i've shown this on grass, but actually it's a woodland woodland spaces.

00:30:51.000 --> 00:30:58.000
So here's another 2 types of belita's actually going in a woodland or a woodland edge.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:11.000
Here. they've got these very characteristic broad almost thick stipes or stems, and the caps are different.

00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:15.000
So there are 2 different species here. This cap surface is dry, as you can see.

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:32.000
This is a birch bleat, and this cap species Here is sticky, and that's a feature that you quite often have to look for another really interesting point about this bolitas group is this bleitis error throws here.

00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:43.000
You can see my thumb print. So what happens is when you press your thumb or you touch it, and you somehow break the the surface of the fungal.

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:54.000
It will go undergo a very dramatic color change as you can see here, it's a blushing bright blue hill, a wonderful color of blue.

00:31:54.000 --> 00:32:02.000
It's even better if you cut It in half and this chemical reaction happens almost instantaneously.

00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:05.000
This is an extract from one of the the fungi books.

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:17.000
There are multiple books one can look by and look at. and you can see here that this color change is one of the characteristics things that people look for.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:25.000
This bleatus that's not in the bleatus genus.

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:41.000
It's good solius, but it it's a large it grows on large trees, large Isn't. a native tree in the British Isles, but presumably when the impacted large, they accidentally imported some of the fungi that

00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:48.000
associated with it as well, and you can see here it's slightly bruising reddish color.

00:32:48.000 --> 00:33:05.000
But when when it rains the top of this large bleat that goes very sticky, slimy, rather horrible to the touch, and that's another feature that one would look look for, and and these are these are attractive, little

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:11.000
things. Most of these bleeds is quite big actually they're 3 or 4 inches in height, and quite thick sight.

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:16.000
So here the feature to look for is the the color of the cap.

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:24.000
Any structures or patterns on the stipe and you can see here, it's sort of a scaly structure.

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:31.000
There other funga that formed these microorizal relationships.

00:33:31.000 --> 00:33:37.000
Are these tooth fungi? these are these are quite uncommon.

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:45.000
So this isn't my photograph that's taken off the Internet from a reliable source there called Archive.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:34:04.000
You find these occasionally. So the the spores come from the sort of structures, and, as I say, they're sometimes called hog fungi. so these will have this relationship with a particular type of tree not found on any other tree so when you're walking through the

00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:07.000
woods you see an oak tree or a large tree.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:10.000
Then you look under the under that tree, and that helps you track down.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:17.000
The tried to work out the particular type of fungi you got.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:24.000
Not all fungi are friendly, not all are useful.

00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:37.000
And not all are are native. So this thing that you quite often find in autumn time called a white maoju oak maldew.

00:34:37.000 --> 00:34:46.000
And it was accidentally, I assume, first found in England in 1,908, and it comes from the United States of America.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:55.000
So again. that must have been imported by mistake it doesn't kill the tree, but it does weaken the tree.

00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:10.000
Somewhat big row of fungi, particularly in woodlands as as recycling, recycling the dead and other organic matter. We walk through a woodland at the moment, you like you'd find a carpet of

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:23.000
bluebells below that you'll find a huge number of last year's fallen leaves, all of those are being broken down by fungi in the ground.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:31.000
It's also breaking down the dead wood the dit carcasses of dead animals.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:36.000
And of course this is all recycling the nutrients back into the the soil.

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:48.000
So the the onward grown-up of o other work continues so here, the poor old dead badger there.

00:35:48.000 --> 00:35:54.000
But he's been recycled back into the into the woodland soil.

00:35:54.000 --> 00:36:14.000
There they play a very important part in breaking down timber, broken trees, fallen woods, rotting them away, and because they do that, then they pay a very important part in the lives of many invertebrates insects that actually live on the on the

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:24.000
rotten wood themselves a very complex relationship in many. In many cases these are ink caps and breaking down the trees.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:35.000
There are 2 species here as the fairy ink cap which grows. that's quite small. but they grow by the 1,000, as you can see colonizing this fallen tree here.

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:44.000
Another species here now in caps, are very interesting mechanism, by which they disperse their spores, instead of them floating on the air.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:53.000
The whole cap and girls tend to melts down into a sticky black fluid.

00:36:53.000 --> 00:36:59.000
Hence the name ink cap, and then there strips onto the floor of the woodlands.

00:36:59.000 --> 00:37:03.000
But both of these are decomposing the tree.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:07.000
In this case. Here we've got something called a pizza.

00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:18.000
There are numbers of these, but so just can't identify exactly to the species, and this is breaking down this wood chip.

00:37:18.000 --> 00:37:30.000
I found this at the side of the road, where someone looked kindly, dumped the rubbish, and through the through the 3 or 4 months that this was a breaking down 4 or 5 different fungi I came along and out break

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:50.000
down these wood chips. They play a critical role in in woodlands, and if you find a really nice old tree, maybe an oak tree that could be 6 or 700 years old, and fungi will be paying a major role in the

00:37:50.000 --> 00:38:00.000
ecology of that tree, some positive, if it got a micrise or relationship, some negative if it's starting to break down the dead wood.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.000
In fact, fungi can actually hollow out the center of an oak tree.

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:13.000
And one of the species that does that is this so-called beef, steak, fungus, and And this is one of the few fungi that can actually rot away.

00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:20.000
The heartwood of oaks could be because of the color of the other cap.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:28.000
All the color of the fungi generally. If you cut into this, it does actually drip a red liquid which looks a little bit like what you get.

00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:38.000
If you cut over a state and some fungi are parasites. So this means that they're not helping the tree at all.

00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:46.000
They're attacking the tree, and They will eventually kill the tree and probably the best example of this.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:52.000
The one that gardens hate to hear the word of is the honey fungus.

00:38:52.000 --> 00:39:09.000
So this is the honey fungus. There are 3 or 4 different types of honey fungus, but they all got a They smell a bit like sweet a bit like a honey smell.

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:22.000
They have a ring that's one of the features they tend to grow upwards so sort of form a sort of dish on top.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:32.000
There they're always together, always trooping together. so some fungi grow independently in ones or twos and other fungus.

00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:46.000
Will go in in large groups, so this one is a parasite and honey fungus. if you if you get it in trees in your garden it's pretty bad news in most cases i'm afraid it will slowly kill many

00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:52.000
trees. The old joke is, if you want to get rid of honey Fungus in your garden is to move house.

00:39:52.000 --> 00:39:58.000
But there are other fungus parasitic as well.

00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:03.000
Killing trees, this one that's rather attractive or chicken of the woods.

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:14.000
Here. we got it on an oak tree, and here from above. this is actually one of those ones that people like to eat as well, occurring in early early autumn time.

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:21.000
And this is this is bad news, as a tree will slowly kill the tree.

00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:26.000
Birch trees are prone to a fungus as well.

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:37.000
Birch trees live a relatively short period of time. They normally only live something like 80 years at the most, and they quite often are attacked by this.

00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:42.000
The so-called birch polypore, very common fungus.

00:40:42.000 --> 00:40:49.000
In the old days, when men use cutthroat raises, This is what they would drop their razor on the top of this Fung.

00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:58.000
Really lovely fungus growing on Beach. here it's called the Porcelain fungus, and the top of this is really sticky and gooey.

00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:05.000
So if you touch of it you'll get a thread of gooey liquid coming out, and it's got a characteristic ring on it as well.

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:11.000
Once a tree is dead, then other fungus start to rot it away.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:20.000
Very common is so called king alfred's cakes or cramp bulls would legend as you put it in your pocket.

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:25.000
Then you'd never get cramped you will get a black pocket, because it produces a black spores.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:28.000
Don't know where that comes from don't understand that at all right.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:38.000
This strange looking thing. it's called black bulgar and again. It's rotting down the tree, really really common one, is.

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:52.000
It's got the new. the English name turkey tail and if you look at this, you can with with the eye of face, see what that looks like tale of a turkey growing on the ground.

00:41:52.000 --> 00:42:10.000
We've got jelly babies very small 2 or 3 inches in height, not very common actually, but growing underground mostly on the beach trees, and coming to the end of the talk.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:20.000
Now one of the fungi that it's It's easy to find, because it smells so bad is Cisco called stinkhorn.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:37.000
This is the same fungi. It starts as an egg type structure just under the soil, then expands into this strange structure here with a black, smelly, very smelly substance on the top.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:47.000
Here, and that, as she can see, attracts flies and in this case, ants and the ants and the flies will have the stores stuck to their feet or parts of the body.

00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:53.000
And that's how that distributes its spores if you want to learn more.

00:42:53.000 --> 00:43:01.000
The thing to do is to join a local group, the National Trust, The Wildlife Trusts, and others have fungus forays.

00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:20.000
They are great fun, and they're they usually attract quite a few people along to them, and get the advice from experts as to what fungi you found, and the critical point about whether they're edible or not this fellow here is a

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:27.000
102 now, and still going strong. So going up for fungi is obviously good for you as well.

00:43:27.000 --> 00:43:45.000
There are multiple books you can buy and I would recommend Miss Collins Complete Guide to British mushrooms and toadstores, and that with that you stand a good chance of being able to identify many of the fungus you'll

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:53.000
find in the autumn time. So with that I thank you for listening, and I'll hand back from Fiona for any questions.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:57.000
Thanks very much for that, Stephen. that was creek fascinating.

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:03.000
I love the dead man's fingers by the way I like those and stop sharing, and we'll we'll go into some questions.

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:11.000
We've got quite a few for you so let me start near the top.

00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:20.000
Now question from Brian. You were talking just lateral there about parasites, parasite fungi.

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:32.000
Yes, and this is a question from Brian, and maybe you can expand a little bit on that is parasite, a fair label these days giving. Given that the end of dependent relationship with trees.

00:44:32.000 --> 00:44:39.000
And this communication rule that you said to play this with white web that you've referred to.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:47.000
Yes, so So something I can believe broken into 3 groups, those ones that are mutually working with each other.

00:44:47.000 --> 00:44:52.000
This might realize a relationship you've got those ones that are roughing down dead trees.

00:44:52.000 --> 00:45:00.000
And then you've got this third group the parasitic group which are breaking their attacking and actively killing the tree.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:06.000
So I think the term parasite is probably still applicable to that that group of fungi.

00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:10.000
Okay, brilliant. Thank you. Hope that answers your question.

00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:26.000
But I and kind of related to that. There was a question that came in just a couple of minutes ago, actually, and from Elizabeth. which kind of relates to this we were, she's saying we're planting many trees now for co 2

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:32.000
absorption. Yes, yeah. Do we need to be thinking about inoculously trees?

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:42.000
Oh, that is a really good question, a really good question in an ancient woodland, the woodland that's been there for a long time.

00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:45.000
The fungi will be in the soil and and there pay it.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:57.000
It will play a critical part in in the trees growth. Now, I know gardeners nowadays have started using mycelium to help trees and other plants grow.

00:45:57.000 --> 00:46:06.000
It really depends on where your plants in the trees and whether there's been woodland close by, or whatever in the past.

00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:12.000
It's not something i've ever heard people say about when they're planting numbers of trees.

00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:19.000
But it certainly would be beneficial in some cases. Okay, and check interesting questions.

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:37.000
Okay, question here from Judith and she's asking are the flat, gray kind of rosette type things that you see appealing on Garden pass. Are they fungi, or they something else know that where they are a fungi their

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:43.000
lichens, and what I couldn't include was with the part of the story about lichens.

00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:57.000
So lichens are quite complicated. organisms there are a mixture of a fungi and an algae, and it's even thought nowadays that there are other components to them as well so like can you quite often.

00:46:57.000 --> 00:47:01.000
See on trees, Ruth tops if you look a chimney of your neighbor's house.

00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:15.000
You're quite often see yellow staining around that and that's a lichen, and on the footpath you get something that people sometimes called the chewing gum lichen cause it looks like chewing gum

00:47:15.000 --> 00:47:23.000
that's been trodden into the pavement and that's a lichen, as I say that's a that is a fun, guy, but it's working with others.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:28.000
There are some fantastic lichens and there that's a talk in its own right?

00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:36.000
Yeah, interesting I didn't know that one okay question from Elizabeth.

00:47:36.000 --> 00:47:39.000
Is there a fungal equivalent of a seatbank?

00:47:39.000 --> 00:47:49.000
Do you mean in the ground, or do you mean as taken into entirely? sure?

00:47:49.000 --> 00:47:53.000
Maybe, Elizabeth, you can tell us we can maybe come back to that one.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:01.000
Okay? Well, our answer in 2 ways. Firstly, obviously, Funga, are some of the longest-lived organisms on the planet.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:10.000
And some of the biggest organisms on the planet, so that they're mycelium stretch for hundreds maybe, and thousands of miles.

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:15.000
In in some cases. So there does not seed bank as such.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:20.000
The mycelium are there for for a long time.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:30.000
Once a once a spore lands on the ground it doesn't have very long to germinate and turn into a mycelium. so it won't be there long lasting.

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:41.000
Now, if you mean, is there a sea bank like they have a queue where they take plants into control conditions to store them for the future?

00:48:41.000 --> 00:48:48.000
I don't think there is but I may be wrong on that interesting Thank you, Stephen.

00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:55.000
Question from Sue you were talking about, you know, fungi being eaten by insects.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:49:05.000
Yes, are they eaten by birds or other animals so presumably mammals? They're certainly eaten by mammals.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:13.000
Badges, dear, will take fungi scrolls I think will take fungi.

00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:24.000
I'm not sure about birds I i've not come across any evidence, particularly in this country of birds eating fungi. it's not something I've ever seen either.

00:49:24.000 --> 00:49:37.000
It's not something node it would happen very often So no, I I don't think they're eaten by birth, but they certainly are eaten by a wide range of mammals including ourselves. across okay.

00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:45.000
She also asked another question, which was now this is a film that I don't know, will have to say but she's asking, What do you think about the film?

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:53.000
Intelligent trees. I don't know if that's one I've not seen it. So I don't know I'm afraid no no problem.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:04.000
Okay, right? Next question. this is question from an yeah, my old fun guy, protected by law, are people are like to peck them.

00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:10.000
We do. but oh, well, another good question actually.

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:13.000
So there are some fungo that are protected by law.

00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:22.000
They are protected under various parts of the wildlife and countryside, that so it would be illegal to pick them and eat them.

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:30.000
Or even to hold them to have them in your house under your possession.

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:34.000
Is it illegal to go foraging for fungi?

00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:52.000
I think the answer is, No, but I there say so. I think because you really should have the landowners permission to go foraging on their lands came across an example on the Quantox, which is a small hill range in somerset.

00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:59.000
Fairly recently, where commercial people had gone out in lard.

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:10.000
A large van turned up in the car park. Help got about 20 people, and they all went off in different directions and collected every fungi they could find.

00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:23.000
Then, when they got back to the van, someone there who must have known what they were looking for was then sorting them between edible and in edibles, and all the in intervals were discarded, and all the ones that were slightly

00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:37.000
damaged were discarded and this was for we've found out in the end. It was for a large restaurant chain somewhere in London. so they travel quite far, because there's quite a market for wild Fungi.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:46.000
Well mushrooms talking to the the landowners, which actually is the the contract ranges, they said.

00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:55.000
It is a problem and that there's no permission given for that natural England have produced guidelines on far foraging.

00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:02.000
So you are allowed to go forward in providing you have the landowners consent, and don't take too much.

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:08.000
Just take what you need really so that it's a complex reasons.

00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:18.000
But if you're on a site, a special scientific interest and you wouldn't be allowed to collect unless you had a specific collection permission to do so.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:23.000
Yeah, Okay, thank you. And I hope that answers your question.

00:52:23.000 --> 00:52:32.000
And okay, question from Kim. If you break off bracket fungi, does it help the health of the horse tree?

00:52:32.000 --> 00:52:43.000
Or will it just regrow from the highway. so the bracket fungi is just like an apple not apple tree, or a goosebury on a gooseby?

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:48.000
Bush. it's just the fruit if you if you just remove that bracket.

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:57.000
You're not the fungus is still inside of the tree, so it does nothing to stop the fungus at all.

00:52:57.000 --> 00:53:12.000
Really okay? no. here's, an interesting one from Madeline. She was once in a supermarket in Belgium, and so small, stringy little mushrooms on sale where the caps were glowing

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:16.000
purple and the artificial light from a neon tube.

00:53:16.000 --> 00:53:26.000
Why would that be note she didn't buy any well it's a very good observation, So top marks for that.

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:33.000
Some of the chemicals react to ultraviolet light or to different wavelengths of light.

00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:43.000
So they are likely to glow as you say in fact, some fungi actually do glow in the dark.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:47.000
They don't beacons are up you can't see them from miles off.

00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:53.000
But if you get quite close in a very dark night, there are fungi even in Britain.

00:53:53.000 --> 00:54:00.000
That glow in the dark very, very faintly. So they do term biolumines.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:08.000
In that case. But so in the case of the neon light. then that's some sort of reaction with the chemicals in the in the funders.

00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:18.000
Mom Gap Interesting. Okay, what do we have next question from Philip?

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:26.000
He's saying, some varieties like cartoons will have flies and saves, unless they're pecked, only do the flies attack.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:37.000
Many species means a certain ones that they go for yes, so it's not uncommon to find maggots, which is the the younger flies.

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:45.000
In mushrooms, and they lay their eggs pretty young when that when the fungus has just expanded.

00:54:45.000 --> 00:54:59.000
So yeah the best thing to do is to if you're picking for the pot is to just squeeze the stite squeeze the stem and see if it's hollow, because if it's hollow there's a good sign

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:10.000
that the maggots have already got there there are a whole group of flies called Fingers. Thank fungus nats specialize in in eating fungi.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:19.000
So there's a very complicated ecology there But yeah flies love them, and you got to get them before the before the flies do.

00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:30.000
Yeah, okay. Now let me see what i've got next right pulled on 1 s.

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:35.000
Here we go question from Marjorie talking about edible mushrooms here.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:40.000
Do they actually provide a range of nutrients which are beneficial to humans?

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:45.000
Or do we just eat them because we like them. Oh, do they actually do us any good.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:51.000
I don't know if that's our question not a question i'm qualified to answer.

00:55:51.000 --> 00:56:03.000
I don't think but I well my guess is that they do provide some vital nutrients there's a wide range of of chemicals in in fungi.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:07.000
So that they probably do that, and of course some are hallucinogenic.

00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:16.000
So. so that that creates another effect. Somebody that's asked about yeah, , magic mushrooms.

00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:22.000
Okay, Yeah. yeah. yeah. So so magic mushrooms. They They do produce side effects.

00:56:22.000 --> 00:56:31.000
Apparently, that change your behavior or angel the way you think or feel.

00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:34.000
But lots of mushrooms have have that sort of effect.

00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:41.000
But the flyer garret that the mushroom I ended up with the bright red one with the white spots on.

00:56:41.000 --> 00:56:52.000
That is also has an effect on you so there's a whole chemistry of chemicals in there that can affect your behavior as well.

00:56:52.000 --> 00:57:02.000
Excellent, right? Okay, What else have we got for you Oh, yes, no, we've got from clear? What about truffles?

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:14.000
Where do they fit In the truffle was a fungi, and, unlike the caps that you see above the ground or the brackets on the tree.

00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:24.000
Then truffles live underground, and they fruit underground, and they do have the fantastic smell and taste.

00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:35.000
We do get some truffles in Britain, but I guess the most famous ones are the Italian truffles, where they get the truffle hounds out to to search them, and the truffle hound

00:57:35.000 --> 00:57:50.000
is there for searching by smell. When it found that smell it will dig it up, and hopefully the the travel hunter will take the truffle away from him before the hound eats it, but they also use

00:57:50.000 --> 00:58:05.000
pigs, and I suspect that the way that the travel actually spreads its spores is by delt release men in very nice the text will dig that up wild ball of dug it up in the woodlands, and and then

00:58:05.000 --> 00:58:13.000
it will pass through the gut of the other pig or the boar and be deposited with somewhere else in the woodlands.

00:58:13.000 --> 00:58:24.000
So yeah, they're fungi they're wonderful tweet, but they occur underground, so they have a specialist mechanism for spreading their sports.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:32.000
Interesting right, and we've just got a couple more questions of things I think we're just going to carry on and get get these them.

00:58:32.000 --> 00:58:41.000
And so so, and a question from Andrew, he said, an experience with honey fungus destroying a peer tree.

00:58:41.000 --> 00:58:49.000
And is there any way of getting rid of it, or reducing its effect, except for choosing plants with greater resistance than others?

00:58:49.000 --> 00:58:56.000
And if so, what plants would you recommend that would resist best?

00:58:56.000 --> 00:59:03.000
Yeah again. of one i'm not really qualified to to answer

00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:08.000
I did have honey fungus on one of my trees.

00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:28.000
It it did die, but a part of it lives so I wouldn't automatically cut a tree down unless it becomes unsafe. but it's not something I feel i'm qualified to answer. assume if you go to your garden center they

00:59:28.000 --> 00:59:32.000
will, without doubt, selling some expensive chemical to kill it off.

00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:37.000
There are lots of fungicides sort of thing yeah it's really difficult.

00:59:37.000 --> 00:59:51.000
I mean I think most most professional gardens will say if you've got it. Then it's it's a problem whether some species of tree or shrub or plant are more resistant to it I i'm unaware

00:59:51.000 --> 01:00:02.000
i'm afraid. Okay, right. One final question and this is from sue do fungi die after they have after the shot.

01:00:02.000 --> 01:00:07.000
They're spores, or whatever it does with their scores do they die?

01:00:07.000 --> 01:00:25.000
No, because what you're seeing on the surface just the fruit in body, and that dies so as soon as the first frost come along, they many of them in the autumn die that the actual mushroom or toads or dies itself but under the

01:00:25.000 --> 01:00:33.000
ground. The fungal mycelium will live and It can live for many years, as I say in in the United States.

01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:39.000
Apparently there's fungi that they've lived for thousands 8,000 or 10,000 years.

01:00:39.000 --> 01:00:49.000
So So They're very long-lived, organisms okay, And actually, just one final final question: Yeah, what's your favorite mushroom to eat?

01:00:49.000 --> 01:01:05.000
That comes from pete to eat. Oh, right i'm not very adventurous, because I read all these books about how dangerously can be when it enough I don't I don't forage that often I do go out and enjoy them

01:01:05.000 --> 01:01:19.000
look, look at them and love them. I guess my favorite wild mushroom is the set or the penny bun that is, that is, by far the nicest thing I've ever tried.

01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:26.000
I think i've had truffles graded on to food in in fancy restaurants.

01:01:26.000 --> 01:01:34.000
But I think my favorite would actually be the set for the Punnett penny bun Belitus Angelus great.

01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:44.000
Well, I think that's us Stephen thank you so much for that. That was absolutely fascinating, and I think I think everybody else thought so too, and by some of the comments that are coming in.

00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:34.000
Yes, this is the title which is the title of a book that I've produced.

00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:43.000
Wojtek the bear who went to war and well start with a statue which Fiona would be familiar with.

00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:47.000
I don't know. Perhaps some of you might have been to Edinburgh, and come across this fine statue of boy.

00:00:47.000 --> 00:01:02.000
Check the bear with his mind who are assumed as Peter prendis, and that was the erected in 2,015. The reasons it's in Edinburgh will come to but certainly it's not the only

00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.000
statute, for I check. There is another one in Wheels B.

00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:14.000
Wood in Grimsby, erected in 2,011, and another one in duns in Berkshire and the Scottish border region.

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So 3 statues for our bear and you'll notice carrying a shell.

00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:37.000
So Let's find out a little bit about it to start with He's a Syrian brown bear, or was versus up to Syriacus, and he was born I would guess probably something like about February of 1,940

00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:45.000
2, and was adopted by post soldiers who were in transit to Palestine, probably sometime in late March or April.

00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:55.000
Of that, and he went to war with them he ended up serving in Italy, where he famously carried shells up to the guns at the battle of Monte Casino.

00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:01.000
And he finished his life in Britain. so that's his life in a nutshell.

00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:12.000
I will just stop the screen. share for a moment. So how did I come to get involved with voice?

00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:18.000
Check the bear. Well, I can remember what you know. television clip on a daytime program where it talked about.

00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:26.000
This bear adopted by Polish soldiers and all his. These antics he got up to, and how he ended up the battle of Monte Casino.

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You know, and I told my wife about it with my wife, a writer, and we sort of thought.

00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:35.000
Oh, that would be an interesting story to maybe work on as a project.

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And so I did a bit of googling because I couldn't remember the names I just googled bear Monty Casino, not in Wikipedia came this entry from the check the bed.

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So we had the basics of we knew who he was, and I think, as we sort of thought about doing a project together, initial thoughts was, it could be almost like a fairy story for children.

00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:01.000
But there were a couple of questions we needed to sort of answer.

00:03:01.000 --> 00:03:06.000
Firstly, who were these Polish soldiers? Why were they in the middle of Persia?

00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:12.000
Whatever? What were they doing? Where were they going, and why was this bear so significant to them?

00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:26.000
And as we done, dug deeper and particularly if I about finding out about the Polish soldiers, we we came across a somewhat darker story, which has echoes with what's going on today in Eastern Europe with

00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:32.000
Ukraine. Well, we want well too much on that.

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So we kind of found out a bit more, and we realized that if we were going to tell the story of Wojtek, We needed to tell the story of these Polish soldiers as well, because they're intertwined, and the reasons why

00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:55.000
they took him on. and the reason the whole thing to do with the Second World War, and and how the polls they would end up in Britain, and they will bring Wojtek with me.

00:03:55.000 --> 00:04:07.000
And so, with that in mind, we started sort of put together some ideas as to how, where our book would go.

00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:20.000
The research showed that high proportion of these Polish soldiers that went on to become part of what was second Polish corps, and served part of the British Eighth Army came from Eastern and particularly South Eastern Poland.

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As it was before the war, basically what we would call Galicia the Carpathia Mountains district.

00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:44.000
So i'm going to go back into screen share we'll start with that map.

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So you can see along the bottom there this area of Galicia.

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So Poland, going back to the Middle Ages, have been a kingdom, and it had sort of vanished.

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The country the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the surgeon powers Imperial Russia to the east, the Habsburg Empire to the south, and this emerging power of Prussia to the East so basically divided it up It

00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:20.000
was partitioned amongst them, and so Poland disappear, or that disappeared, although there were sort of Polish Nationalists striving to try to create a Poland.

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So modern Poland really emerged in the in the sort of chaos that came out of the the First World War, where these dynastic empires disappeared, and under the treaty of Versailles, provision was made that a Poland should

00:05:36.000 --> 00:05:44.000
exist an independent country for Poland. There was a quite simple as that to the East Russia.

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They've been the Russian revolution, and the sort of the new Bolshevik Government had try to sort of seize these sort of Eastern territories here, and initially they pushed all the way.

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The red arm. it pushed virtually to war. so before it was defeated and driven back, and the stand down on top and push the red army all the way back.

00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:14.000
Eventually the Bolshevik government decided it was immersed in a civil war with the with the white Russians.

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They decided to make peace, and under the treaty of Riga we this is the Poland that was sort of came into being, but it meant that Polish Eastern Front.

00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:28.000
It was much much further to the Eastern than originally been anticipated.

00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:37.000
Under the treaty of their side. So it did mean that it was unfinished business for the Russians.

00:06:37.000 --> 00:06:43.000
Certainly so. In sort of creating our book we needed a character.

00:06:43.000 --> 00:06:57.000
Who would be the narrator? Someone who would be part of what was the 20 s supply company that adopted Wojtek, and for reasons I don't think i'm gonna have time to go into it in this talk today, we settle

00:06:57.000 --> 00:07:10.000
down when you come in from the town of jhabit, which you can see mark there, which is something like about 50 kilometers to from present-day lavieve or evolve as it was at the time and I've been known as

00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:20.000
Lemburg and when it's part of the Austro-hungarian Empire, and you could see the district generally that polls predominate over here.

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But over here It's very much a mixed sort of nationalities, and a lot of people, particularly in the countryside, would have been known as Ruthenians.

00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:35.000
So they were essentially slugs in the towns and cities you would have had a much higher proportion to polls living.

00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:42.000
So Johabit would have been a mix, probably a equal numbers of Poles and and Athenians.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:49.000
The the religious mix would have been similar. you would have had probably about third of the population.

00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:55.000
Jewish third would have been sort of Eastern orthodox, and a third of and Catholic.

00:07:55.000 --> 00:08:04.000
So all you know, a strange kind of mix. So our character grows up into hobbits and means part of this this area.

00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:11.000
Galicia, and this Poland comes to a sticky end.

00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:16.000
On the first of September the nineteenth 39 when it's invoked invaded by Germany.

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And the Germans. The Blitzkines makes quick advances, and for very long war, sir, is surrounded in the Polish armies.

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On the on this, at this side, on the sort of the northern and western side of Poland, are heavily defeated.

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To the south a second German offensive aim towards the Viv

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So flounder somewhere and publish the poles. The Polish army in this sector is mainly from these Eastern Galician areas.

00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:57.000
However, 17 September the nineteenth, 39.

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The Soviet Union under the nun, the trap, the pact that they made with Nazi, Germany, move in from the East, and so the poles that have been resisting around Laviev love eventually they fall prisoner to the

00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:23.000
Red Army. you can see what happens. Slow: Yeah, Nazi Germany.

00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:27.000
So Communist Soviet Union had it all stitched up.

00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:37.000
They were pre agreed what would happen. So these areas here are taken over by the Soviet Union, who they then march into Republic.

00:09:37.000 --> 00:09:59.000
States like attack over Finland as well. So our character, along with a lot of the other units from this area of Galicia, who have been sort of serving and fighting around love of full prisoner to the red army and a

00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:09.000
marched off to compounds. Their officers are separated out and they go off separate camps, and that's turns out to be quite sinister.

00:10:09.000 --> 00:10:17.000
Now the polls are the Polish soldiers generally might have thought the war's over, We might be sent home.

00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:21.000
We might be able to just go home. Go back home. we demand, and go home.

00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:28.000
Not a chance. What happens to them is that the So think.

00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:39.000
From these compounds. they heard it down to railway set centers put onto trucks, and they start being sent eastwards.

00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:43.000
They're going to be sent to labor terms now this part of the story.

00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:52.000
What happened to the Polls I've Highlight I've used quite extensively, a book called the Long Walk by a Slavomere.

00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:55.000
Ral Ralphitch, who was a Polish officer.

00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:05.000
He, he actually was serving on the western side of the Poland against the Germans, that he managed to sort of avoid being captured by them, and made his way back eastwards.

00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:12.000
But he them, and arrested by the Nkvd Russian equivalent of the to the Ss.

00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:22.000
And he was sent as a prisoner. In this way he was put onto a train and went sent to a camp in Siberia, and so a lot of what I must.

00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:31.000
My wife and I. When we made our story out we used heavily a lot of the incidents he describes particularly this one here where 2 trains clearly, you know, both made them.

00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:41.000
These cattle trucks pull alongside, and on the one of a load of soldiers, and on the other one they can tell that they're civilians that are being transported.

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:47.000
And what was basically happening is that Soviet Union was not just moving prisoners eastwards.

00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:52.000
They were basically sort of ethnically cleansing the distance they taken over of poles.

00:11:52.000 --> 00:12:03.000
And so women and children were being likewise taken to camps in deep into into Russia, and they could have gone anywhere.

00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:17.000
They There were numerous camps spread across the soviet Union, and as Ralph Ralph found in his horror that when the train arrived at its destination, you were still probably nowhere near the camp, that you're going to be sent to

00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:28.000
and in this case he had march. and now these transports will be indone. As autumn of 1,939 was going into the war.

00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:35.000
40, and it's a bon lot and piano they were marching through of deep snow, and having to sort of survive in the own.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:39.000
Them, so, needless to say, loads of them died on route.

00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:53.000
They were by large shame together, so they would be chained in fours and then connected to a central train chain, was connected to a lorry which worked by on its Woodburn stove.

00:12:53.000 --> 00:12:58.000
Basically was not powered it, and eventually they would arrive at a camp.

00:12:58.000 --> 00:13:07.000
And as Ralph it sounds to his horror, it there they were to be held in in hearts, but they weren't enough huts.

00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:12.000
So the first job was to actually go and build the huts that they would be staying in.

00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:19.000
So a further few nights in the open, trying to sort of make sure they got all the wood together to make their hearts.

00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:27.000
So these camps, and there were dozens and dozens of them spread right across the Soviet Union.

00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:35.000
They were administered by the Nkvd, and we have the word goo lag, which is a sort of an acronym

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:42.000
It. Gulags more were for internal prisoners of political prisoners, common criminals.

00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:55.000
Even polished soldiers would have ending up really what would have been these which were camps for foreigners and prisoners of war?

00:13:55.000 --> 00:14:02.000
The worst camp I came across was Coal mine, which was way way across right across the other side of Siberia.

00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:18.000
The statistic there showed you how bad it was. There were 12,000 Poles were sent there, where they would have mainly been doing mining, open course mining, and only 583 survive down to about 20,000 12,000

00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:25.000
so they could have been anywhere, these camps. But yeah, not easily accessible and not really escapable.

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:35.000
Now man, Slava Slavmir, about Rochester. He actually managed to escape one of these camps and made his way to India would have been a rarity.

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:43.000
I used a lot of these images there by an unknown artist courage.

00:14:43.000 --> 00:14:51.000
Artists who survived this time in these camps, and did a lot of drawing subsequently, and on this this on virtual museum.

00:14:51.000 --> 00:15:02.000
But they were. They were incredible to sort of give me the reference to sort of illustrate the story, and you can see a lot of their work would have been involved with logging producing word.

00:15:02.000 --> 00:15:18.000
So in the winter they were cutting the trees down process them the planks, and then, when rivers and things on froze as you went into spring and summer, they could be transported, they would also be used to make log roads there weren't

00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:22.000
too many tarmac roads that could the Soviet Union.

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:27.000
But log roads were quite common. it's called a roy road stuffing.

00:15:27.000 --> 00:15:38.000
The German invading forces found them very strange and so I use these pictures and see, that's how I use that particular one, you know, the story of Wojtek.

00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:50.000
Check. So 2 winters went past the poles in the activity in these work camps being worked to death.

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:57.000
And then suddenly the world changed on the 20 s of tune, one with the start of operation.

00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:07.000
Barbarossa and the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the German Army that they're mark number of so stunning victories.

00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:18.000
In the early weeks of the war, whole Russian armies which just destroyed in these opening and what it meant was stuck.

00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:40.000
The the Soviet Union decided to offer up polls and amnesty, whereby, if they were prepared to serve, fight against the Germans, they would be released from these these camps.

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:43.000
I think the polls were a bit miffed by this.

00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:47.000
This idea of an amnesty suggesting that they've done something wrong.

00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:51.000
I mean they were being held prisoner and well as prisoners.

00:16:51.000 --> 00:17:05.000
They were. They had libraries in these camps, and there were sort of political sort of ideological talks whereby to sort of try to instill in them sort of, and the first of communism.

00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:08.000
But by large I mean they're only crime as far as they could was being polish.

00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:14.000
So the idea that they would have an amnesty releasing them from the camps and the bit well.

00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:22.000
But anyway, most of them accepted this, and before long they will be in release in the camps and making their way with these documents here.

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:30.000
This is This is an amnesty document. I like 1,000 to travel Russian trains to go and serve in the war.

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:39.000
My name is See them come! and they made their way to a camp near a little a town called Buzzer.

00:17:39.000 --> 00:17:53.000
Look which is sort of east of Moscow, some 100 200 miles east of Master going into the Ural Mountains 2, and they gathered that, and nothing happened, and they just sat there.

00:17:53.000 --> 00:18:04.000
And in some ways they were actually worse off. and they were in the camps that now they're only accommodation more intense, and the rations were so pitiful.

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:13.000
Really and they just. the weather was getting worse, and this war was getting worse as well.

00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:22.000
Russia was the Russian. The Germans were now advancing on Moscow and landing grad, and they were just abandoned and used to work out what was going on.

00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:30.000
I just stopped the screen share there a bit of a mystery because they volunteer to fight.

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:35.000
Now? did the Russians want them to fight? Why were they not being news?

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:41.000
It was something like 300,000 new total that were now, and they were experienced soldiers by long.

00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:47.000
Why did the Red Army not want them? Well, there were 2 main reasons. as far as I can work out.

00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:50.000
One of them was that they have no very few offices.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:55.000
The officers had marked, been marched off the separate camps by the

00:18:55.000 --> 00:19:09.000
The Soviet Union in these Camps, the Nkvd. try to instill in them ideas of Communism, and to make them super sense to the cause, and had not had much success.

00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:15.000
So in the end the Nkvd decided to shoot them. Something like 20.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:21.000
2,000 of these officers had been been shot along with policemen and intellectuals.

00:19:21.000 --> 00:19:35.000
So it meant that once these Polish soldiers were gathering, there were no offices anymore, or very few, and I think the other reason was the fact that the Red Army was essentially an ideological element.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:54.000
It had an officer structure, a command structure, but it had a parallel system of political officers, commissars to in instill and inspire and educate the common soldier, but also to keep an eye on the officer You can

00:19:54.000 --> 00:20:03.000
understand how officers were constantly being watched. They It kind of meant that Russian officers felt they couldn't use any kind of initiative.

00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:11.000
They would give them an order. Attack that machine gun post, you would carry it out any kind of like making a tactical retreat, or anything like that.

00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:25.000
You would probably be arrested. And so it had a crippling effect on the Red Army, and they were fighting a highly professional army in the vehicle. who instilled an idea that officers should use their

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:31.000
initiative. they should be resourceful I suppose it's a it's ironic that as the war progressed.

00:20:31.000 --> 00:20:36.000
Yes, the Red Army became more professional. what Whereas the Vermont became more ideological.

00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:46.000
So by 1,945 they were much the same, but in 1,941. They were still clinging to this idea of the political commissar system.

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:57.000
What they didn't want was load, of poles turning up at the front, who were not stimuli ideologically inspired. so they hadn't no officers, and they had no missiles.

00:20:57.000 --> 00:21:09.000
And so by and large. Yeah, these these Polish soldiers were just left a rock, despite the fact that by the end of the year Soviet Union had lost something like 4.3,000,000 soldiers.

00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:20.000
Already as casualties, staggering number. So how did they get out of this back to the screen?

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:39.000
Share well, rather than being sent to the front in ash of fact, what the polls polls were done. They they were marched off somewhere else to Tash Kent, which at least wasn't you know.

00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:53.000
This is now deep into the winter, so at least they weren't exposed to quite the same level of snow and ice, and but they were even further from the front, and there seem to be no resolution to this as to what would be happening to

00:21:53.000 --> 00:22:03.000
them. They did, at least by now, have a commanding officer, General Anders, and some other officers.

00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:13.000
And is He was lucky He He had been arrested by the Ankvd, and now on the right there you can see his mug shots, and he was quite brutally tortured.

00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:22.000
But eventually he was released rather than shot, and so that he was the one that senior commander that the the

00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:28.000
The Red Army had that they could turn to to take a moment of these Polish soldiers.

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:44.000
Still nothing was happening. so Anda seems to have been out to negotiate a deal whereby, if the Red Army was not prepared to use these parish soldiers, they could be transferred to the British forces serving in the Middle East

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:50.000
and the the British in the Middle East were desperate for manpower.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:55.000
And so they agreed with this. And so basically this is what would happen.

00:22:55.000 --> 00:23:10.000
About a 100,000 of them were transported. They were taken by trains to Krasn of Adoits, and then put on to ships and transported across the Caspian Sea. to Persia.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:17.000
Modern-day Iran. When they arrived the British were waiting for them, and were absolutely aghast at the State.

00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:33.000
When these men were turned up, I mean they were like living skeletons, and they most thousands of them had to be hospitalized before they could do anything at all, and a lot of them were just beyond you know they could they were no longer fit for

00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:46.000
for active service, so it took several weeks to sort of build up their strength, get them fit, well fed, and then provide them with uniforms, and eventually they were ready for transport.

00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:58.000
And so, as we go into the spring of man, 42, they are gradually so taxied across Persia to

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:16.000
The this, What would be Palestine, I suppose? Trans. Jordan, as it was under British Government, mandated from the first war, and it was while they were on their way, and about a group of soldiers designated to become 20 s supply

00:24:16.000 --> 00:24:21.000
company adopted a little bear cub. Different stories are still.

00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:26.000
How they got in. The name. one is that they were up in somewhere.

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:40.000
Briefly. a young boy would approach them, begging for money or something, and they noticed the other bad, and the bags seem to be moving around, and they were curious. And then he said, Well, we pulled out this bear cub which he obviously found the mud

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:48.000
had always been shot, and he wanted the backup, and he was clearly going to try and sell the bear cub, so it would be used for entertainment somewhere.

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:52.000
The polls, you know, and I think they just thought well we'd like it.

00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:56.000
We'd like to have him We'll look after him and he can become our company.

00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:59.000
Mascot, so you can see some nice pictures of him there.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:10.000
And in his early days they have to sort of feed him sort of powdered milk by some kind of improvised bottle.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:16.000
They gave you strength up, and they decided calling Wojtek, which basically means warrior.

00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:28.000
So you can see I had great fun for this bit. The story, and our Polish soldiers, together with voicemail, completed their journey.

00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:44.000
They came to Tel Aviv this amazing white city, gleaming white city rising out of the desert, this Jewish city, and, to be honest, a lot of the prisoners actually were Jewish and a lot of them decided to stay here they opted

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:48.000
out of the army. it's not right now this is it but staying here.

00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:55.000
Many more stayed in the army to, and they were then sent out to a camp just now.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:07.000
Side, Til avi gadara, where they now underwent the process of being turned into a functioning arm unit, so they would have received their British lorries.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:15.000
They've got their British uniforms and now start to operate as intended to be a supply company mainly to supply the artillery.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:23.000
The and areas. Wojtek and boy check very quickly.

00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:29.000
Sort of got into this routine of army life even very often go out in the trucks.

00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:33.000
I love going love traveling so he'd be up there in the driver's cab with them.

00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:38.000
And you know they obviously were delighted with their new mascot.

00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:42.000
And yeah, they would sort of take him out in about there.

00:26:42.000 --> 00:26:45.000
He is on a visit. I to leave the souk.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:52.000
So. yeah, he was so he became very quick I don't know if domesticators is the right word when you're a war.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:27:02.000
But but clearly very tame. I mean he was like a highly intelligent dog that had a very strong sense of being part of a family group.

00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:09.000
The Okay. This family is like probably about a 100 men in total, but he he was familiar with all of them.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:22.000
So the war. At this stage the polls have now joined the rich and common world forces.

00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:37.000
Serving in the Middle East. there were already a Polish units, so they serve the distinction as the siege of Cherbrook, and and it was a war that was not going very well at this point to be

00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:46.000
honest. The British forces in the Middle East had some spectacular successes early on, when they were fighting just purely against the Italians and the Vc. French.

00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:52.000
So they've been out to take Syria which was a French had been on the French control.

00:27:52.000 --> 00:27:59.000
They want some spectacular victories in the horn of Africa against the Italians there.

00:27:59.000 --> 00:28:09.000
But particularly in Egypt and libya where a huge Italian army, had tried to invade invaded Egypt, trying to seize the Suez Canal.

00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:15.000
And are a British and Commonwealth army, just 36,000 men, and one a spectacular victory.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.000
And then the taking about a 100,000 prisoners, you know.

00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:27.000
So like 3 times the number of their own army. and they driven amendments of this Italian army all the way back to Tripoli.

00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:32.000
Hitler by now was given up in the italians and he thought right.

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:45.000
We're gonna have to bail them out and So the Panzer force was hurried across to Tripoli, under the command of General Rommel, and he soon put paid to this British advance.

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:52.000
The British by now, had also sent a lot of troops to Greece, and to try and stop the the Germans and Italians.

00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:58.000
There unsuccessfully, And so Rommel was able to advance all the way back towards Egypt.

00:28:58.000 --> 00:29:07.000
He was eventually stopped by Tre Brook and driven back by the the new general joint, looking like.

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:16.000
But as we went into 1,940, so a new offensive by Rommel and the some broken the British, and was now advancing.

00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:21.000
Alexander, Andrea and Cairo and the Suits Canal.

00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:32.000
And so there was a real panic. the polls, when by no means ready, they they could not function as an army unit back this time.

00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:38.000
So thankfully awkin. Lake was able to sort of rally his troops and stock.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:41.000
The Germans and the Italians of Llamo.

00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:47.000
Nevertheless, he was replaced, and a new team of General Alexander and Montgomery.

00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:54.000
We came in. As we go towards the autumn things change again.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:11.000
Montgomery wins the battle of La Maine, while American forces have dropped land at the other end of the North African coast in Morocco, and very soon the Axis forces in North Africa are facing defeat the

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:14.000
Mediterranean is going to come under Allied control.

00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:23.000
So our polls might have thought we can join this Western advance to finish off the Germans in North Africa.

00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:43.000
But in actual fact they sent the other direction. They were sent to Iraq, and they were sent there to guard oil fields, which were sort of owned by British and American companies.

00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:48.000
And obviously right, that key element in mechanized warfare.

00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:54.000
And of course there was Wojtek now. the size of a sort of medium-sized dog medium to large.

00:30:54.000 --> 00:31:02.000
So It's dog coming on and enjoying life in the Polish army.

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:09.000
So Christmas, 1,942, and our Polish soldiers would have enjoyed their first traditional Christmas.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:12.000
I think well all have been since 1,938.

00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:24.000
So, and star of the party, with life and soul of it, was Wojtek going round, and we by now I adopted a habit of drinking beer and smoking cigarettes.

00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:27.000
Apparently he would just take one puff on a cigarette and then eat it.

00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:36.000
But but he liked a beer definitely like to be a and so he, I think you know, he would have delighted the soldiers at this point.

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:46.000
Apparently when they got to the end of their Christmas feast, and they went off because this wouldn't want Christmas Eve, they went off to midnight mass and void check was now a little bit tiddly went off to the kitchens

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:51.000
and just ransacked. The kitchens were more grubs in trouble.

00:31:51.000 --> 00:32:01.000
The following morning. It was as well they were in Iraq that the polls nearly lost 4 check twice.

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:14.000
Once was when he just disappeared. He just went off and you can only assume that he was now back a lot closer to where he'd been born, and some kind of home in instinct.

00:32:14.000 --> 00:32:21.000
Have kicked in. So you went wandering off into the desert, and the so the polls are desperate.

00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:29.000
And what they did. They got a water wagon together, and they managed to find some spot in where he was, and one of his key creature.

00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:37.000
Comfort was showers. He loved the shower, the and so they they lured him back to the camp by providing him with a shower.

00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:44.000
The second time they nearly lost him was when he got stung by scorpion.

00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:52.000
His nose, and he was close to death for several days, and I think both of these instances it.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:33:01.000
The palms are absolutely bereft, you know. I mean they they were really cut up where they might lose their bear, and you clearly give them identity.

00:33:01.000 --> 00:33:05.000
Remember that they are the supply, and they are basically part of the baggage train.

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:11.000
They're not part of some glamorous camera unit Well, something or regards unit.

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:16.000
They're just to supply people and I think Wojtek had given them an identity with a many with the bear.

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:20.000
They were not the only soldiers to have a bear as a mascot.

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:25.000
There was another company, but this pair was a bit of a nutcase, and apparently when they tried to put him together.

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:39.000
If we just went for it, and eventually that to get rid of this pair there's Wojtek become very much comrade who was a colleague who, as much as anything else, they really just saw him as one of them and

00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:43.000
I think when they nearly lost it they were heartbroken.

00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:48.000
His most famous expert was when he captured a spire.

00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:57.000
So the in Iraq and the British presence in Iraq was not that welcomed by a lot of Iraqis?

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:11.000
And I think the polls who were by proxy British probably could identify the some of your feelings, and in their country their own country have been occupied by foreign armies, and now they were part of an army occupying someone else's.

00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:25.000
Country. There it had been an attempt to sort of overthrow the the King of Iraq and replace him with an anti-British government, and the British had stepped in and put back down so there, were the sort of anti-British

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:32.000
sentiment still rife, and so a spy apparently broke into the the compound and the within.

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:39.000
He was going to try and see whether it be possible to attack or in this compound in any way.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:45.000
He crept in, and he decided for some reason to hire hide in the shower block.

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:54.000
Now Wojtek was on the prowl, as he usually was overnight, saw someone open in the shower block and thought, Oh, goody, I can go and have a shower.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:04.000
He was banned from the showers he'd learned how to turn them on, and was often to sit there for it for our ages, just, and, you know valuable water pouring off them.

00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:11.000
So he obviously crept in, and this guy just suddenly was confronted by a bear. a fairly large bear by now and obviously talk like me.

00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:14.000
They don't have guard dots here they have guard bears anyway.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:30.000
The all the cafesal a century turned up, and the rest of this bloke is But, yeah, boy, check, stop the spy as we get Towards the autumn of 1,943.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:45.000
The polls finished, this didn't in their arm and make their way back to Palestine, where we get another fabulous little incident involved in Wojtek that was left to prowl again and came across the laundry being hung up by the women

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:56.000
alluxiliary as the polish woman a zealous in the nearby camp, decided to go and play, and seems to have turned up back at the camp, looking something like that it's the best.

00:35:56.000 --> 00:36:00.000
Work at illustrating. and so in a piece of excellent Pr.

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:14.000
Peter Premise and the other polls decided that they would relawn to this stuff that they got wrecked by Wojtek and rushing round talking, apologize in person to the female auxiliaries You can see there

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:18.000
this lovely photo of them all. How many? They were just charmed by him!

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:22.000
We were, you know it was apparently a real charm in that respect.

00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:37.000
December 1,943 they're now fully constituted, published second core prepares to move to Egypt and prepare for embarkation.

00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:45.000
Then there is a problem, because the British Navy has said that it will not allow wild animals to be taken on board.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:51.000
Clearly. there are a lot of mascots when these Polish tunics, and they said no wild animals.

00:36:51.000 --> 00:37:00.000
And again the Polish soldiers in company 20 supply company 22 so there's no way we're not leaving out there behind.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.000
And so what do they do? They officially enlist him.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:10.000
So we now becomes private Wojtek, and on full army pay as well, and he gets a number.

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:15.000
They managed to blag on getting on board that way.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:27.000
Then he later becomes promoted to corporal by the way and with the pose he heads off to join the front line by Monty Casino.

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:34.000
The British and Americans had successfully invaded Italy and they got stuck.

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:41.000
They've managed to get as Far as Naples They got beyond Naples, but on the route to Rome they came up against German defensive.

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:46.000
One Augusta line pivot of which was this high point.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:54.000
Here, Monte Casino, the town, and then the famous monastery perched on the mountain above it, and nothing they could do could shift it.

00:37:54.000 --> 00:38:03.000
The Americans have tried. the British had drive New Zealand's have tried the Indians a tribe that Gurkhas have tried, and now it's going to be the polls.

00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:07.000
Term the polls were given. They were now fresh troops in the line.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:21.000
Clearly their commander, General Landers, had pushed this. I think he saw that if Poland was to have any real say in negotiations about what Europe would look like afterwards.

00:38:21.000 --> 00:38:29.000
Polish blood on have to be spilled. And so I think he wanted this this chance to show what the Polish forces could do.

00:38:29.000 --> 00:38:47.000
And so there was a build-up, and then, finally, on the fifth of May, huge artillery Barrage and the German positions, Monte Casino left the nest out there makes it look They become gambling and in

00:38:47.000 --> 00:39:02.000
the morning Polish army attack, and it was while they were on a resupplying run they took Wojtek with them, but he famously started helping the soldiers to carry the shells up to the guns.

00:39:02.000 --> 00:39:13.000
And after that this became a regular event. So the Polish attack on the Casino failed.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:21.000
Heavy losses, but a second attack, and later in the month, finally took the town of Montreal.

00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:27.000
To be honest. By this time a non frontal assault by the French and French units.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:33.000
Fighting had got in behind Monte Casino, and the Germans, pregnant effectively evacuated the position.

00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:40.000
They would have been cut off on the wise but nevertheless the polls, the to the credit, the polls.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.000
They finally managed to raise their flag on what remained with a monastery on the top of A.

00:39:44.000 --> 00:39:50.000
But it had taken a terrible toll. There were no natural replacements to them.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:40:01.000
Apart from German prisoners of war. the germans were now in the habit of forcibly enlisting Poles into the into the to the Vermont.

00:40:01.000 --> 00:40:06.000
And obviously they didn't say but in any great enthusiasm and surrender as quickly as they could.

00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:23.000
So the replacements they got were actually sold in fighting in the German army, proposed the post second core, recuperated, then was transferred onto the right flank of the British Eighth army on the Adriatic coast and then

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:29.000
took part in the various attacks, as the Germans gradually driven back.

00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:36.000
So the by, about April they were so serving in taking part in the offensive capture.

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:40.000
Bologna Wojtek was in his element in Italy.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.000
Oh, my God! yes, very much the gourmet there.

00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:54.000
There are all sorts of things, particularly in the autumn, with the bin yards and the fruit, and all the kind of Italian food Salami fish you name it.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:06.000
He would be need to really enjoying himself. and things were going very well, and the polls of company to supply company 22.

00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:12.000
We're thinking Where are the wars coming to an end the Germans are on the brink of defeat.

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:17.000
And they could start to think about maybe going home, going back to Poland.

00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:23.000
And then this happens more of this briefly stop the share.

00:41:23.000 --> 00:41:37.000
Yes, the the conference that the altar where the 3 main powers got together to sort of make some decisions about what your looks.

00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:44.000
Yes, Germany was there's no option other than a complete surrender.

00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:59.000
But what what would come out of the war? One of the things that came out of the comforts at Yalta was that the America Britain acknowledged that the Soviet Union would hold on to the Territories

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:02.000
that it took as part of their agreement with the Russians.

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:12.000
Back in our and 39, you know. In other words, Lithuania, the Baltic States and eastern parts of Poland were the remain part of the Soviet Union.

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:26.000
That meant that for a lot of the soldiers serving in this 20 s supply company and other units as part of the Second 200 published call mainly from Galicia.

00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:32.000
It meant with that we're now going to be in Soviet Union.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:39.000
One thing. To go back to Poland, which they could see quite obviously would be under the control of the Russians.

00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:45.000
It would be a proxy state that was taught that there would be elect free elections, but they knew that that wouldn't happen.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:50.000
The Poland, such as it exists in, would be a property statement.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:43:02.000
The Soviet Union but in fact the town's litrehavic like love. they would now be part of the Soviet Union, and you can understand the reluctance, after what they've been through and that they wouldn't want to go

00:43:02.000 --> 00:43:17.000
back there, so back into the screen share to bring them to a hope fairly soon.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:35.000
So the war ended this the polls they didn't know what to do. For a time they were just they just remained as occupation, and eventually they, the British Government, decided to bring them back to Britain.

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:42.000
This is a map I did for the book which showed the root that our character have been on.

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:47.000
So you can see it's quite an odyssey and on this final leg.

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:51.000
To Britain and the come the Supply Company 22.

00:43:51.000 --> 00:43:57.000
They decided they're not leaving boy check behind he came with them so you can see the attachment.

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:06.000
So Wojtek comes to Britain, and they transferred to Winfield Camp, which had been set aside for Polish resettlement.

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:20.000
By now the British Government had accepted that the polls were not going to go back to Poland; that it existed, or to their hometowns now in the Soviet Union, and offered all of them right of residents in Britain

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:24.000
so reset one camps they would be marked and they could then learn properly.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:40.000
They could learn English if they Couldn't speak in English they could train whatever. And I suppose there came a point where the polls were now going off into new lives in Britain less and lesser than the the decision about Wojtek in the meantime yeah

00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:46.000
he'd been around even to barrack upon tweed He used to go out and enjoy the local night life.

00:44:46.000 --> 00:44:50.000
He loved music, to sit down the front and watch with a bottle of beer.

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:59.000
But there was only one. Ultimately one solution. Deal was reached with Edinburgh for him to go there.

00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:12.000
The director, Gillespie, who sent the Zoo up in the first place, very self advanced in these ideas about the how animals should be held in zoos and so forth.

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:23.000
So. yeah, he looked out his life until 63 He was briefly famous in the late fifties on Blue Peter.

00:45:23.000 --> 00:45:28.000
I'm, still alive, but with his death he disfaded into obscurity.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:34.000
Until now there's certainly been a massive upsurge of interest in more statues.

00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:45.000
One Casino, another one across of and with the end of the Cold War. Poland has been finding out about this national hero, and he has become quite enough.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:46:02.000
Quite a make figure now. So if you go online, and Google voice check you'll have no end of a range of stuff merchandise to buy from Teddy bears t-shirt cups, and there are books and I would particularly

00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:10.000
recommend Eileen. all's book she was Instrumental in in the wrenching from the statue in Edinburgh.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:19.000
That's a board game on the right here and that's the children's put their apart from mine, and my wife's effort as well to school.

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:29.000
No doubt come up, and that basically is that pass you back to Fiona.

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:32.000
Thanks really much for that, Bob. What story and what a journey!

00:46:32.000 --> 00:46:41.000
And I think everybody we agree. No, what we shall do i've got a couple of questions, so if anybody's got any other questions?

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:53.000
Certainly send them in. but we've got a couple here Now you you you've talked about some of the illustrations that you have in your book that you're based on some illustrations from from other places did you have to get

00:46:53.000 --> 00:46:59.000
permission to sort of use those illustrations no because I wasn't using them directly.

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:07.000
I was just using those source material so I mean we credit them in the book. but they're buying an anonymous artist.

00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:22.000
To be honest. So they're They're just online but And so this question from Miranda. So I hope that answers your question, Miranda, and there's another another question here, from Anne, this is an interesting one she says

00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:28.000
there is an armored bear in philip pullman's novels, his dark materials.

00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:34.000
Yeah, I wonder if he is based on I doubt it.

00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:40.000
I doubt it. But yeah, interested. Yeah, I know I know the bad.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:50.000
I know what you mean. Yeah, I wouldn't have thought So what you have known about boy check unlikely. Hmm.

00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:56.000
Okay, and we've got some other questions and i's asking how can we get you a book?

00:47:56.000 --> 00:48:06.000
Don't worry. Everybody will have details of that posted up on it will, and it work shopping.

00:48:06.000 --> 00:48:12.000
If you go into shopping I think it'll almost certainly come out, it's available from all sorts of different outlets.

00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:21.000
Amazon foils you name. It Okay, was disable we'll get some details.

00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:25.000
A question from Anne. I don't know if this is one that you'd be able to answer.

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:30.000
But let's let's ask anyway how come the beer wasn't dangerous?

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:40.000
Why do you think he was so? became? Sultan wondered about that, because, as I said, there was another bow of another unit, and they just.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:47.000
He was just uncontrollable, whereas Wojtek for some reason was very I mean, you know, he, because I used to wrestle with him.

00:48:47.000 --> 00:48:53.000
If you look if you go at Google and just see photos and they're wrestling with him, you're thinking blindly, wrestling with the bed.

00:48:53.000 --> 00:48:57.000
So he kind of knew his own strength, and he knew he was playing.

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:03.000
And these just seems to have been highly intelligent and just it's like dogs.

00:49:03.000 --> 00:49:08.000
I mean, you know, some dogs are amazing. Family pets and other dogs are like nutcases.

00:49:08.000 --> 00:49:13.000
We were just talking about dogs last week and their last lecture.

00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:21.000
So yeah, interesting and Elizabeth's asking did the bear ever have a mate?

00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:29.000
Not that i'm aware of he certainly had friends he was very friendly with a dog.

00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:35.000
There was a the the British. It was a British officer, attached a liaison office.

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:41.000
We had a dog and Wojtek and the dog was to play a lot, but i'm not sure he had a mate.

00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:45.000
So he missed out on that one, I think. Thank you.

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:53.000
And Jane's asking what sources did you use to research the story, because I would imagine you probably had to go to quite a lot of places.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:09.000
Yeah. Oh, unbelievable amount I mean the there's 2 folders down there on this case behind with reference material that's just downloaded from the Internet almost every panel.

00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:18.000
You know there's. a there's a degree of reference just I mean, draw the number of trucks I it to draw these British army trucks.

00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:25.000
But yeah, i've cited in terms of the story the Eileen, or book was was kind, quite good.

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:28.000
There were other accounts, I mean, that was very good, in fact.

00:50:28.000 --> 00:50:37.000
And then for things like i've cited this one the long walk. that that was invaluable to give us an idea of what it was like going through these camps.

00:50:37.000 --> 00:50:42.000
But that that online website as well was very good the one where I found the pictures.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:49.000
There's a lot of testimonies on there because it's devoted to polls from these eastern areas.

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:54.000
That sort of suffered at the hands of the Soviet Union, so that that was a major source of read.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:51:00.000
So they're all there are all cited in the book Okay,

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:08.000
Another question here from Diana. Did the bears former comrades ever visit him in the Zoo?

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:17.000
They did, and he used to they reckon he recognized them and they taught him they he'd learned how to salute the Polish salute. You probably see it in the book they it's like that it's like boy.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:22.000
Scouts that, and he learned how to do that. So yeah, they would go.

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:30.000
They would do a lot of them would make regular visits to see them, and you would salute them, and all sorts of things. whether they went into the compound with them. I don't know.

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:33.000
I don't think the Zoo would have allowed them by that time.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:38.000
But yeah, certainly he had a lot of you know. They were clearly cut up, but they did. You know.

00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:42.000
What can you do? You can't keep a bear you the house, you know?

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:50.000
Not really okay, Thank you. Now we've got a question here from Susan.

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:59.000
And who's asking what is the connection? with good newsby and so that And then I've got another comment from somebody else that want to chop enough.

00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:17.000
Okay, so, Grimsby, that that park was another one of the Port Polish resettlement centers, and I think you can see how Wojtek had grown from just being a mascot of this one particular company to become a more general mascot for

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:23.000
the Polish Second Corps. so I think a lot of the polls have kind of adopted him. so he had nothing.

00:52:23.000 --> 00:52:31.000
Whatsoever to do with Grimsby and that particular unit, the men that were there were

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:34.000
They were so other other units in the post second call.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:39.000
But yeah, Yeah, I was just gonna say Linda has put in a comment.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:48.000
Just sort of You know She's from grimsby and she's saying, This is also the story of my late uncle, who was in the Carpathian lancers. They were there.

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:56.000
Yeah, I know my wife had an uncle who was, I mean Grimsby. So I mean, I found out about the statue through A. W. A.

00:52:56.000 --> 00:53:01.000
Session was doing an online one and present to me session and a woman we lived in.

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:05.000
She stabbed the mention about voyeur and she said, Oh, we got statue.

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:11.000
They don't know what yeah yeah and grimsby this one. So yeah, that was.

00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:14.000
But there may be others, for all I know and dotted around the country.

00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:17.000
But yeah, well, they had quite a long journey didn't they Yeah,

00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:30.000
I'll just pop in another comment from Stephen he says his loving cousin is one of the last remaining civilians that was kidnapped to Russia, and it was a baby when his mother and sister were transported to

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:39.000
Psychedelia, and it's alive, and well and living in South London of interesting Yeah.

00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:48.000
So there we go, right. Oh, by the way, I have got a guest. Very good.

00:53:48.000 --> 00:54:02.000
Oh, I check! Thought he would join us. Important question from Peter Was Wojtek still allowed beer in the Zoo.

00:54:02.000 --> 00:54:09.000
Do we know? Was he well sorry, still allowed beer in the Zoo?

00:54:09.000 --> 00:54:16.000
Oh, Crush, I very much doubt it. but yeah I really don't know.

00:54:16.000 --> 00:54:18.000
I don't know you know I was trying to find out about this.

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:25.000
I mean. they know he was quite up on guard, Gillespie, the the director of the Zoo. but we extended it to that.

00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:31.000
I don't know. I doubt it, but I know he wasn't allowed to roam around, not like the penguins.

00:54:31.000 --> 00:54:39.000
So there was a penguins haven't done their walk any time I've been to Edinburgh zoo all right.

00:54:39.000 --> 00:54:43.000
There's one pandemic besides whether they're gonna do it or not.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:51.000
Yeah, what's up to them to to whether they do make some which is good and okay, digressing there slightly.

00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:55.000
And the question from Elizabeth, Where are you interested in military history?

00:54:55.000 --> 00:55:04.000
Before you started to research into wikipedia Well, funnily enough, over the last few years I've completed a trilogy of war.

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:16.000
Animal, true life, war, animal stories. Now why did I used to with a friend of mine?

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:19.000
We used to do a lot of things in schools about world war, one from 2,014.

00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:22.000
That was a lot of it. So we actually did a world war.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:25.000
One day where we dressed up. I was an officer.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:37.000
He was a sergeant major. We go in and out of that I used to tell a story, and I did a load of drawings about a cat that was found in a German dugout by a soldier from the Manchester.

00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:43.000
Regiment, and I thought it's just a delightful story I just did some illustrate, and i'd turn that into a book as well.

00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:51.000
And then I got a commission from the D-day Museum in Portsmouth to illustrate a story about a pigeon.

00:55:51.000 --> 00:56:03.000
Do one Dickens Medal It was like the animal equipment. The Victoria Cross for bringing word of the successful landings at Dede back to Portsmouth.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:24.000
So yeah, that was a children's book. so I ended up I've done 3 stories Now one about a cat, a pigeon and a bear
 

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So. this is the wolf in your dog, which little presentation.

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I've written very brief run down of how much wolf there is still is is in the modern dog really.

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So we've got a wolf here and a dog. You can tell them apart very easily, and the reason we can do that is because of the changes from the evolutionary.

00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:01.000
You know, ancestor of the wolf into the modern dog.

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:06.000
So we have almond shaped eyes on the wolf and stick up ears.

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A long muscle, a particular, you know, texture and type of fur on the dog.

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You see they're rounded eyes and there's a there's a 2 colour eye in this dog floppy ears, different colours, different texture, and type of fur so we can all tell a wolf from a

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dog these days, but they are essentially the same animal. inside so let's have a look how So people a lot of people consider a dog a subspecies of grey wolf. so Canis lupus familiaris is the domestic dog

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the modern dog. They only differ from wolves very, very slightly.

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So 1.8% of their genes differ that's all.

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But it is worth noting. You know that that we share a lot of genes with animal other animals, as well so, although it doesn't sound like much at all.

00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:08.000
It just does make quite a lot of difference. nonetheless.

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So the Grey Wolf today the grey wolf that we know today evolved about 2.7 to 3,000,000 years ago.

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So the dog didn't appear the dog proper that we recognized today.

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Modern dog until about 15,000 years ago. but there are some new studies.

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That's just it's possible that there was something like a dog up to 135,000 years ago.

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But they are the only solid evidence that we have is for 15,000 years ago.

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Really So dogs and wolves are close closely related enough to breed together, and you can see this in the coloration of a black wolf, because you don't get black wolves.

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If you see a black wolf, at all it's because it's bred at some point with a dog, it's some point in its ancestry, it's spread with a dog because the black coloration is not

00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:19.000
seen in pure wolf so breeding with domestic dogs is is relatively common.

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They don't will since seek out dogs to breed with but if they come across them often enough, and there aren't enough other wolves about, they will we'll boot together quite readily.

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So it's possible that wolves were rather domesticated in lots of places that different times there was one main domestication event, followed by you know, several sort of 1,000 years of of add mixture, which is you know, dogs and

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wolves breeding together. and again. the data is a bit woolly on that.

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We don't know how many times wolves and humans got together and initiated domestication.

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So here's some dogs you can see there's an enormous differences.

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Big floppy ears, different coloured fur, you know.

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Smooth coats, hairy coats, little tiny dogs with squashed up faces.

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You know, long-legged, really fast little dogs that are very, very light boned, and so on.

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But they are all the same basic structure and build. They may not look like it, but scales speaking, and so so so on.

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There are the same inside, but they do vary quite a bit from wolves in.

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I've seen their body forms. We humans have bred dogs for you know lots of reasons, you know.

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Things that people have found a appealing. So fighting dogs for examples have sort of short-ish muscles.

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The bridge with really good bike power, would belong to their opponents.

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You get those dogs with really, really crinkly wrinkled faces?

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This is something that allows other other dogs to sort of grab a mouthful of wrinkles, if you like, without really injuring.

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You know minor injuries to the face, if you like.

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These kind of really wrinkly dogs also. you know, filters blood away from the eyes.

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The trap sent molecules so sniffing dogs have lots of wrinkles, and they can lose heat better through the surface area of the all those wrinkled bits of face.

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A dog. Dogs tend to be sort of, you know, big and muscular.

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They don't have great Stamina for running or anything because they don't need to anymore.

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Wolves can run for a very long time. wolves can run at top speed for about mile, which, in terms of K.

00:05:57.000 --> 00:06:14.000
9. stana is amazing. but guarding dogs can't really run fast or far, but they don't need to, because we've bred them, for you know, guarding and we feed them in a afternoon excuse me so all kinds of

00:06:14.000 --> 00:06:30.000
domestic dog have been created. you know which kids with all kinds of adaptations from the initial kind of wolf body and wolf form and we've you know we've held on to all the the characteristics

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that we liked, or one did, for various reasons. So this is a picture of a dog, as you probably know, if you've got a dog who has rolled in something vaulting, and has it looks very very happy about it.

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Dogs really love novel smells, and they will often roll about in them and come home covered in.

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You know fox or badger, or whatever and these are the things that we kind of wish they wouldn't do.

00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:06.000
But this is very wolfy. This is a wolf trait rolling in a novel scent.

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:11.000
Taking it back to the pack. you know game look what I found you know.

00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:16.000
Here's a really interesting smell. Oh, possibly to cover the scent of dog as well.

00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:21.000
So it's all covers up the fact that they've been there.

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But you see lots of wolf behaviours still in the the modern dog body postures.

00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:32.000
Some of the facial expressions and ear positions, and so on.

00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:45.000
And obviously things like that, you know the play bow as you'll be familiar if you've got a dog when they're playing or play biting, or whatever they'll do this kind of exaggerated bow with the front legs

00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:51.000
down and the back legs up, which is a strong indication let me know.

00:07:51.000 --> 00:07:58.000
I'm playing with you dogs and walls do that in exactly the same way, Oops.

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Sorry I jumped to slide so we have a this concept of neotany with dogs.

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We keep dogs them. Obviously they're puppies when we get them.

00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:22.000
They grow into adults as obviously, but they tend to in terms of comparison to a wolf.

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They retain a lot of juvenile behaviour and morphology.

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And this is what we call Neiltony staying playful.

00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:46.000
Staying needy, you know, and adult direction that in terms of from the adults being the humans, the dog owners. puppy proportions, puppy facial characteristics which humans find appealing you know this there's

00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:52.000
nothing cuter than a puppy face, but a lot of adult dogs retainer a poppy like face as well like, you know.

00:08:52.000 --> 00:09:08.000
Think of pugs and sausage dogs, and that kind of dog wagging tails, you know, playing with toys, running for a ball, and fetching things like that being very strongly tied to family members you know that

00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:13.000
human family. I mean all the things about domestic dogs that we love.

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:20.000
I think as humans are, They domestic dogs don't have you know they don't need to hunt for food.

00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:24.000
They, they don't need to necessarily run long distances or you know.

00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:28.000
Be particularly skilful or strong or good at problem solving, or whatever.

00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:35.000
But they have you know Well, they've sort of shrugged off the need to survive.

00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:45.000
You know, the the instincts to survive. what they have taken on us are more social ties and more social skills, different social skills.

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:58.000
Wolves are very socially skilled but they're socially skilled with other wolves, both done if one which is being very highly socially skilled with another species, which is humans, and that's that's

00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:12.000
the amazing thing about dogs really I think that they've been able to across the the species barrier in terms of sociality which other animals have not done, not as much, anyway.

00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:33.000
Not all animals. So if you have a look at working dogs you see individual wolf behaviours which humans have chosen on purpose and is selected aren't bred them in territoriality, so that's what

00:10:33.000 --> 00:10:51.000
you want in a good guard dog, a guard of that that wants to guard a property or a space, a scent dog who's, you know, incredibly good at scenting incredibly good at following a smell We use these dogs to sniff out

00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:56.000
drugs and money, and all sorts of things don't we now, even medically.

00:10:56.000 --> 00:11:01.000
You know, dogs have been trained to to send cancer cells, and so on.

00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:11.000
These are all things that wolves can do but we have chosen them in dogs in such a way that they don't really do anything else.

00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:23.000
So, for example, a guard dog is territorial it barks when it sees people or strangers coming in, and that's what you want for a guard dog of you to warn you that someone's coming.

00:11:23.000 --> 00:11:28.000
But they don't do a lot else. no so they've chosen that skill from wolves.

00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:33.000
But but guard dogs you know didn't run long distances they don't hunt.

00:11:33.000 --> 00:11:41.000
They don't you know do many wolf behaviours beyond the barking and guarding and territoriality.

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:49.000
So what we've done is select traits and then remove the dogs need to have any other sort of warfare traits.

00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:56.000
Really so. Guard dogs don't do much more than God whereas obviously wolves do all of these behaviours as a natural.

00:11:56.000 --> 00:12:08.000
And all living in the wild. So this is a hunting dog on point. Oops.

00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:13.000
Gosh! I am skipped a slide again touching the mouse.

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:29.000
This is a dog on point. so this this dog has been bred and selected for this habit of raising a pool, sticking the tail out, nose towards the prey, indicating where it is but without actually lunging

00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:37.000
forward and getting it so it's an indicator rather than a hunter, as it were, very specific behaviour.

00:12:37.000 --> 00:12:46.000
Wolves don't do pointing by the way This is something that only dogs really do, and humans have picked up that, you know.

00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:50.000
If you get a dog that does a bit of pointing, and you breed it with other dogs at point.

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:55.000
The you end up with a breed like like this one a pointer dog!

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:04.000
You have a sight-handed or see their bread for their good vision, ability to detect movement.

00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:08.000
Usually they're usually good at detecting things that are running running away.

00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:14.000
Really, you know, closely following a scent trail like a bloodhound.

00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:24.000
That kind of thing again selected especially for human use by via you know the breeding of domestication.

00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:32.000
It's it's very probable that the first things that human sol in wolves I thought would be really useful and helpful.

00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:41.000
But their ability to hunt, and their guarding and warning skills because wolf's are very good at those obviously very, very good hunters.

00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:50.000
I'm very good at warning you know looking at pups and warning when strangers approach or other wolves approach, or whatever.

00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:59.000
So there's a probably the things that humans went for first and they came into proximity with wolves.

00:13:59.000 --> 00:14:08.000
Could stop, they actually feeling if you wanted if there are any questions at that point.

00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:25.000
Yes, we've got one from Eunice you talked sort of quite near the start when we were looking at the first picture of the wolf of the dog together that the shape of the eyes had changed or it's different and Eunice is asking

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:31.000
How How did that change happen? I don't know if you can enlighten us a little bit about that, I think.

00:14:31.000 --> 00:14:44.000
That's a very good question and I think the answer is that it's simply a side effect of selecting other attributes, and it's had the side effect of changing the eye shape.

00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:53.000
I don't think that was necessarily something that humans chose selected It's a side effect of other other points of breeding.

00:14:53.000 --> 00:15:03.000
If you like, in the same way that you know, if we, if we choose, dogs with very crinkled up muzzles, crinkle up faces like pugs.

00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:08.000
You will say that the side effect of they tend to have breathing problems.

00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:19.000
They look, cute they look sort of wrinkly and cute and you know, quite unusual, and have boggly eyes, don't they sort of gofish eyes, but they have troubles breathing it's a side effect it's

00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:26.000
not something that humans wanted, but it comes along with a very squint squashed up face.

00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:33.000
I think the eye shapes the same. Ok. But not another question here from Anne.

00:15:33.000 --> 00:15:40.000
You were talking about hunting dogs in point. Could you just explain what that means?

00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:44.000
What is pointing. Yeah, sure, this this do on this slide.

00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:51.000
Here is in point and what he's doing is he sends very good sense of smell.

00:15:51.000 --> 00:16:07.000
He scented the prey. A bird probably, in this case a pheasant or something like that, and his reaction to scenting the prey is to lift a leg in the direction of the prey and keep his head forward so the

00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:12.000
nose, they will say the nose points to the prey. straight out.

00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:18.000
Tail is at the back of the prey to, so that the praiser was ford of the dog.

00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:34.000
And some dogs do this when they see something interesting they lift a leg, and they'll point their head towards it. and it's that tendency that humans have picked up on and thought well that's really useful I could you know if I see

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:45.000
a dog doing that, i'll know that there's you know a bird in the next bushes, or whatever and that's what it's telling you that that there's a bird or whatever is your hunting It's nearby

00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:50.000
you What they don't do is lunge forward eat the and kill the prey.

00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:55.000
Eat it, because you don't want that you actually want you know them to just show you where it is.

00:16:55.000 --> 00:17:02.000
Really don't you so unusually you know given that this is a subspecies of wolf this animal here.

00:17:02.000 --> 00:17:20.000
It doesn't act, hunt, or take prey itself is it. the result of thousands of years generations and generations of dogs who may have had a slight tendency to lift a leg when they saw prey and humans have thought well I want that dog that does

00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:26.000
that and bread them together, and eventually genetically speaking you get a dog who's habit.

00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:31.000
It is to do that when they sniff the prey but they never go and attack it.

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:37.000
But that's that's kind of been bred out of them that the tendency to kill and eat and what they find.

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:49.000
Sorry I keep doing that. Okay, and We've got some more questions. And this is a question from what Miranda do.

00:17:49.000 --> 00:17:53.000
Some dogs still have pointy up ears I guess subdue don't they?

00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:59.000
They do that's right of course and in some cases you know other parts.

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:08.000
The other breeds. sorry if dog have had floppy ears, and then people have decided I wanted them pointing, and actually had them operated on to stick them back up again.

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:14.000
Haven't they ear pinning you know and so on which is not legal anymore.

00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:20.000
It's it's not considered ethical but Yes, of course there are breeds with pointy up here.

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:35.000
Still. You know lots that the breed various breeding habits, you know you have full pointy ears, or little ears or ears that flop down, or enormous ears that touch the ground so ear sort of

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:42.000
positioning and type is again something that humans have chosen in certain breed types isn't it.

00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:55.000
So if you have a you know a basset hound what you what you're looking for, there, if you like breeds of dog as his ears that touch the ground, and if you having a you know with a doberman, you

00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.000
want more pointy up being as I guess don't you the particular look of the dog.

00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:02.000
But yeah, of course, you get pointy up ears.

00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:11.000
Yeah, Yeah, Okay, and right, we have a couple of other questions which I think we've probably just about got time for it.

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:19.000
And this is a question from Angela she's saying there seems to be a trend in feeding dogs raw meat, as Will stood originally.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:38.000
The science support the trend that's a good good question I think wolves definitely eat more meat. but you have to remember that that as evolution moves on domestication has changed the the the wolf into a

00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:53.000
dog. it's, also changed the way the at least partially the way that the gut functions, too. so dogs will happily eat raw meat, but they're also happily processed meat in the form of you know

00:19:53.000 --> 00:20:05.000
dried feeds, and so on. so I I I can't see any particular benefit to raw feeding compared to any other kind of feeding.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:12.000
I think the key is is a varied diet It's it's probably very boring for a doctor.

00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:20.000
You a bowl of exactly the same food every single meal and I think it's easy to forget that dogs like all kinds of food.

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:32.000
There are omnivorous really you know their leak fruit and vegetables, and you know all kinds of cereals and all kinds of meats, so I don't see any advantage to do it being a raw meat

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:39.000
diet per se But as research moves on in nutrition, I may be proved wrong on that.

00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:44.000
I guess. Okay, and right we'll do one more question and then we'll move on.

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:48.000
But rest assured everybody will get to the the rest of the questions at the end.

00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:54.000
No, this is a question from elizabeth and she's saying, it's interesting.

00:20:54.000 --> 00:20:58.000
Her dog behavior has become so specialized regarding human needs.

00:20:58.000 --> 00:21:06.000
Is there any difference in brain structure? So I guess that's between dog and and wolf?

00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:12.000
Sure in terms of in gross terms there isn't very much difference at all.

00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:20.000
But it would be equally I could say that the brain of a chimpanzee, and a human doesn't differ very much at all, either.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:27.000
So the similarity is kind of along those lines, because humans and chimpanzees are also divided by less than 2%.

00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:38.000
Dna. What is different is how much of the brain is voted social activity.

00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:53.000
How much of the frontal cortex that's the front of the brain, the forehead, If you like how much of that cortex is is used in social behaviors, how much is it as devoted to bonding

00:21:53.000 --> 00:22:00.000
and attachment, and there's a greater level of activity in those parts of the brain.

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:06.000
It's very difficult to assign bits of brain to function.

00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:18.000
You know, even if you do a brain scan you can't sort of get all look there's you know there's the bit that does this, and there's a bit that does that because brains don't work in

00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:21.000
that way, you know they don't have separate little chunks it's completely interrelated.

00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:39.000
Body of neuronal tissue so it's it's a difficult question to answer, but dogs have attributed more brain power. Shall I say to some social aspects of life that wolves don't use Okay, right I

00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:46.000
think we'll move move on no Joanne and as I say we'll get to the list of the questions at the end.

00:22:46.000 --> 00:23:07.000
Everybody. Okay, thank you. So if humans observing wolves in the wild, you know our ancestral past, remember in an evolutionary time moves very slowly.

00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:15.000
So thousands of years ago, 15,000 years ago, we have evidence of the first actual dogs.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:24.000
So the process of domestication would have started long before that, because 15,000 years ago is the first evidence of dogs.

00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:30.000
Obviously they didn't pop out out of nowhere so the process began long, long before that.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:43.000
So if humans had spotted behaviours, in wolves that they thought would be really useful, that really good hunters, and they're really good guards, and they're you know the good at giving warnings How How would

00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:51.000
you begin to take a wolf and think I like those attributes, and how would you make them into an animal that you can actually share your home with?

00:23:51.000 --> 00:24:05.000
You know your family life with. So if I go to the next slide, you can see this is a cave painting from a cave in France.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:13.000
I believe depicting clearly depicting humans and some kind of bovine animal.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:30.000
Here is one of the very first known images of what must be a dog, and I say must be a dog, because it has a curly tail, and wolves never have curly tails. short proper worlds Wild wolves never

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:36.000
have code tails. So this has to be a dog we can see as well.

00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:51.000
From this image. it's got quite long legs it looks like a good runner, quite a slim body, but with a quite a big rib cage, so a big sort of hollow, if you like where the organs contain the

00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:59.000
heart. probably a very good runner, was long, long, slender legs, the long, slender muzzle as well.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:03.000
No sign of big floppy ears. here. these are little tiny pointers.

00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:13.000
If you look seriously. So we we have to assume that the first dogs look something like this, because it's it's the first bit of evidence that we have.

00:25:13.000 --> 00:25:19.000
There may be other other parts of evidence that we don't yet have we haven't seen yet, but a curly tail on a cave.

00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:24.000
Painting must be a dog, cause you don't get curly tails on wolves.

00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:33.000
I think it's really interesting, so why did wolves become dogs, as it were.

00:25:33.000 --> 00:25:45.000
Again it's a difficult question so there's a lot of different ase about this and the answer to this Why lose you know why?

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:56.000
And how would you lose wild reactions to humans? And have this formation of really strong bonds and devotion that we see in dogs today?

00:25:56.000 --> 00:26:03.000
Because it is a and unusually strong bond, such that you only see in.

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:08.000
You know mothers and offspring of, you know parents and offspring.

00:26:08.000 --> 00:26:24.000
To be honest. Excuse me so. The probable start of this process is that humans were novel to wolves.

00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:28.000
Wolves found humans interesting rather than the other way around.

00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:38.000
So the humans, with the novel environmental fact it's unlikely that humans could have made wolves come to them because they're very dangerous.

00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:46.000
Much bigger animals than they are today. Even and I think humans would have actually been on the menu rather than

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:53.000
You know the notion that they might be somebody you'd like to bond with, or be a family member with.

00:26:53.000 --> 00:27:01.000
So it must be more likely that the curiosity of the wolf brought them closer to humans rather than human curiosity.

00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:07.000
Taking them close to wolves. The danger would be very great at that time.

00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:20.000
In the the evolutionary past. So the first stage, the relationship between dogs and all the wolves and humans, he became dogs was probably that wolves found humans quite interesting.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:40.000
Apart from anything else, they would have, left food remains and although wolves are not naturally scavengers in in terms of stress, it's they would, you know, seek out any any possible food stuff that they could

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:47.000
and human settlements might will have had, you know, food remains around that they could just scab in Job.

00:27:47.000 --> 00:28:00.000
So here again, this is another cave painting again. you see the curled over turn, which we don't see in a wolf.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:11.000
Took quite a long lucky body isn't it with that fairly long legs, long snout, and again we still got the little pointy ears.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:18.000
We don't have any flop years yet we don't have any, you know, unusual body form or anything at this point.

00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:24.000
This is about 15 I would tell I think it's about 12,000 years old.

00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:37.000
This painting. So the wolf at the dog sorry at that point still looked very wealthy, that'd say to

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:42.000
So the chances are must be the chances are because we don't absolutely know this.

00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:49.000
The process was probably determined by by the wolves.

00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:54.000
They pre-existing flexibility and adaptation?

00:28:54.000 --> 00:29:00.000
You know, changing environments, Wolves are very good at keeping with change.

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:13.000
So they've moved for example into cities fairly easily. they've changed how they hunt for food, you know they'll they'll hunt livestock if it's available.

00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:19.000
Sometimes and it's very different hunting process hunting a sheep or a cow.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:22.000
Very different hunting process to hunting something that runs very fast.

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:32.000
She and cows don't run very fast at all so they are absolutely sitting ducks for the war.

00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:44.000
So they wills are very adaptable. They can change their habits, their behaviours, and how they exist, if you like, in human settlements.

00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:53.000
So the chances are the ancestral wolf had this tendency to, and so was able to change its behaviour slightly.

00:29:53.000 --> 00:30:00.000
Maybe follow humans around a little bit to benefit from the food scraps that they left.

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:10.000
But humans would only be one factor at this time. it wouldn't just be humans that caused changes in the wolf.

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:22.000
There would have been other factors. Evolution tends to work in favour of things that help animals to survive, and long enough to reproduce.

00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:31.000
So anything that makes survival more likely, and reproduction more likely, is going to continue into the subsequent generations.

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:35.000
So you know, let's say there's a harsh harsh winters.

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:43.000
If they could exist by living on the scraps left by humans and follow humans around a little bit to get extra little bits of food.

00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:54.000
They probably lived longer, they probably reproduced slightly better. So there was an advantage in terms of evolution as an advantage to following humans around a little bit.

00:30:54.000 --> 00:31:08.000
In in half times. and then as soon as people for reason had some kind of wolf in their midst, if you like.

00:31:08.000 --> 00:31:16.000
Then the process of domestication where humans would choose the wolves that were gentle and didn't bite them, you know.

00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:23.000
Perhaps Hadn't a slightly unusual fur texture maybe had you know a nice temperament, you know.

00:31:23.000 --> 00:31:29.000
Humans would have chosen the wolves that had things they liked and bred them together.

00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:46.000
And then, hopefully, the next generation would there be a little bit more placid and have a little bit more unusual fur, or maybe a different color, and eventually things like floppy ears would come short muscles curly for

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:52.000
curly tails. You know all the things that have changed from the wolf to the dog.

00:31:52.000 --> 00:31:56.000
These are things that humans would have chosen in those in slight forms.

00:31:56.000 --> 00:32:04.000
You know a wolf that was slightly different, slightly different color, slightly less aggressive.

00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:19.000
That kind of thing. So it's very slow process remember evolution So these are images of wolves and ravens.

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:26.000
Some of you might know that whatever you have wolves, you have ravens.

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:31.000
They tend to. ravens and wolves hang about together quite a lot. you can see here.

00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:40.000
This is a wolf on a kill. Lots of ravens nicking little bits of food, but the wolves never ever take advantage of the fact.

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:46.000
The ravens. They never kill them, and they're never pouncing them and kill them because they have a mutualistic relationship.

00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:53.000
If ravens see something, some prey, they fly about overhead.

00:32:53.000 --> 00:33:04.000
They indicate to wolves that there's prey beneath them, and then the wolf will go down. maybe rip open a carcass or kill whatever it is That's there. and then the ravens benefit

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:13.000
as well. So they have a mutualistic relationship again. This is a wolf tendency to set up mutualistic relationships.

00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:23.000
It's part of the social habit of rules it is possible, Raymond, I should say Raisins very intelligent birds.

00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:32.000
It is possible that both began such a mutualistic relationship with humans in the same way that they do with ravens today.

00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:39.000
So so humans again might follow wolves around a little bit because they would follow prey.

00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:51.000
Wolves might have followed humans around a little bit, because sometimes they had prey and bits of food left over, and at some point you can see how the 2 might come together.

00:33:51.000 --> 00:34:03.000
So wolves chasing prey. if humans were there at the same point that the prey was taken down, humans are probably able to kill that prey a bit quicker than the wolves could.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:10.000
The walls would avoid injury. Humans would kill it and then you know you'd both benefit.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:24.000
They would both get a bit of that kill and it's likely given what we know about hope hunter gatherer and tribal cultures today.

00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:33.000
Even it's like that. this kind of mutualism occurred because humans are very social wolves are very social.

00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:41.000
We vote we're both very good at taking advantage of the cues and indicators in the environment that are more likely to help us to survive.

00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:47.000
So chances are we set up a mutualistic relationship with wolves.

00:34:47.000 --> 00:34:51.000
And it's really difficult to work out which way round that might have happened.

00:34:51.000 --> 00:34:56.000
It's possible that it just came together because we're both hunting species.

00:34:56.000 --> 00:35:05.000
But again fairly slowly. So, you know, evolution moves very slowly.

00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:10.000
These changes happened over thousands of years, not not over a couple of years at all.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:22.000
So very soprano process so it's you know here's the adoring face of a modern dog.

00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:34.000
You see the absolute focus in the eyes round eyes again, flop years I've said this one coloration that you don't see in a wolf.

00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:38.000
Is this very kind of whitey, you know, pet cream colour.

00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:46.000
This is this is what we like. is this kind of facial expression is what we like.

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:52.000
The this kind of adoration. Oh, sorry you keep doing that adoration.

00:35:52.000 --> 00:36:12.000
Oops. So I bet that sorry that's me leaning on the mass pass side.

00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:18.000
So this bond that we see this is this facial expression that we like so much.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:27.000
The of the evil research indicates today that that dogs can actually judge facial expressions of humans.

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:33.000
They can tell the difference between lots of different facial expressions and body postures and body language.

00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:41.000
Despite the fact, there are completely different species, and they have to translate, You know their body to your body, and so on.

00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:48.000
So, for example, they walk on fall legs, we walk on 2 legs.

00:36:48.000 --> 00:36:52.000
So when we use an arm, you know what's the dog actually doing there?

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:59.000
Was he thinking was that he's using a front leg or Was he able to work out that you humans only walk on 2 legs?

00:36:59.000 --> 00:37:10.000
It's actually a complex cognitive task you know dogs are actually in translating what human body posture and body language actually means.

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:21.000
So we've chosen in the past we've chosen things like colour temperament, and you know size.

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:29.000
Let's say probably floppy ears long fur short, for whatever you know, attributes we were after.

00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:40.000
But in the process of choosing those body parts or those bits, colours whatever, because lots of attributes are poly genetic.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:46.000
They're governed by more than one gene obviously they're governed by lots and lots of genes.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:52.000
What we've inadvertently also bred in lots of other side effects.

00:37:52.000 --> 00:38:13.000
Lots of other behaviours and abilities. so What we have probably bred in is this sociality, this disability to read the human face, the human body to set up a meaningful relationship with another social species, even though we're completely

00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:27.000
different, you know. very, very different. in Some ways you might expect this sort of relationship to for the humans and chimpanzees an animal that's very, very similar, because dogs and humans are very very different species.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:39.000
We've only really started you know this whole kind of breed champions and you know animals breed types.

00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:47.000
They've got to be this colour this size, this shape you know they've got 12 ears that do this and the nose must only be this long and so on.

00:38:47.000 --> 00:38:55.000
All these criteria set down by there's an you know club dog clubs, and so on.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.000
There's only actually happened in about the last 400 years.

00:38:59.000 --> 00:39:08.000
Before that breeding, you know actual what we call today breeds of dog wasn't wasn't really something that humans did.

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:12.000
What humans did before. That was just breeding things that they wanted.

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:18.000
So you know a nice colour the right size. you know.

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:25.000
Nice temperament, good at hunting or you know good at guarding or whatever it was that you chose.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:31.000
It's only in the last 400 years we've actually started the whole breed business.

00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:39.000
If you like. and people, you know, spend amounts of money on on.

00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:52.000
You know what we call breeds of dog now don't They somebody told me the other day that they paid £5,000 for mit Ctl, and for you know a pure bred golden retriever. and I said well, there's

00:39:52.000 --> 00:39:56.000
no such thing Really, you know not the most popular thing i've ever said to be honest.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:09.000
But It's True, you know breeds are human constructions, you know they you know they're not sort of natural animals at all.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:18.000
They're bread purely for whatever it is humans have chosen, and you get lots of nasty side effects with that kind of reading.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:32.000
As I said, dna dogs with short faces like pugs have breeded breathing problems. talks with really really wrinkled skin have skin problems, don't they?

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:39.000
It's pretty well known, you know animals Alsatians have hip problems, and so on.

00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:49.000
And these are these are not breading on purpose. This is just, you know, on wanted side effects of breeding for other things in reading, for colour and size.

00:40:49.000 --> 00:41:03.000
And you know visual type, and so on but they're all, some dog breeds even today there are still really very wealthy. Aren't.

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:12.000
There. So for my mind the what that works called the primitive breeds are the ones that look most wealthy.

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:15.000
Is it ironic that they're called the primitive breeds?

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:25.000
I always think so huskies and malamutes look less like dogs are more like wolves really don't know they're they really retain a warfare.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:38.000
Look, and that's that's why they're so popular today. because there's a you know a big following of course lots of people absolutely love wolves, and you know i'm one of them so if we have a

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:48.000
look chosen huskies and malamutes, because just to illustrate that, despite the fact, they look very similar, and they look very wolfy.

00:41:48.000 --> 00:41:58.000
They can be completely different. kinds of animals, so and you know appearances can be deceptive, is really one saying here on the next slide.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:10.000
So you've got that's a husky this one's a malamute as a husky that side Malam is side.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:16.000
The so very similar, very healthy looking. I think you can tell the difference.

00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:22.000
But they've got very sort of similar attributes I think so.

00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:27.000
The similarities of those 2 types of dog they're both really friendly with people.

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:32.000
They're really people oriented they seek out people more than they see her.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:39.000
Other dogs actually they have a double layered coat so they're both really good at enduring the cold.

00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:46.000
They shed their fur twice a year in like enormous handfuls.

00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:51.000
People actually, you know, save all the fur and spin it and make it into clothing.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:57.000
And also of these breeds and the really high energy.

00:42:57.000 --> 00:43:05.000
They need lots and lots of exercise. every single day. Otherwise they you know they start to rip up the house and do all kinds of damage.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:17.000
They're really high prey drive which means that they will chase if they don't have appropriate prey to chase, they'll they'll just chase whatever moves really and that could be cats or

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:35.000
bicycles or cars you know ever and because of that they can't easily be kept with other pets, small pets, especially the fairies like you know, rabbit and things they naturally just kill those they

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:41.000
need a strong owner who they respect and fight by that I don't mean

00:43:41.000 --> 00:43:49.000
The old-fashioned sense of anyone who's you know dominant to for them, and you know punishes them or harms them in any way.

00:43:49.000 --> 00:44:03.000
That's That's not what I mean at all a strong owner is just somebody who's very consistent that you know the dog is very clear how how how life works and so on this there's a routine.

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:16.000
Some things are not allowed and so on so that's that's what I mean by a strong owner, and then, when I say not allowed I mean things likeising people and ripping up the the furniture it's not allowed you know

00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:22.000
There's kinds of things, but it's the differences that I think are most interesting.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:31.000
Say, Malamutes really love time with humans. huskies.

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:36.000
Okay, they don't they're good with humans but they're completely happy to be left as well.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:41.000
They're independent and much more aloof than malamutes don't live very long.

00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:48.000
They have much more health problems that they look similar. But a Malamute is a much less robust animal.

00:44:48.000 --> 00:44:53.000
Husky is a sort of pack family member, if you like.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:45:05.000
And Malamute is like one person they tend to latch on to one person. Have a bond there, I mean it's much bigger and heavier, although physically, you know, to look at.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:13.000
They look similar sizes. Malamutes are much, have much heavier, thicker bones, so there might be similar in size, as it were.

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:23.000
But the build is very different. Dusk is a light and fast husky stuff to live with people, but other dogs as well.

00:45:23.000 --> 00:45:30.000
Mala meets perfectly happy just to stay with humans huskies tend to live longer.

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:36.000
They don't have many health problems and some people it's difficult one.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:43.000
This is difficult to test, but some people think the huskies are much more intelligent and cunning compared to Malamutes, who were considered a little bit dopey.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:46:03.000
So I've just chosen those 2 indicate really how, however wolfy and similar, you know, some dogs may look, they've actually lost quiet a lot of wolf traits and wolf abilities, and they even

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:07.000
differ between each other, even though they're the same subspecies of wolf.

00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:18.000
There are very different attributes because of domestication, and how people have chosen to breed particular things in and breed out other things.

00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:25.000
So one of the things, for example, is this little, this shape, here, this heart shapes or forehead.

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:43.000
The fur somebody somewhere has thought that that's nice and that's kind of that's a desirable attribute attribute rather the that nice little kind of eyebrow shape there, and the pay lines somewhere in the

00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:52.000
ancestral past dog wolf let's say would have been born, perhaps, with one blue eye, and humans immediately being humans sort of were like that.

00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:58.000
That's unusual and nice and try and get another one of those breath, those together.

00:46:58.000 --> 00:47:05.000
They are unusual and nice. We know we like novelty Don't we like different things?

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:22.000
So whatever actually happened in terms of you know how did humans and wolves come together and have this incredible bond and social shared social.

00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:29.000
So. shall it's a fascinating subject is fascinating process.

00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:35.000
I think, domestication. it causes all kinds of changes that were never intended.

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:42.000
There's tired effects of being lots of traits being poly genetic, having have been governed by lots and lots of different genes.

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:57.000
Not just one gene but if you have a little bit of wolfy knowledge and dog knowledge, and you realize you know where you're you know where some of your dogs behaviors are coming from, think you can probably

00:47:57.000 --> 00:48:09.000
appreciate the similarities and the differences, because I think dogs are an amazing novel animal, and they are the most popular pet in in the Uk.

00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:14.000
So that you know we are dog lovers. We really are a nation of dog lovers.

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:20.000
So on this slide. Obviously, this is half a wolf, half a dog.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.000
You can see the differences. This is a wolf.

00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:28.000
You see the old mandy eyes point up ears.

00:48:28.000 --> 00:48:34.000
The coat that's familiar, familiar coloration and first kind there.

00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:39.000
But these on this side are wolf dog hybrids.

00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:50.000
I think if you look closely, you can see that they are can't you, you can see this this kind of half dog, half wolf, and this one, too.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:55.000
These are fairly popular, these half, you know. dog dog, hype.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:49:02.000
Sorry wolf hybrids fairly popular in America and that extraordinarily dangerous.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:09.000
So don't be tempted ever because they are neither wolves nor dogs. They're really unpredictable.

00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:15.000
They find themselves. you know. unsure of how to behave in the social situation.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:22.000
They find themselves in people's, houses, and so on So yeah, these wolf dog hybrids are another matter.

00:49:22.000 --> 00:49:31.000
Another matter altogether. very far cry from the sort of domesticated dog evolved from walls.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:39.000
These these half and half animals, you know we we don't fully understand although they're very really quite popular in some places.

00:49:39.000 --> 00:49:52.000
But I wouldn't have that is the end there for you to say if there are any more questions that would be fine. Yeah, thanks so much for that.

00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:59.000
I don't know if you want to stop shooting we can we can see you again, and yes, we've got quite a lot of questions actually.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:50:02.000
So i'm just gonna launch and that was really really fascinating.

00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:12.000
And now let me just start from the top you see we've got lots of questions right.

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:26.000
But here we are, so it's. so picking up from where we left off earlier. We've got a question from June, and this is a favourite subject of mine. she's talking about border collies me I used to have

00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:40.000
one of those fabulous, too, and she's asking how to board. A collies have the tendency to bring sheep together, she's saying our collie would round up humans in the evening whenever we were walking along the beach and they do do

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:49.000
that they do. I think because wolves you know they they will hump it to hunt a hurt of animals.

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:53.000
They will. The tendency that they have is to to work as a pack.

00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:07.000
You know the cooperative hunters and they will round up for her first, you know, so they get an indication of who's the oldest and weakest, or the you know the youngest to round them up a bit make them

00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:21.000
run around a bit and see which ones fall behind. and then those are the ones that they actually kill off, which is why people say, you know, wolves are important in the ecosystem, because they actually kill off the sick and diseased animals you know you keep

00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:29.000
keep populations healthier, and I think colleagues are, or an example of one of those wolf behaviours.

00:51:29.000 --> 00:51:40.000
You know that herding that rounding behaviour? again, some human at some point has thought, know when when farming became something that humans did.

00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:48.000
Somebody has thought that would be really handy, because actually you know, Bring them all around, bring them all together in a bunch, and that's essentially what colleagues do.

00:51:48.000 --> 00:52:01.000
So they round that you know they actually can't resist rounding things up come in. I've seen collies rounding up chickens, and you you know children and you know all kinds of animals, because they actually can't resist

00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:10.000
the grouping things together. in that way it's it's definitely a wolf behaviour that's been been carried forward in domestication.

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Okay, well hope that answers your question, Gin. And now a question here from Ian, and I guess we kind of possibly touched on this a little bit at the end.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:22.000
When you were talking about the wolf dog hybrids.

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:32.000
Can will be domesticated. No he's a quick answer to that.

00:52:32.000 --> 00:52:39.000
Yeah, you can tame a wolf. But taming and domesticating are completely different things.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:43.000
So you can have a tame wolf that will come to you and eat out of your hand.

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:48.000
Let's say you might even be able to put it on a lead and take it for a walk.

00:52:48.000 --> 00:53:06.000
But given the right stimuli that that wolf will will turn its back and not look back at you, does not need you, is perfectly capable of living independently, hunting alone, living in the wilderness, and so taming

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:21.000
and domestication of very different domestication, takes thousands of years and changes the morphology and the genetic makeup of an animal, whereas taming only changes.

00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:33.000
Behaviour taming. is just gaining a little bit of an Animal's trust, and so that it will you know come to you in a way that it perhaps it wouldn't normally come to you.

00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:45.000
Okay, Thank you. Okay, we've got a question here from if on no, We're obviously talking about you know the modern dog descending from the Grey Wolf.

00:53:45.000 --> 00:54:02.000
If one's asking is it possible. to trace dog genetics back to the desert or timber wolf, so I didn't put the connection between the the ancestral wolf is is often put down

00:54:02.000 --> 00:54:10.000
as canis lupus oxidant tarlets the the Latin but you're absolutely right.

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:15.000
There is some genetic lineage to the timber wolf.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:24.000
And also It's confusing because there are many kinds of wolf cylinder extant species which means they're still living today.

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:31.000
We tend to think of dogs being descended from the wolf as it is today.

00:54:31.000 --> 00:54:35.000
But dogs are descended from the wolf. as it was 350.

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:47.000
Missions years ago you know so it's not the same animal, and that's that's the difficulty, I think, said there is some some genetic in evidence.

00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:54.000
If you like, for the for the lineage of the timber wolf but it's difficulty.

00:54:54.000 --> 00:55:00.000
It's mitochondrial to its past set down only from females, from the mother's.

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:08.000
So we have mitochondrial Dna evidence, and that obviously reduces the amount of evidence that you have, because you only have the evidence from females.

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:15.000
So i'm not absolutely sure of the answer to that in short, but you're you're absolutely right.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:25.000
There is some evidence there, some genetic evidence. Okay? And there was a related question from Avon's whale, and she's talking about in India.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:29.000
You've got the yellow wild dog in Africa you've got wild dogs.

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:35.000
Australia as well, and also the Us. are of these canines genetically exclusive?

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:53.000
Or have they evolved from domestic dogs they haven't evolved from domestic dogs for sure at some point very far back they may share a common cann ancestors but actually that those what we call wild

00:55:53.000 --> 00:56:01.000
dogs sometimes. aren't really dogs at all and they you know they are their own lineage.

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:08.000
If you like. they actually are not part of the family tree of can asleep us at all.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:23.000
And I the confusion. I think is in the name sometimes so for example, there's there's an African dog that called a doll, not you know. we don't know very much about the doll they're called African dogs but they're not really dogs.

00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:27.000
At all. they're they're another form of canid so.

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:31.000
No, those those animals are not descended from dogs.

00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:42.000
And they are only just ended in the very very distant evolutionary past to other ancestral animals like the wolf very long time ago.

00:56:42.000 --> 00:56:52.000
If if there is a connection, very, very long there and this then touches on a question from Ian which is about and what's the report?

00:56:52.000 --> 00:57:02.000
What's the relationship between dogs and foxes again. Foxes are kind of look like, but they're not dogs at all.

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:12.000
They share some attributes, they share, some, you know, appear, and you know appearance wiser anatomically, and so on.

00:57:12.000 --> 00:57:15.000
Their mammals, and you know they're social and they you know, chess.

00:57:15.000 --> 00:57:23.000
Some of those elements like, and then not dogs. foxes of foxes and dogs are dogs.

00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:34.000
They they're just similar animals in the same way that you might Say, you know something that's not related. but looks similar.

00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:43.000
They're nothing to do with each other they just have sort of similar attributes, because evolution works on solving evolutionary problems in similar ways.

00:57:43.000 --> 00:57:52.000
And so it comes up with animals that you end up looking quite similar. But Aren't actually related that's true of the fox and the dog.

00:57:52.000 --> 00:57:56.000
Right. Okay. He was an interesting question, and I don't know if this is when you can answer.

00:57:56.000 --> 00:58:00.000
But I'm going to ask it anyway. This is this is from Rith.

00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:10.000
Talking about domesticated cats here, so domesticated cats seem to have retained more of the wild characteristics than dogs have.

00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:14.000
You know they they still hunt there, and they're very much more independent?

00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:19.000
Do we know why that is? we do know why that is

00:58:19.000 --> 00:58:27.000
The same answer to why that is is because cat domestication is only about 7 or 8,000 years old.

00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:33.000
And said: Dogs have had twice as long to evolve with humans.

00:58:33.000 --> 00:58:45.000
So cats absolutely retain more of their w wild habits, because that there are only half halfway through the process compared to dogs.

00:58:45.000 --> 00:58:52.000
Cats have just not been domesticated for anything like as long as dogs, Right?

00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:57.000
Well, that is quite a simple explanation to go cat cats tend to be rather independent, Don't they?

00:58:57.000 --> 00:59:02.000
You have a sense that the patterns you don't you and you don't own the cat, and so on.

00:59:02.000 --> 00:59:08.000
That's why? Because they they are essentially perfectly capable of living mild on me.

00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:15.000
Okay, i'm gonna keep going with the questions because we've still got a few, and I think it's worth sort of carrying on for a bit longer.

00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:20.000
So question from, sir, You know we have you talked about you know you don't see a curled tail and wolves.

00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:28.000
That's a dog treat it. how does that come about I mean is that is that evolution, or is that bleeding

00:59:28.000 --> 00:59:38.000
That would be what happens. You will know, if you know, from an more and more offspring of it all kinds.

00:59:38.000 --> 00:59:41.000
Every now and again a mutation, a genetic mutation, occurs.

00:59:41.000 --> 00:59:46.000
Genetic mutations can be negative, you know, have bad effects.

00:59:46.000 --> 00:59:49.000
They can have good effects, or they can have neutral effects.

00:59:49.000 --> 00:59:56.000
So at some point in the domestication of wolves, dogs got a bit smaller.

00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:01.000
They got a bit lighter they got a kind of temperament.

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:06.000
They got softer fur and cell, and in the process they they also.

01:00:06.000 --> 01:00:14.000
Some of them got curly tails, and it will be a genetic mutation which occurs often.

01:00:14.000 --> 01:00:21.000
Mutations are very common. They happen they occur all the time mostly we don't even know what they are, because they're neutral.

01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:26.000
They don't have any effect on us and this would be a neutral mutation.

01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:42.000
It doesn't really cost it doesn't cause any problems it doesn't really confer any benefit either it's a fairly neutral mutation of the tail shape to Do the gap between the ligaments the small gaps from the

01:00:42.000 --> 01:00:50.000
ligaments causes curling but again. probably a human somewhere. Saw a slightly curly tail, and thought I like that.

01:00:50.000 --> 01:00:58.000
I'll keep that one. And breed that with another curly one, and maybe i'll get curly tails and of course we did get curly tails.

01:00:58.000 --> 01:01:04.000
So yeah, okay. Now we've got a question here from Sally, which actually is quite an important one.

01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:13.000
I think. Can you trust your domestic? pit not to shore will flake instincts, I guess in a lot of ways.

01:01:13.000 --> 01:01:24.000
You hear a lot harder stories wouldn't you sure you I think you maintain a guard, and not yeah, the problem is that we only hear the you know.

01:01:24.000 --> 01:01:37.000
So the fabulously awful stories don't we we don't tend to hear the of all the thousands and thousands of dogs that don't attack their owners or don't kill a child or you know whatever it is we only hear

01:01:37.000 --> 01:01:43.000
about the very rare occasions where they do so it's a rare occurrence.

01:01:43.000 --> 01:01:51.000
But I would say, you know, leaving a big dog alone with a baby or a little child, is not a great idea.

01:01:51.000 --> 01:02:02.000
Is it because, whichever way you look at it, this is an animal with strong bike power, shop teeth sucks, and so on.

01:02:02.000 --> 01:02:08.000
And this is a helpless child, or a baby Putting the 2 together is not a great idea.

01:02:08.000 --> 01:02:25.000
Whatever the dog is like, I would say And you know there have been stories I have come across stories where Dobs have been absolutely fine for years, and then something has, you know, been done to them?

01:02:25.000 --> 01:02:37.000
Usually they've usually been pushed to the limit in some way and they've absolutely turned and attacked somebody, so I would say it's it's always in them there are a subspecies of wolf that they

01:02:37.000 --> 01:02:45.000
don't stop being a subspecies of wolf no matter how cute they look, or or how soft they have become with you.

01:02:45.000 --> 01:02:50.000
There are still stimuli out there that could set them off.

01:02:50.000 --> 01:02:57.000
Usually negative things that have been done to them i'd have to say you know, says so.

01:02:57.000 --> 01:03:08.000
Lots of children get bitten, for example, because they they do things to dogs that they don't like you know, like they pull their ears or pull their fur, or something, or make us a loud noise in their face.

01:03:08.000 --> 01:03:12.000
They don't like it. but but obviously children don't know that you know.

01:03:12.000 --> 01:03:20.000
So I just say, but potentially bitey, dangerous animal, and the little child, or whatever is just not a good combination on their own.

01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:27.000
Yeah, okay, like we're going to take one more question and then I think we'll need to to stop them freed forks.

01:03:27.000 --> 01:03:32.000
But any questions that We haven't answered we're certainly going to round them up, and we'll get them answered afterwards.

01:03:32.000 --> 01:03:41.000
But this is an interesting one from sue and it and It's one that you know is talked about here in Scotland, and where I am.

01:03:41.000 --> 01:03:50.000
Do you think we shouldn't reintroduce the wealth to the wild, and particularly talking about that in Scotland in the Highlands?

01:03:50.000 --> 01:03:59.000
Weird it was native. Yes, of course. Well, i've had the privilege of working with them wolves.

01:03:59.000 --> 01:04:07.000
And the one thing that I was absolutely clear to me I was in was in a wolf pack, you know.

01:04:07.000 --> 01:04:11.000
I had to sign away my life. they said if they kill you and eat you.

01:04:11.000 --> 01:04:14.000
It's not our fault, and so I had to sign away in my life to do it.

01:04:14.000 --> 01:04:20.000
But they they're not interested in people I would say they're absolutely humans.

01:04:20.000 --> 01:04:24.000
Have very little interest to wolves. They sniff you over they come and look at you.

01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:29.000
You're just not very interesting species to them they don't see you as food.

01:04:29.000 --> 01:04:37.000
They don't see you as that interesting to be honest so so I would say, Yes, i'd love to see them reintroduced into the world.

01:04:37.000 --> 01:04:43.000
They're not a danger to humans on the whole if you've heard about any wolf attacks.

01:04:43.000 --> 01:04:51.000
You're probably in Canada or somewhere like that usually very unusual circumstances of something very old for Saturday.

01:04:51.000 --> 01:05:04.000
So going? yeah, i'd love to see them in the wild. I think the issue would not be them harming people at all. that the issue would be in how to keep them and livestock apart.

01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:09.000
I think I was just about to see that. I think the farmers might have slightly different.

01:05:09.000 --> 01:05:17.000
Yeah, Yeah, Okay, well, right well, i'm afraid folks we're going to have to leave it there.

01:05:17.000 --> 01:05:23.000
That was absolutely fascinating. Thank you so much Joanne and I hope everybody else enjoyed.
 

00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:43.000
Welcome everyone, and yes, just Fiona's already said, This is a a lecture about the parents of Oscar Wilde, and there used to be a saying.

00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:52.000
If you were studying English literature. If you want to know about us, the world just take a look at his parents.

00:00:52.000 --> 00:01:00.000
So you can perhaps decide for yourself today whether you think that is a fair comment.

00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:10.000
I'm glad to use. sites for the presentation so I will be sharing my screen now, and how that everyone can view these.

00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:27.000
Okay, okay. These are the parents of Oscar Wilde on the left hand side.

00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:45.000
Father of Cold William, while later Sir William Wild he was knighted in 1,864, and on the right hand side his wife, Jane, formerly Jane Lg.

00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:58.000
And i'll be talking a bit about their early lives what we know about their early lives, and hopefully some of their influences on Oscar

00:01:58.000 --> 00:02:19.000
William Wild or William Robert, while to give him useful name, was on on the twelfth of November, in Sorry was married to Jane, I should say, on the twelfth of November the eighteenth.

00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:24.000
51. He was falling in March of 1,815.

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:31.000
She was born on the 20 seventh of December, in 1,821.

00:02:31.000 --> 00:02:50.000
So she was slightly younger than her husband. and they were married as I've said, on the twelfth of November 1851 some Peters church in doubling how they met where we're not quite sure they probably

00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:58.000
met a social gathering somewhere, and I don't know whether their parents and knew each other.

00:02:58.000 --> 00:03:08.000
Her father, at the time of their marriage, was actually dead. He died when she was no more than 4 years old.

00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:13.000
But nevertheless, you grew up to have a very good at.

00:03:13.000 --> 00:03:20.000
She had a very good education, and it's believed that she spoke numerous languages.

00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:30.000
The figure of 10 languages has been banded around I don't know whether that is a substantiated figure.

00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:54.000
But she was a clever woman and she growled as we'll see she was interested in and involved with a multitude of things, everything from women's rights to Irish history, and primarily she became known as a poet a

00:03:54.000 --> 00:04:01.000
revolutionary it The Both of them were Anglo Irish.

00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:07.000
She had Italian ancestry in her family.

00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:12.000
William Wilde had Dutch ancestry in his family.

00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:21.000
It said that one of his ancestors was a colonel in Cromwell's army I again.

00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:27.000
I I don't know whether that has been wholly substantiated.

00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:32.000
But certainly, he said, to have had that ancestry, and she Italian.

00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:52.000
She wrote poetry in revolutionary Poetry for which as We'll say she did get into some trouble later on she wrote unto the name of Sparanza, and those of you who' Italian is much better than mine

00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:57.000
will know that Speranza is the Italian word for hope.

00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:12.000
So to their marriage. He So William Wild brought 3 illegitimate children, 2 daughters, and one son.

00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:16.000
Will, it will be incorrect to say he brought them to the marriage.

00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:21.000
He had 3 illegitimate children, and he seems to have made no secret.

00:05:21.000 --> 00:05:42.000
Whatsoever of that Jane insisted that the children did not share the family home, so he's 3 illegitimate children, one son, Henry, born 1,838, a doctor, Emily born 1,840

00:05:42.000 --> 00:05:47.000
7, and a daughter, Mary, born 1,840.

00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:59.000
9 were brought up by relatives, and the son Henry would follow his father into the medical profession.

00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:06.000
So 3 3 illegitimate children. now. were they all by the same, mother?

00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:22.000
Well today it's believed that they were by 2 different women we don't know how the women were how we have no conclusive evidence as to who these women were taste credit.

00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:32.000
Pah for the nineteenth century. He, as I said, made no secret of the fact that he had illegitimate children.

00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:50.000
And the children. He he saw the children and he was very much involved with the children to upbringing, even if they didn't share the the family home that he established with his wife

00:06:50.000 --> 00:07:00.000
The couple initially moved to 21 Westland Road, Dublin, where they set up home.

00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:06.000
They would like to move to a much more prestigious address.

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:15.000
Number One, Marion Square, Dublin, perhaps the most prestigious address in Dublin.

00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:34.000
So William, as i've said, were 3 legitimate children to the marriage, they would go on to have 3 children of their own, and I might add at this point some biographers believe that William had a number of other illegitimate

00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:42.000
children that we don't know about going how true this is I haven't done research on it.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:47.000
So I bow to the knowledge of those who are doing research at the moment.

00:07:47.000 --> 00:07:56.000
So 2 children of their 2 sons and one daughter of their marriage would be born.

00:07:56.000 --> 00:08:03.000
They were married just after the twelfth of November, 1851, and their Lg.

00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:11.000
Son, who was christened William Charles Kingsbury.

00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:20.000
Wilde was born the following September, of 1,852 in October, of 1,854.

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:38.000
On the sixteenth of October, To be precise, their second son, Oscar Wilde, whispered, and then turn, and a half years after that, on the second of April the eighteenth, 57 their third, and last

00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:47.000
As far as we know, child was born. a daughter is Isola, Francesca.

00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:53.000
Emily, sadly, is Isola only lived to the age of 9.

00:08:53.000 --> 00:09:02.000
She was just a couple of months sure of her tenth birthday in 1,867 when she died.

00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:19.000
From what we believed today was meningitis, and Oscar, his young sister, were very close, and and Oscar would carry around for the rest of his life a lock of his sisters golden hair.

00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:27.000
He even wrote a poem about his sister as well, and for a time he was only 12 when she died.

00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:38.000
He was very seriously affected by his sister's death the house What happened to the illegitimate children?

00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:45.000
Well, Henry, the the son, followed his father, as I said, into the medical profession.

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:59.000
Emily. I'm Mary sadly died in eighteenth, 71 in a house fire, and both of them succumbed and own, and died.

00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:12.000
So this is Sparanza, a great writer of revolutionary Irish poetry, for which she did get into trouble.

00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:34.000
On at least one occasion she wrote a poem for a newspaper called The Nation, a very radical, very outspoken newspaper, and some of her poetry was an incitement to armed rebellion. Ireland.

00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:39.000
Against the British Government. The newspaper was hauled into court.

00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:52.000
She appeared in court, and made no bones at all about the fact that she'd written the poem she you she umed up and said, You know I wrote it

00:10:52.000 --> 00:11:03.000
It's published under my name i'll take the consequences for whatever reason, the Government chose to take no action but the newspaper.

00:11:03.000 --> 00:11:10.000
The nation was actually shut down. So yeah, very controversial.

00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:26.000
She was known for her gatherings of the great and the good and the intellectuals of Dublin.

00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:32.000
When the couple moved into their prestigious house at Number One, Marion Square.

00:11:32.000 --> 00:11:41.000
The intellectuals were the great society in Dublin, and once a week

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:52.000
Jane would hold a soiree at one Marion Square, which anyone who was a good conversationalist was invited.

00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:58.000
So you have people from the art world, and entertainment.

00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:05.000
Poets, artists, writers, dramatists. You had William.

00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:13.000
Wild medical colleagues were invited, professors of law put conversationalists.

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:24.000
She relied on you to keep the conversation going, and she would serve only the best food and drink. and

00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:39.000
We have a description of how, from one of Sir William, as he became medical colleagues, and she was apparently 6 foot toll, which in the nineteenth century was extremely tall.

00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:52.000
For a woman. she would sweep into her salon or her soiree whatever you like, to refer it as probably fashionably late.

00:12:52.000 --> 00:13:00.000
When everyone was assembled she would be wearing a number of mouth shoals.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:06.000
She was very apparently very fond of the colour mouth, and pinned all over.

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:16.000
Her clothing would be Celtic jewellery, containing portraits of relatives, living and dead.

00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:32.000
She it's what It's being 6 foot tall she also wore a headdress, which I would imagine was something like a Spanish mantilla, that Spanish ladies were a high head dress, that probably added another 5

00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:38.000
inches to her height. So she was quite striking.

00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:45.000
And what if Sir Williams medical colleagues once described her as looking like a walking museum?

00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:49.000
Not a very flattering description. but there we are.

00:13:49.000 --> 00:14:01.000
She would encourage the conversations, she would stimulate the conversation, and if the conversation flagged she would usually say something.

00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:18.000
baudy to keep the conversation flowing again. So she was an a very interesting extrovert, flamboyant, larger than life, character.

00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:26.000
And she once said, respectability is for trades people.

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:45.000
We are above respectability. She taught her sons that vehicle clay, what they set their mind to, that anything in life was possible.

00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:52.000
She strongly believed that you construct your own reality and if you don't like the reality.

00:14:52.000 --> 00:15:05.000
You have you ignore it and create something else always extremely out of open on more than one occasion. i've mentioned her court appearance.

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:32.000
This wouldn't be her only court appearance so she she was never worried about speaking up, and here she is as a young woman probably sketch when she was in her twenties I don't know who this sketch is done by She

00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:43.000
was one of 4 children, her father, John lg was an solicitor from Wexford. so she grew up in Wexford.

00:15:43.000 --> 00:15:55.000
He's wife was a lady called Sarah and John as i've said didn't live very long after her birth.

00:15:55.000 --> 00:16:18.000
I She was probably 3 or 4 when her father died, and her talent, as I mentioned, was for languages and Italian ancestry in her family languages, would be a gift that she would pass on to her second son

00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:26.000
to Oscar Wilde had a gift for Lang, as well as being a poet, a playwright, a dramatist.

00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:34.000
He also had a great gift for languages, and at a very young age was speaking French and German fluently.

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:44.000
It was helped by the fact that he usually had either a French or a German governess before he went away to school.

00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:56.000
And this is Robert Sparanza also took 5 years off of her age regularly.

00:16:56.000 --> 00:17:04.000
She never wanted to admit to being her age, and as she grew older,

00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:16.000
5 years, probably turned into 10 years. Oscar, a guy in, would copy his mother, and Oscar was very fond of taking 2 years of his age.

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:37.000
Suddenly, when he was in his early twenties, he would frequently declare that he was only 19 years of age, so he had, like his mother, he had this year about aging William Wallace.

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:47.000
What can we say about William Wild? Well, the caption here i've put on him the wildest of the wilds.

00:17:47.000 --> 00:18:11.000
That's not my description. that's descriptions are other writers about him have used I think, from William Oscar inherited his intellectual brilliance, because this man was absolutely brilliant.

00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:24.000
It. it's a difficult to say what Oscars Ojibrata William Charles King's Spray Wild always called Willie in the family inherited from his father.

00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:31.000
Willie became a journalist. he went to university. Like Oscar.

00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:51.000
He had a good education, went to university studied law, but switched to journalism, had a rather racketty lifestyle, had 2 marriages, was rather prone to over indulgence in alcohol and

00:18:51.000 --> 00:19:00.000
wasn't really particularly successful at his journalism calling at any point in his life.

00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:06.000
Really, Oscar, incidentally with Chris Oscar.

00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:15.000
Single o flavity Wills wild so quite a mouthful, really.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:27.000
Yes, his father. Well, his father. what phone in the kill?

00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:41.000
Kevin, in County Roth Common, and His father, Thomas, was a medical practitioner, a rather prominent medical practitioner in the area.

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:45.000
William was educated at a local school. I stum up.

00:19:45.000 --> 00:20:01.000
This was what we assume. it was a private school and in 1832 went off to train in medicine, following his father's footsteps.

00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:14.000
He will train with some of the foremost surgeons of the day in Ireland, and eventually in 1,837.

00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:25.000
It. After studying anatomy, medicine, and surgery, the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland awarded him his degree.

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:32.000
Shortly after he got his degree he took off on a trip on a crows.

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:37.000
Actually he would be absent for 8 months with a private patient.

00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:42.000
And He went all over the Mediterranean.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:53.000
He travelled to Egypt in fact, he's credited with being one of the people who agitated for one of clear patches.

00:20:53.000 --> 00:21:00.000
Nagles to come to London, which, as we know it did eventually in 1,870.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:05.000
8 2 years after his death, so he wouldn't have known about it.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:14.000
Yeah, he he was a great student of antiquity, like his wife.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:21.000
Lazy chain. he would be very involved with Irish folklore.

00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:38.000
Irish superstitions. Irish histories generally loved finding out about the archaeology of Ireland, the archaeology of Ireland technology studying the people of Ireland and the myths the legends

00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:57.000
and superstitions. He passed books on Irish history, and after his death lazy chain of Sparanza. Whoever we call her she would use some of his unpublished researches to produce her own books on

00:21:57.000 --> 00:22:08.000
Irish history. Like him, she was passionate about Irish folklore, but this was only one thing that she was passionate about.

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:29.000
She was passionate, as i've said about women's rights and Irish history generally, and on at least one occasion she invited women closely associated with the suffragette movement medicine millicent foreset

00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:38.000
was one She invited them over the trial, and to talk to her about what they were doing, and also to keep lectures.

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:54.000
As well. She was also passionate about women's education generally, but by far her grace is fine today, is as an Irish nationally poet and

00:22:54.000 --> 00:23:08.000
This poetry that she wrote for the newspaper called the the Nation, and this literary society.

00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:34.000
These learn very learned people. The both of these toe William and Chain moved in this society, and to her Suarez, as they began to grow older, Giant would invite her 2 sons proviso that the 2 boys and

00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:50.000
They were probably only about 9 and 11 or 10 and 12. When they first came to this Suarez they would be instructed to sit in the corner of the room, tucked to wine.

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:55.000
The Conna, and they were forbidden from speaking.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:24:08.000
Lady Jane believed that if you want train your children to be intelligent, you train their eyes and their ears first, and then you train their mouths.

00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:30.000
So Oscar grew up. I think they did. His brother, hearing these brilliant, conversationless, seeing these people, who were famous in their own sphere, in the arts, in medicine, illegal work in every sphere, we can think of but

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:37.000
all were great conversationists, and he grew used to hearing them and saying them.

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:48.000
Sparanza would sigh, I express the skull of a great nation.

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:54.000
Nothing else would satisfy me, and of course, she's talking about Ireland.

00:24:54.000 --> 00:25:04.000
She also called herself the acknowledged voice of poetry for all the people of Ireland.

00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:12.000
So I think we can tell from this convention. a mostesty.

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:19.000
Were probably 2 quite unknown words in the wild household.

00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:24.000
Certainly in a lot of what he did on a lot of what he said.

00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:30.000
We can trace Oscar's mother but I think he's intellectual brilliance.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:46.000
Undoubtedly comes from his father, but because very quickly, after qualifying as a surgeon taking this round the world trip, he begins to earn plaudits accolades for himself as a surgeon.

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:53.000
So what kind of surgeon was he? Well, he was an ear an eye surgeon, hey?

00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:02.000
And a stolen reputation for his skills, a surgeon.

00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:20.000
And in fact, not only would he own a knighthood in the 1860s, although arguably more for his work for the as a medical advisor to the Irish census, bold it than actually for his surgery

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:31.000
skills, but he would not only earn a knighthood, but he would be appointed physician in ordinary to Queen Victoria herself.

00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:44.000
So in theory. If Queen Victoria was visiting Ireland, if she had something wrong with her ears or her eyes, he was one of her medical team that was available in Ireland.

00:26:44.000 --> 00:26:57.000
I don't think he was ever cold upon to treat the Queen but he certainly had a large and thriving private practice.

00:26:57.000 --> 00:27:10.000
But not only did he have a large and thriving private practice, and the here he is again, the the picture on the left.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:19.000
You've already seen, but this is him on the right hand side it wasn't particularly old in the picture on the right.

00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:26.000
He died at 61 so but he obviously looks older here than he is.

00:27:26.000 --> 00:27:48.000
But not only did he treat private Patience fee pain patients, but he also set up his own charitable hospital, and on the right hand side of this slide you can see a pretty pretty primitive sketch from 1,800 and

00:27:48.000 --> 00:27:53.000
44 of some marks of Themic hospital and dispensary.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:28:14.000
Now he founded this with his own money and it meant that whole people who couldn't never a fault to pay his fees would be able to consult with him about problems that they were having with their eyes and their ears So yeah

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:22.000
there was certainly a charitable streak in him on the left-hand side.

00:28:22.000 --> 00:28:40.000
This is a son necessarily military uniform, William wild or Sir William Wilde, as she's knighted in the 1860s honours from other countries for his medical researches.

00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:51.000
He wrote a number of medical textbooks. in fact, one metaphor textbook that he wrote was still in use in the early 1,009 hundreds.

00:28:51.000 --> 00:29:08.000
Like Speranza, he brought his children up to question, perhaps unsurprisingly, to inquire into everything, to not accept anything at face value.

00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:19.000
And he also told them, like his wife, that the truth should never get in the way of a good story, and probably likes spurans.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:25.000
I, he told them, that you can do anything you want to in life.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:46.000
If you set your mind to it. So some marks survived for a number of years as a charitable hospital, heavily supported by William Wild himself, it's now become subsumed within this hospital.

00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:52.000
The Royal Victoria, I. an air hospital in Dublin.

00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:58.000
William, while, would not have known this building. This building dates from the 1890s.

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:05.000
He died in 1,876. This is the first home.

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:13.000
William and Jane, while 21 Westland row Dublin was the address.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:18.000
But they didn't stay here very long Oscar was born in this house.

00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:23.000
So they were here in 18, still there in 1,850.

00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:29.000
4 later years Oscar would never met. He was born in this house.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:39.000
He insisted on telling everyone how he was born here far more prestigious to dress one Marian Square, Dublin.

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:44.000
Probably as i've said the most prestigious address today.

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:57.000
It's the American College in Dublin here we have the front of the house, and commemoration of Oscar Wilde on the house.

00:30:57.000 --> 00:31:10.000
Needless to sign, recording the fact that he, he lived here, and he would live here until 1,878.

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:21.000
Oscar, as I said, was born on the sixteenth of October the eighteenth, 54.

00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:28.000
Here. here. He is very young, child, probably only about 3 and on the right hand side.

00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:38.000
He's. he's 13 We believe He ironically considering his mother was an Irish revolutionary poet.

00:31:38.000 --> 00:32:01.000
He was sent to Pulthora Royal, boarding school, where nothing are told about Ireland was on the curriculum. so we have an Irish folding school that only teaches English and English history doesn't teach Irish

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:06.000
history. we're known as the Ethan the eaten of Ireland.

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:11.000
I saw that was one of the 9 this school was given.

00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:16.000
Oscar did extremely well. he followed his brother to Portra.

00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:31.000
His brother has become a bit lost over the years. being Oscar Wilde's brother was never going to be easy, not being asked for, wild into intellectual equal, was even halfter.

00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:49.000
The Oscar, while he was at Poltora, won a number of awards, and he left the skull with scholarships to above Trinity College, Dublin, and to modeling College at Oxford.

00:32:49.000 --> 00:33:05.000
So he spent 2 years at Trinity in Dublin before moving to Oxford, and he would say in later life, one of his famous epigrams sayings was to things in life.

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:16.000
Influence my life from work, and that was when my mother sent me to Oxford, when the State sent me to prison.

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:26.000
So a typical Oscar Wildish comment what was Oscar's relationship, like with his father.

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:44.000
Well, we don't think it was particularly good it may have been because he's father, in spite of being a brilliant surgeon, was a copious drinking car, and an uncontrolled a culture.

00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:52.000
They Marriage made no difference to his loyalty to Jane.

00:33:52.000 --> 00:34:01.000
He regarded his marriage at an open marriage jane didn't She seems to have been fiercely loyal to her husband.

00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:26.000
In fact, some may say, perhaps too low to him the Oscar, we believed with, we believe, was affected by seeing the distress that his father's association with other women calls to his father close to his mother and one of the other difficulties between father

00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:33.000
and son was that his mother very much favoured the Catholic religion.

00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:51.000
The wilds were Protestant, but his mother had close friendships with a number of Catholic priests, and today there is a scholar fault that says that without her husband's knowledge she had both oscar and

00:34:51.000 --> 00:35:01.000
his brother Willie baptized into the Catholic faith, and Oscar certainly was attracted by the Catholic faith.

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:09.000
But when his attraction became clear to his father, he saw the threatened to disinherit him.

00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:18.000
He, if he confirmed to Catholicism he would be just inherited, and Oscar himself said, I can't afford to do that.

00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:24.000
I like money too much, and his father was supporting him by this point.

00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:35.000
In time. His father was a wealthy man, the wild to own a summer house in County Galway, and I owned other property in addition to Marion Square.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:44.000
So could well afford to go to university and be kept on an allowance from his father University.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:36:02.000
He was brilliant. he he choked that they would have to introduce a special form of degree because he he was doing now work, and therefore that he, he would fail miserably in actual fact.

00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:11.000
He got first from Oxford, and he was gleeful saying, the bad boy done good.

00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:19.000
I should go back and unqualify this. this slide.

00:36:19.000 --> 00:36:26.000
Oscar, of course, as a young man, a university, probably early 1870s.

00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:41.000
Why the peacock feather symbol? why the sunflowers Will Oscar, in the early 1870s, like many others, decided to join the aesthetic movement. He embraces the aesthetic movement

00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:57.000
this movement that stresses beauty, you in everyday life, beauty and house, decoration, beauty and art, and the the phrase was Art. For our sake.

00:36:57.000 --> 00:37:04.000
Art should not need to fulfill an educational or intellectual function.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:20.000
It should just be about art, and the aesthetic movement was symbolized certainly, by men changing their tweed codes for silk, a velvet growing their hair aesthetic posing.

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:30.000
And it was now what state we we might refer to as opposing cop feathers.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:37.000
Oscar filled his room with peacock feathers, very much associated with the aesthetic movement.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:46.000
As for some flowers, reaching up to the sun and he's, coming out with some of his very early epigrams, while he's at university.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:51.000
I find it harder every day to live up to my blue china.

00:37:51.000 --> 00:38:10.000
He says. In fact, if a sermon was preached in the chapel are Oxford decrying this, and and saying that they sort of comments smacked of decadence and didn't become an English gentleman, so

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:15.000
Oscar is always the rebel, and he certainly was at university.

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:30.000
What his father, the of all this I don't know but certainly in the and 1876 things changed with his father's death.

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:37.000
Before his father died. in the 1,800 sixtys.

00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:47.000
He, Sir William and his wife been embroiled in rather an unsavory court case, and it evolved.

00:38:47.000 --> 00:39:04.000
A young woman called Mary Travers, who was the daughter of one of Sir Williams medical colleagues, Robert Travers, and Sir William, had been treating this young woman for a medical complaint, and she actually alleged that he had

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:19.000
sexually assaulted her. She wrote, when this was just brushed off by Sir William and Lady, while she circulated a quite scandalous pamphlet

00:39:19.000 --> 00:39:26.000
A poking fun at Sir William and his wife Speranza.

00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:40.000
Lady, while retaliated to this by writing a letter, implying that that it was actually Miss Travers who had seduced her husband not the other way around.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:49.000
But this thing came to a Sybil cold case where Mary Travers actually sued lazy Wild for libel.

00:39:49.000 --> 00:40:00.000
The case was settled in Mary Travers favor, but she was awarded, and only one farthing in damages.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:15.000
So the jury were obviously making a point here. however, there were £2,000 of cold costs to be paid, and those cost costs were walted against Lady Wild.

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:28.000
Now, after this Court case, there there were problems for Sir William, and problems for Lady while, and the problems would rebound on the family as well.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:35.000
So William tends to retire more from his medical work.

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.000
He tends to spend less and less time in Dublin.

00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:54.000
A more and more time at the family summer home in Galway, writing his books about folklore, writing his medical textbooks, but withdrawing from Dublin society.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:40:59.000
What are the reasons for that may be that he flatly refused to talk in cold.

00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:20.000
He He declined to appear in the witness box at the during the Mary Travers case, and and several of his medical colleagues were incensed about this, because a gentleman should be willing and prepared to appear in cult, and not Sir

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:33.000
William. so between 18 between the 1,800 sixtys, and his eventual death in 1,876.

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:47.000
His medical career really wines down may have also been affected by the death of his young daughter in 1867, as well as

00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:57.000
And here we have, Oscar. What impact did this have on Oscar?

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:09.000
While Oscar of Coast, in 1,876 is coming to the end of each university is time at university.

00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:23.000
His father's death in 1876 would have implications for the family, as I've said, because it was discovered when his father died, that he was almost bankrupt.

00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Huge amounts of money, had gone into some marks hospital to setting up this hospital for himself and traits.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:48.000
Patients who are obviously couldn't pay his fees but other money probably went into building himself a holiday home in County Galway, buying other property.

00:42:48.000 --> 00:43:08.000
The family income was drastically reduced. It had to be a lady wilde, will find herself living with her eldest son, Willie, and her standard of living went down dramatically, although she still wrote for the newspapers, and she still wrote

00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:17.000
poetry for books, and she's used her husband's researches to try and get books published.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:38.000
That hopefully would bring in some money because Willie her son her eldest son was spectacularly unsuccessful journalist, also interesting that one of the poems that she wrote is set of affected influenced probably oscar

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:48.000
wilde's, most well-known piece of poetry the ballad of Reading Jowl, that he actually wrote and had published in 1,890.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:59.000
8 the following year, after his release from 2 years imprisonment, with half labour for committing homosexual acts.

00:43:59.000 --> 00:44:13.000
So Lady Wild is now left living with her, lest, son, that the world must have changed alarmingly for that certainly for the wild family.

00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:34.000
There was just enough money from the sale of the some of the property that took William had bought it to provide a small allowance for Oscar Wilde to complete his education, and in 1,879 off to grow

00:44:34.000 --> 00:44:46.000
graduating with a first from Oxford. he moves to London, where he names himself a professor of aesthetics, and sets about creating his Pr.

00:44:46.000 --> 00:45:03.000
Machine and the rest, as they say, is history he begins to try to move into London society to get to know everyone in the world of arts and culture, and to begin writing for himself.

00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:16.000
And that that's, exactly what he would do and he was the dinner party, guest of the 1880s, 1890s that everyone wants, and just some of his epigrams.

00:45:16.000 --> 00:45:22.000
I can resist anything except temptation, and we are all in the gutter.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:27.000
But some of us are looking at the stars well after his father's death.

00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:31.000
He must have felt that, you know the gutter was beckoning.

00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:39.000
But he does begin to become a living for himself from writing slowly.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:47.000
At first he produces a book of poetry very much copying or moving in his mother's footsteps.

00:45:47.000 --> 00:45:55.000
Here. he starts producing poetry. he publishes it privately didn't sell very well.

00:45:55.000 --> 00:46:13.000
It didn't get very good reviews but the some of the poems were criticized on the grounds that that he may have taken them, borrowed them from other poets.

00:46:13.000 --> 00:46:21.000
Which is quite possible, and certainly his poetry, we know, was influenced by his mother.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:31.000
So in the 18 ninetys things would begin to change, and of course he would have a number of plays on in the West End.

00:46:31.000 --> 00:46:42.000
This is Brother William, the spectacularly unsuccessful journalist, and a lock of his ownness.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:54.000
How always courage around by Oscar Wilde in this very decorated envelope that he designed himself.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:10.000
And this is William Wild today. Well, not literally today. but it's a marble statue of him, and it's stands today on the main staircase of the Royal Victoria I an ear Hospital.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:18.000
Dublin. Not for nothing was he often referred to as the father of modern medicine.

00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:23.000
Brilliant surgeon, but a deeply floored man.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:41.000
This is one of his textbooks that he wrote a lesser-bound copy, and this is a copy of Jane's work, using some of his researches.

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:58.000
And Oscar, of course, a famous son of famous parents, and I think this sums up

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:20.000
Certainly, William Wild. and you see here. he's got another enough 9 wills is as added, and it's quite possible that he, you know this was where Oscars enclosure of the name Wills came from

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:37.000
We? I don't know if anyone far back in the family had the surname of Wills, but whatever So William, as we can see, was a man of many talents, surgeon, archaeologist, ethnologist,

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:42.000
antiquarian, and so on, and so on, a very talented man.

00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:50.000
And this commemoration is on the side of the house, a 21.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:05.000
Westland Row, Lynn, their first her the Wilds first half, and this is William Wilde's Tombstone and the wild family grave at Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:10.000
He's wife is not buried there? she is commemorated?

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.000
And is the Doctor Isola on the tombstone?

00:49:14.000 --> 00:49:21.000
But she is not buried at Mount Jerome. She is buried in Council Green.

00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:37.000
For a long while the drive was unmarked, but eventually the Oscar Wilde Society gave some money for her grave stone to be commemorate for her grave to be commemorated.

00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:46.000
So it now has a grave stone, so last, but not lay smell in Holland.

00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:54.000
Mollin is the only great-grandson of Sir William World.

00:49:54.000 --> 00:49:59.000
Oscar Wilde married. He had 2 children, both sons.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:50:08.000
Cyril and Vivian Cyril died in the First World War, a marriage, Vivian marriage, and had one son.

00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:17.000
And this this he, Merlin Holland now if you've never listened to Merle in holland on the radio or saint him on the television.

00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:29.000
I would strongly recommend that next time. he's on it listen or or i'll have a look in and and say he he's a writer himself.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:35.000
And a newspaper and magazine editor he's a broadcaster.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:41.000
He's an author. he's written books on oscar Wilde, and he is a great fan of knowledge.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:57.000
If you'd like to know More about either. Oscar Wilde or his parents, and I think for me, I can see his parents influences very much in Oscar Wilde. Right?

00:50:57.000 --> 00:51:07.000
Thank you very much. Everyone i'm going to come back now and any questions from anyone very welcome.

00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:15.000
If I can answer them. if I Can't I will be very honest, and I will say so very much, Margaret.

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:20.000
That was really enlightening, and a pair of very colorful characters.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:28.000
Shall we see? or 3 or 4 colorful characters and right Okay, I'm just gonna launch straight into the questions.

00:51:28.000 --> 00:51:31.000
I'm just going to start right from the top Margaret.

00:51:31.000 --> 00:51:42.000
Okay, okay. Now, we had a couple of of our listeners today who are asking about this thing that that Lady Jean had about the aging.

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:52.000
Was this? Was she part of the inspiration for Dorian Gray wash shape?

00:51:52.000 --> 00:52:15.000
That's interesting i've never heard anyone ask that I The honest answer is, I don't know she could have been Oscar Whisk, very close to his mother and in temperament by world very much alike so I wouldn't

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:29.000
like to say that is no possibility. of that there may well be, but it's something I've not been asked before, and I I really have never seen

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:39.000
I've never seen or never read anyone make a definitive claim that Yes, it is okay.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:41.000
Excellent. Okay? well, i'm Alan Elizabeth.

00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:47.000
I hope that answers your question Now We've got a question here from Carl and St.

00:52:47.000 --> 00:52:55.000
Mark's Hospital, and set up by by William wild Yes, know why he named it after Saint Mark.

00:52:55.000 --> 00:53:15.000
There may be some connection there, but I can I confess to mark I don't know what he whether he was the patron sane of anyone with any ear or eye problems I don't I don't know but I mean I I really

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:19.000
don't know why he should have named it after St.

00:53:19.000 --> 00:53:35.000
Mark. No. whether he was a particularly compassionate man to the sick I don't know, or whether it was just a name that had to some personal association for William Wild.

00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:48.000
Okay, and not yeah. Okay, So sorry. Okay, and Now we've got another question here from Bridget.

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:54.000
We were talking about the fact that Lady Jane was buried, not in the family grave.

00:53:54.000 --> 00:53:59.000
Can you just talk a little bit more about Why, she ended up in Kencil Green?

00:53:59.000 --> 00:54:15.000
Basically because when she died in 1896. An interestingly, you know, I mentioned about the superstitions about Ireland in 1,896.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:20.000
Oscar Wilde was in prison he's downfall in 1,890.

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:34.000
5 when, after 2 trials at the third trial he's convicted, he sentenced 2 years imprisonment with hard labor and a Of course he would have served the whole 2 years.

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:51.000
There was no time off Suddenly, from being the toast of London to having his name on every almost every playboy, he had 3 plays running in the West End.

00:54:51.000 --> 00:55:06.000
And and suddenly he's he's a leper and and people are scrubbing his name off of playbills, so he has no money.

00:55:06.000 --> 00:55:11.000
He was virtually bankrupt. His money had all gone illegal fees.

00:55:11.000 --> 00:55:30.000
So when his mother died, couldn't afford to pay for her funeral, and unwilly his brother by 1,896, when Oscar's only halfway through his prison, sentence Willie is on the damp

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:39.000
downward spiral that would eventually lead to his own death. mainly caused by excessive amounts of alcohol.

00:55:39.000 --> 00:55:46.000
And they just was not the money available for a gravestone.

00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:57.000
His mother was buried in Cancel Green, which today we think of as Cemetery, where a lot of the famous were buried.

00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:00.000
I believe Brunel is married, is buried in council.

00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:08.000
Grain, but she was buried in an obscure area of Cancel Green Cemetery.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:24.000
She wasn't buried in the area where the gray and the good were buried, and she had no permanent marker on her grave, because neither of the son her sons could a fold pie for a lavish, funeral

00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:33.000
and a lavish marker on her grave. It was only in money put forward by the Oscar Wilde Society.

00:56:33.000 --> 00:56:40.000
Much later. I believe in the 1,800 ninetys that that growth stone was there.

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:56.000
Interestingly. When she was dying, she begged the prison authorities to give permission for her to see her son in prison for one last time, and that was riched.

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:11.000
The and when Oscar Wilde was told of his Mother's death, he said, already know he claimed that her spirit had appeared to him in his prison cell.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:16.000
He goes it the Irish name for an apparition, a fetch.

00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:23.000
And he said, My mother's fetch appeared to me in my prison cell.

00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:46.000
I knew she was dead, so lack of money, they couldn't afford of her body transported to dublin from London, where she was living with son Willie in poverty, or comparative poverty, and they certainly

00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:53.000
couldn't afford a lavish funeral for her Okay, thanks for that.

00:57:53.000 --> 00:57:57.000
And I hope that answers. so. your question, Bridget.

00:57:57.000 --> 00:58:03.000
Now, Huh! in true w style. people have been looking up St.

00:58:03.000 --> 00:58:07.000
Mark, and apparently is the pitch and sin of opticians.

00:58:07.000 --> 00:58:16.000
, amongst I did wonder about that probably was told and I've completely forgotten that fact.

00:58:16.000 --> 00:58:24.000
But I wondered if it was a son who was associated with certain almonds.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:32.000
Hmm. Thank you very much for looking that out. Thank you.

00:58:32.000 --> 00:58:43.000
So a couple of released similar questions here, so i'll just wrap these up together, and where Oscar's parents are aware of Oscar sexual leanings, and what did they think about them?

00:58:43.000 --> 00:58:58.000
Do we know Well, I do you know It's interesting? One of the things about Oscar Wilde that people love to debate is, when did Oscar, while become homosexual?

00:58:58.000 --> 00:59:19.000
Or when was it first noticed Oscar wilde married Constance Lloyd in 1,884, and there's never been any evidence other than that they were head over heels in love with each other but by

00:59:19.000 --> 00:59:29.000
1886 things were very different, and it's at this point mid 1,800 eightys.

00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:38.000
The marriage starts to really disintegrate rapidly, particularly after the birth of their second son.

00:59:38.000 --> 00:59:43.000
They married in 1,884 first son was born 1885.

00:59:43.000 --> 01:00:02.000
Cyril Second Sam, was born so 17 months later, in 1,886, while them forms of association with a young man called Robert Ross, and, as far as we know, Roth was Us Oscar

01:00:02.000 --> 01:00:08.000
Wilde's first same-sex lover as far as we know.

01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:16.000
Then, of course, he meets the man who many people call his Nemesis.

01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:26.000
Lord Alfred Douglas bose was his childhood family nickname, and it really begins to go down.

01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:31.000
He'll rapidly from this point onwards and it's interesting.

01:00:31.000 --> 01:00:34.000
This is the 1,800 eightys his parents.

01:00:34.000 --> 01:00:40.000
Would they have had any inkling that he I don't believe they did.

01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:53.000
I I don't believe they did his mother certainly found out, and and when he was due to stand trial, his friends urged him to go abroad.

01:00:53.000 --> 01:01:02.000
Intro nineteenth century fashion. if you you were in trouble, and you had the money, Go abroad.

01:01:02.000 --> 01:01:19.000
And get away from it and he's mouthless words to him were, You will always be my son, and I will always love you; but if you go abroad to avoid the law I will never speak to you again.

01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:44.000
So his mother finds out. did she have any claims before he's. he's romantic relationship with Bosy, and then broadens to include young men that he meets all young working-class boys that he meets all

01:01:44.000 --> 01:01:55.000
around London, London mainly, I mean, of course, eventually because she gets embroiled in leaves action.

01:01:55.000 --> 01:02:13.000
In civil legal action with Lord Alfred Douglas or Bousy's father. he's he's exposed to the whole country as associating in sexual relationships with young boys and there was only

01:02:13.000 --> 01:02:20.000
one remedy in law if you were convicted in the 1,800 eightys.

01:02:20.000 --> 01:02:35.000
This coincides with much harsher criminal legislation being brought in, and if you're found guilty of homosexual acts, the then 2 years imprisonment with hard labor it is what

01:02:35.000 --> 01:02:53.000
you're going to get there. was no alternative in law So his father, I don't believe ever my that connection, or if he did, there's no evidence for it.

01:02:53.000 --> 01:02:59.000
Okay, Thanks for that. And, Jean, that answers your question as well.

01:02:59.000 --> 01:03:08.000
Yeah. Oh, so giant yeah Okay, so I think we don't obtain forks that's 5 plus 6 that's flown by hasn't it?

01:03:08.000 --> 01:03:15.000
And thanks very much for that, Margaret. that was fantastic.

00:00:03.000 --> 00:00:20.000
Okay, great. Thanks very much. Thank you everyone and as you can see i'm actually in my art studio, although we're doing experiments to the kitchen that's that time of day when the family suddenly invade the

00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:32.000
kitchen, so that's why, i'm here rather than in the kitchen. but hopefully, will then you'll be able to see all the different projects that I've got and and we'll take it from there.

00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:42.000
Okay, So i'm gonna start showing my my camera my second camera with you. and hopefully, you'd be able to see it.

00:00:42.000 --> 00:00:46.000
So festival i'm going to experiment with a bit of red cabbage.

00:00:46.000 --> 00:00:58.000
This is quite a fun product to do to work with and all i'm doing to start with because i'm just gonna that's not cut it up into some good size.

00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:20.000
Chunks and i'm with them and then pop it into jar, and then with some hot water, which of course, I've already boiled up beforehand, because of not having the kettle here but i'm sure

00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:45.000
you find some and get the camera in the right position. So, and then you just leave this for a few minutes, and you find that the the hot water actually fuses the gets encourages the the red cabbage to start losing its dye as

00:01:45.000 --> 00:02:00.000
you can see from one i've made earlier can you see that her it's all lovely and purple, and then, when I've done that, we'll just put that in a safe place out of reach just in case I spill

00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:28.000
it you. Then when you've done that you then of sleep for raid water, All right, super add if you can, and it gives this lovely nice purple color purple, dye and then they and then what i'm going to do

00:02:28.000 --> 00:02:37.000
here is. Can everyone see that? Okay, i'm hopefully and i'm just gonna pull these.

00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:44.000
This water into these 3 little jars. show you a little bit of magic that's going to happen.

00:02:44.000 --> 00:03:02.000
So i'm just going. Hello, throwing away happily Okay, And then, with a little bit of lemon juice, I pour into one.

00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:18.000
Can you see that turning gorgeous red and then i've got Excuse me, and then i've got businesses, soap lakes, so I just got a bar a set which I just scraped a little bit of flakes

00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:26.000
off, but you can use liquid soap, or even washing up liquid any of that sort of you know.

00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:39.000
Sort of soapy, or even close washing paradise and so i'm just gonna sprinkle a little bit in, I guess.

00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:50.000
Food. Can we see that the colour is starting to change and I sort louis or blue colour?

00:03:50.000 --> 00:04:02.000
But that's experiment number one where you've got all these lovely different colours just using the red cabbage.

00:04:02.000 --> 00:04:11.000
If you have time, and you fancy looking at other vegetables in your kitchen, you want to see what happens when you use that die, it's creates.

00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:21.000
And then just using the different, this, this soap and the lemon juice and things like that, it creates some fun effects.

00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:32.000
So anyone else know If i'm a good some really good products that they like to use in the in the kitchen that can use have other uses?

00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:41.000
Just a quick question. Vicki actually yeah and somebody's what was the first one before the soap.

00:04:41.000 --> 00:04:49.000
Oh, sorry app is lemon juice let me just sorry that's all I said.

00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:56.000
Okay, right So i'm just gonna not i've shared my camera.

00:04:56.000 --> 00:05:12.000
I'm just going to move that out of the way because Now, the little experiment, i'm just gonna throughout my paper with the lemon juice.

00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:24.000
I'm glad somebody asked about the lemon juice because the lemon juice i'm sure people probably already know this, but it's a good it's a fun looking product to play with and i'm just gonna

00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:29.000
show you hopefully. you'd be able to i'm gonna put my other camera back on hopefully.

00:05:29.000 --> 00:05:39.000
You'd be able to see this but because of the camera it's quite faint, so can people tell a nice of big pattern that's going on here.

00:05:39.000 --> 00:05:51.000
And with a flowery pattern I hope so so all I did to start with using the lemon juice to make an invisible picture.

00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:58.000
So i'm just gonna do that again, just to show you of the with this one.

00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:08.000
You need time for it to dry so i've made one literally piece of thing there.

00:06:08.000 --> 00:06:15.000
So you just a quick, Another quick question. Yes, sure. Does Lind juice have the same effect? It does.

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:20.000
Yes, very good question. Yeah, that's the answer to your question Joe.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:31.000
Yeah. So now i'm just gonna use one of these lovely colours which will make a nice of wash over the top of the lemon.

00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:43.000
I should I use the normal purple one the one that I haven't put any products in any other products, and just to show you what happens, because obviously using lemon juice.

00:06:43.000 --> 00:07:00.000
Then brings out a lovely colour. and people see the it's just another year that's bit better can people see the your reaction that's starting to happen.

00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:13.000
Yep: yeah, that's good so it's just just basically So this is like a watercolour.

00:07:13.000 --> 00:07:17.000
Really any of you are budding artists and you know a bit about watercolour.

00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:32.000
It's a very good product for the in this thing. Oh, if you went with the kids doing secret messages another quick question for you doing that vocabulary.

00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:36.000
Yeah, Madeline's asking is there anything that turns it quite.

00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:45.000
Oh, lots of different products that turn it white. you can do all sorts of amazing things.

00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:51.000
But and i've never found a white white i've only ever found a cream colour, sir.

00:07:51.000 --> 00:07:58.000
Try it. And what is it you used to get that it's the lemon juice and more lemon juice?

00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:11.000
It becomes more of a creamy white colour. Suppose a natural light rather than a stark white.

00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:27.000
There we go. So as this drives can people see that it's starting to go a lovely sort of pattern creating just don't know if you can move it slightly down a little bit, because like you go it's getting it a little

00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:36.000
bit. Yeah, might just bring it coming up to the camera a bit more.

00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:46.000
Can you see that it's just just starting to appear it will appear more as as it dries.

00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:54.000
But as I was showing you earlier, it's it does it is very faint.

00:08:54.000 --> 00:09:01.000
So if you want it to be a little bit darker, you can actually add a little bit of iodine to it.

00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:12.000
But the iodine is quite it makes it quite harsh So that's why I was thinking i'd like to stick to just what I've got my cover.

00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:20.000
I'll show you this picture that i've done before where i've added a little bit of iodine can people.

00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:28.000
So that's hopefully we'll show you what the effects that so the things happen. But that's onto our next one.

00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:34.000
So i'm gonna just un-share my screen a second Okay, There was another quick question.

00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:43.000
Yes, how long do you do? you leave the hot water on the red cabbage 5 min, really?

00:09:43.000 --> 00:09:52.000
Because if you can i'll show you if I i'll show you

00:09:52.000 --> 00:10:01.000
If I am. i'll go back to my other screen my other camera rather, and i'll show you that already.

00:10:01.000 --> 00:10:07.000
They? the water is starting to turn when people see that.

00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:12.000
Yeah, it's just starting to turn but it's still quite a pale purple.

00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:16.000
So if you want it to be a paler purple, then just a couple of minutes.

00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:22.000
But tend to find the the darker the purple, the more reaction with the other.

00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:32.000
The best reaction with the other colours. these colours. So 5 min, 10 min whenever you feel ready.

00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:41.000
Okay, So, anyway, so is everyone happy with that so far?

00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:49.000
Yeah, there was just another thing we were talking about Currents of white. there was a suggestion here from Jan Bleach: Yeah, big try bleach.

00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:57.000
That's but that was another so because lemon juice is a natural bleach, so it does very.

00:10:57.000 --> 00:11:04.000
They are have very similar sort of conditions. reactions and similar properties.

00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:20.000
Yeah, that's the word properties thank you how but I just thought i'd go on to the next bit, because I was wondering if any of you anyone else budding artists and like to have a go at these sort of

00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:42.000
experiments, because I thought i'd show you some pictures some techniques that you can do, and because, like I said earlier, this let lovely colours are like watercolours, and just to make it a little bit thicker

00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:50.000
I gonna add some corn flattered so i'm gonna go up back onto my other camera and i'll show you

00:11:50.000 --> 00:12:17.000
I'll show you what, sir, what effects that happens okay so what i'm doing is this: as I said this is corn flour just some time, and i'm just gonna add it a little bit to each one and then as you probably

00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:26.000
saw a minute ago. i've got this textured piece of paper that I'm gonna show you the the effects that happens onto it.

00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:39.000
So just gonna get a brush each i'm just gonna make nice.

00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:50.000
Let me see, changing a slight, different purple, most colour. Hmm!

00:12:50.000 --> 00:13:11.000
And then, and you got this lovely blue, and I believe I mean they, the soap and the corn flour seem to have a lovely reaction with each other, and creates this lovely and slightly different coloured, blue which is well I like

00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:20.000
it, anyway. I think it's really treaty and then a little bit on in the red.

00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:30.000
Just again giving it a step, and then it becomes a nicer beautiful scarlet colour.

00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:35.000
Yeah, it's lovely and i've got another quick question while you're doing that.

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:54.000
Yeah, what I haven't tried just vinegar. but i've tried it with the corn flour, and again it's you get lots of different tones of the different colours.

00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:59.000
So they don't so the vinegar just sort of like changes it slightly.

00:13:59.000 --> 00:14:11.000
But lots 2 different, too much. So if you want to do a nice sort of watercolour painting, and you want lots of different colours, different tones or colours.

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:19.000
Then try the finicker as well, like the bleach finger and bleach with a bit of care with a bit care.

00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:26.000
Yeah, So So what we're gonna do now is i've got this.

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:39.000
This is just tissue paper, and then i've got this sort of textured paper here, and then a bit of kitchen roll and kitchen pepper, which i'm actually gonna move sing camera and move it like so soon

00:14:39.000 --> 00:14:45.000
everyone can see it. but that's how it play can everyone see that paper.

00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:55.000
Yeah. so and then i've deliberately left the space.

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:02.000
Mrs left the space, so I can show you what happens with just the normal paper.

00:15:02.000 --> 00:15:17.000
You can see the difference. so as we're going along i've got this lovely texture paper, which is so like got a spidery effect in there, and as the but as I add the water to it they're coloured

00:15:17.000 --> 00:15:26.000
water to it. It brings it out basically, and then just dab it slightly and it gets that nice little textured effect.

00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:49.000
Yeah, and then And so I just dabbed it off that little bit that i'm so deliberately, leaving quite a bit of there water colour on here just to show you what happens as it dries and Then likewise

00:15:49.000 --> 00:15:59.000
with this lovely tissue paper. so this is sort of mixed media, so style that I love working with the where I'm just.

00:15:59.000 --> 00:16:17.000
I just place lots of different tissue paper and different textured papers on the sheet and and then I just add a little bit of the colors to see, and it picks it up the wrinkles and all really well,

00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:22.000
and also some parts of this is still with wet with PVA glue.

00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:26.000
And so the PVA glue actually has a nice reaction with it as well.

00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:39.000
And you're just gonna try use all the different colours to show you what will happen.

00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:53.000
And then i'm going to go over the top of this paper. You see the reaction there, the way it just picks up the tissue and creates a lovely curl.

00:16:53.000 --> 00:17:03.000
And then just adding a little bit more oops should have been the blue.

00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:10.000
Then. Okay, here i'm just kind of dribbling it to show you it picks it up.

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:18.000
It's almost spreads out beautifully as well so it's a funny that you can see that with the blue.

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:29.000
Yeah. then, creation game, the blues actually a lot clearer than the purple And another quick question while you're doing that.

00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:38.000
Yeah, these sort of colours that you've mixed up with the dye fabric, you know like Cotton or Stewart?

00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:45.000
Yeah, they go for cotton and wool, but not synthetic fabrics.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:50.000
It seems to I suppose, because they're both natural products that they just they.

00:17:50.000 --> 00:18:13.000
It really works so well together. Yeah, Now i've got a little bit of a tiny little bit of very water down iodine, which i'm gonna just place on top of this colours just to show you just to show you the reaction is to watch that blobs I've

00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:23.000
just picked is 2 watery at the moment area. And yeah, so you get almost getting a darker colour.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:30.000
Yeah. So they aren't saying just helps it gets a little bit darker.

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:36.000
Also it picks it up. You See the way it's spreading picking it out beautifully.

00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:46.000
Hello! So i'm just trying to go right back in yeah Yeah, So this I'm just playing really with different colours.

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:52.000
Just to show you what happens with these things so that's that's the iodine.

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:57.000
But then, if I add a bit more lemon juice, do these things as well.

00:18:57.000 --> 00:19:05.000
It creates even more fun creating easy effect. I wish I brought some vinegar as well.

00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:14.000
I could have to show you that one, too. But yes, it was who asked that maybe they should do do the vinegar and sharing with us, and what it looks like.

00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:19.000
What effect is the the lime juice the lemon just has again.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:22.000
Then, so I just put a little bit of lemon juice.

00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:29.000
So over the top of the iodine and I don't if you can see but it's spread. it. I select a bit more.

00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:41.000
Yeah, that was just a that corner there that's just created it sort of spurted out the colours combination together, really.

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:49.000
Well set. And anyway, that's the tissue paper I was going to show you what happens with the and they kitchen role as well.

00:19:49.000 --> 00:19:56.000
So with the kitchen role, which we all know spreads you know, picks up water quite well.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:03.000
I'm not just gonna do some circles to show you what will happen.

00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:13.000
So it just spreads out beautifully over the top of each other, creating a fan.

00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:28.000
In fact, one man again. I add little bit of iodine to it.

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:38.000
You can see the weights it's doing that spreading out creating this spidery effect.

00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:42.000
It's kind of almost so following following the texture of the paper isn't it?

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:52.000
It is yeah savage. Lots of things happening so I just thought i'd show you.

00:20:52.000 --> 00:21:00.000
But can you see I just deliberately? put it on the item just on playing piece of this kitchen, or just to show you what what normally happens?

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:06.000
But because you it's got the the colours it sort of spreads out slightly different.

00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:17.000
Got a different reaction altogether. Yeah. Yeah, anyway, spend hours playing with that.

00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:23.000
Yeah, exactly. you can spend hours doing this so onto the next bit i've got a little bit of oil.

00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:36.000
This is just vegetable oil, but and again i'm just going to do some blobs to to show you what other reactions pattern with oil.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:43.000
And this lovely colours so just i've just put the oil down.

00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:51.000
Now i'm just putting blobs of this paint and as you can see It's sort of like separating it.

00:21:51.000 --> 00:22:03.000
Water and oil have you know they have that funny reaction. but Then you add a little bit of this adding to it. watch this space.

00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:15.000
No, you're not going to work for them there we are you see the way the iodine is just kick ping.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:22.000
I put too much on there, keeping into the covers moving.

00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:32.000
The colours around the wolf in the oil, sir.

00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:38.000
But yeah, you can spend too too long doing this. Get carried away.

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:51.000
So. Yeah. and then and then, if any of you are budding artists and you do like to do a bit of mixed media, adding a little bit of salt is also quite fun, you see, the way.

00:22:51.000 --> 00:22:58.000
Can you see the weight, Sam? The oil and the salt have just reacted with one another?

00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:12.000
I don't think we can quite see what though you can't quite see that a bit that's the thing about doing this on camera.

00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:17.000
Yeah, So do you want to describe what the effect basically what's happened?

00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:29.000
Is that it's quite textured and that it's made the the the pink colour go a lot paler than it's it normally is.

00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:39.000
Well, it is in the jar, and and then with the oil it just sort of the oil sort of stopped it from going any further across.

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:49.000
Let me see, Yeah, just about we have to take a picture and you can share it on.

00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:59.000
Yeah. So say yes, I. And I suppose this is the sort of thing you could spend hours with kids doing this as long.

00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:08.000
Yeah, it was perhaps maybe not bleached, but cello, not bleach, but vinegar and lemon juice.

00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:13.000
Yeah. So anyway, I was going to just show you. So that was the textures, the 2 texture papers.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:25.000
But I was just going to show you on the playing paper that's the lovely colour that, sir, happens so So that's it.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:40.000
Just a beautiful Hello! the beautiful purple, and then if we go over the top of it with a lovely lee, and you can almost drag it around.

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:57.000
This is this paper that i'm using it's just no more sketchbook paper, so it's not my paper that you find from them printing paper or anything like that it's a little bit more

00:24:57.000 --> 00:25:03.000
texted, whereas printing paper I mean that's quite fun to use.

00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:15.000
But it does wrinkle up quite a bit so here i'm just putting to the 2 all the 3 colours rather over the top of each other, just to show you all what happens.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:30.000
And it's a bit like oil a bit like watercolours where you just build up the the colours, and as it dries it's gives you that lovely different texture tone different colours.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:44.000
Okay, So is everyone happy with that. any questions. so far I think we've kind of got through all the questions we've got so far.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:57.000
So that's good. We shall we move on yeah sure since anybody anyone else budding artists or they want to do it.

00:25:57.000 --> 00:26:04.000
Experiment at home with them. Their families Well, they haven't answered that question yet.

00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:13.000
No, they don't want to keep that one quiet right excuse me sick the next bit.

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:20.000
I'm gonna do i'm hoping well i'm gonna have to move my other camera.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:31.000
So that you can actually see the reaction. It will happen. There we go.

00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:46.000
So with this one. Does anyone have heard use love lamps before, or made love lamps before?

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:52.000
No, I if we had one. Yes, one years ago.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:27:03.000
Yeah, And so this is just a bit of an experiment with making creating your own love lamp, but it doesn't it's only for a few minutes.

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:09.000
It doesn't really it's not one last for long like you get from shops.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:14.000
Okay, So i'm just gonna i'm gonna re-share my camera.

00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:19.000
And hopefully you'd be able to see this jar i've got so far.

00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:31.000
No I need to bring it up a bit more that's better so the what i'm going to do here is i'm just putting in some water with the coloured water a little bit.

00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:38.000
But i'm going to add Oops sorry add a little bit more waters to dilute it a little bit.

00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Okay, then, and then i'm gonna just maybe move the canvas like, So the jar is just slightly off screen.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:58.000
There we go. Yeah, sorry it's because I knocked it So there we go so.

00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:10.000
And then i'm just going to add a little bit of oil, and that the oil is just going to sit on the surface of the of the water.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:29.000
Just gonna add a tiny bit more. Okay, and then, hopefully you'll be able to see this, because once i've added, Then I'm going to add some salt to it.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:37.000
As the salt. Can you see that the salt goes down?

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:42.000
It pushes the oil down. no the camera's not in the rack position for this.

00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:53.000
Not quite right There we are. So i'm just waiting for it to settle a bit.

00:28:53.000 --> 00:29:08.000
So basically i've put the oil on the top of a nice the water, the coloured water, and then i'm just gonna add a little bit of salt, and as you add the salt, we see it goes down and now it's creating bubbles

00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:14.000
going back up again. Yep, did you see that yep you can see it's purple.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:31.000
It's purple and it's going blah blah blah very quiet, and see all the blobbing going on.

00:29:31.000 --> 00:29:39.000
So it's all just happening lots and lots of things happening in there.

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:45.000
So so, as I said earlier, all that's happening is that they thank you.

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:55.000
The salt is pushing the oil down. and Then it's bringing, and then the oil is slowly coming up.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:30:08.000
But some because work today. Oh, go on work for me. Wonder if we might be able to see easier from the other camera, you know.

00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:36.000
Cf: Okay, i'll stop showing this one yeah But just going to add, Clear this decks a bit so that I can move my other camera over.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:54.000
Can everyone see that not quite too much on my desk Here's not your book.

00:30:54.000 --> 00:31:02.000
Very good. Yeah. Maybe it holds up to the the camera.

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:07.000
Perhaps Yeah, it's just I can't hold it up to the camera and put this whole thing at the same time.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:12.000
That's the thing that's so interesting right can everyone see that.

00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:20.000
But i'm just gonna add a bit more oil so that I can Just there we go.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:30.000
Okay. And then hopefully, I need an extra pair of hands.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:41.000
Okay, you watching whoops, my son's gonna be in the way well fingers whatever.

00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:55.000
Okay. So after a bit, lots of bubbling going on, people see that because I saw it on this side.

00:31:55.000 --> 00:32:09.000
Oh, yeah, yeah, lots of things happening. Okay, so I don't know had that?

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:28.000
Why that didn't work so well today. usually works really really well oops, Maybe because i'm feeling nervous, I take it we would move it, for that was working exactly as it should we see the oil coming down the oil comes down

00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:48.000
that's yeah, what happens is the oil and Normally the oil comes down, and or the salt makes the oil to go down, and then, after a while it just starts blobbing back up again yeah, as you see in a a

00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:50.000
lamp that you, as you see in the lava lamp here.

00:32:50.000 --> 00:33:02.000
Yes, I'm sorry that didn't work maybe i'll. maybe you should try it yourself, and and was it warm water? was that?

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:08.000
Yeah, no, it wasn't warm water it was cold water, but maybe that's the answer.

00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:11.000
Maybe I should have made it warm or say but when it has worked before it.

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:18.000
I've just used normal tap water yeah because I guess in a lava aunt that you would buy.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:22.000
There's heat in the Yes, yeah it's a completely different reaction.

00:33:22.000 --> 00:33:29.000
This is just a yeah of like a a kids. yeah, experiment, really with.

00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:35.000
But I kind of enjoy working with that because of the the mixed media side of things.

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:38.000
And what happens with the oils of me? the paints?

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:47.000
Yeah, Okay, yeah, i'm just trying to see if you get any other questions.

00:33:47.000 --> 00:34:07.000
Yeah, let's have a look. 10. Judith saying she's going to and enjoy experimenting with fabric to add, Yes, yeah, those pin effects that you were This is one that has got a little bit of fabric. on.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:21.000
Let me. i'm gonna just share my others screen again. because I've just got to show you the this one that I have done with a bit of fabric, and you see this lovely colors that have just made you want to hold

00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:32.000
it up a little bit like lights. up. scooting it slightly in tip it, or actually, i'll i'm gonna just put it upright, and that he showed Yeah, Now,

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:42.000
Let me see that back a bit fit More: Yeah. Yeah.

00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:46.000
Oops stripling a bit. Yeah, we can see this up purple in the pink.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:50.000
Yeah, probably in pinks happening so they've again very subtle colours.

00:34:50.000 --> 00:35:02.000
But it is on them it's on cotton on a cotton sheet of fabric, but doing it on synthetic fabrics.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:08.000
It doesn't work so well. Yeah, yeah but yes, but it's

00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:16.000
The lady that's suggested said about doing the putting it on her fabric is if she adds wax to it as well.

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:23.000
It's makes a fun effect. so like batik kind of star.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:27.000
Yes, so I was gonna show you about using wax as well.

00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:34.000
But seeing that we've got time and as that last experiment didn't work well, we do have some time.

00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:41.000
If you, if you wanted to do what people want me to show you what happens with the reaction and wax.

00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:50.000
Yeah, you have lots of north going on there. Okay, so I left i'll go back to my other camera and and and show you.

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:58.000
I'm just going to i'll do the similar sort of pattern.

00:35:58.000 --> 00:36:04.000
I just did the using. This is just candle wax but i'm.

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:27.000
Just gonna go create, and my sort of jackson they'll get carried away with this party, and then bringing back my colours equipment down.

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:34.000
So got all these lovely colours as you know and and then with the wax.

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:40.000
That's how fixed up the soul from the niche as well.

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:49.000
Nice to try. Okay, So i'm just gonna use the big brush and just go over it.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:00.000
So again. it's a lovely circle effect but it does make a beautiful effects.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:08.000
Just going to use the that we live on as well let's see it will come through.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:20.000
So just going over over it, like you do with watercolours.

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:48.000
Really creating a nice effects as it goes along. i'm gonna have to maybe bring my camera down because because I moved my camera with trying to do that lava lamp lost.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:53.000
There we are lost where I had it before they go. Let me go.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:38:13.000
That better. So i'm just gonna go for it again with these colors just to show you so that's using wax onto it, and the candle waxed bit.

00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:25.000
If any of you budding artists have got and oil oil pastors, or even just the kids crayons it

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:31.000
It makes it fun and effect as well i've got a couple more questions for you.

00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:41.000
If you don't yeah jumping, in no not to when we were talking about fabrics there, and the use of the the colours.

00:38:41.000 --> 00:38:45.000
Yes, and if you wash it, is it color fast? Do you know?

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:57.000
No, you have to get a colour fixative or fabric fixative because it is just like well, it's like dye not any dye, really.

00:38:57.000 --> 00:39:02.000
That it's hard to wash or it will wash off eventually.

00:39:02.000 --> 00:39:12.000
Okay, I hope that answers your question, Bridget, and just a couple more comments here, and good tip using the candle for wax.

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:24.000
Yep, and she had been hitting wax up in a wax port when she she used that last saw and and comment from Judith.

00:39:24.000 --> 00:39:30.000
Do more to try most fun. I will have had indoors for the last 2 years.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:39.000
That's good. I can all probably say that with editor Yeah, Glad everyone has some.

00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:48.000
Yeah. So yeah. Now, i'm with the the wax and the fabric, and that's what I meant by fatigue, is it?

00:39:48.000 --> 00:40:04.000
Tends to be sort of hot wax and so you know, using hot wax on fabric. and then putting this colour over the top, it said, It does come up with a lovely effect. because obviously tonight, I was thinking I was

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:15.000
just going to do paper, but I find that if i'd realize that the the lava lamp wasn't going to work it would have stuck with the fabric idea as well.

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:18.000
So it's not only don't work with children and animals.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:33.000
It's. also cameras. Yeah. So any other ideas I could experiment with See if I could mix grab something to show you all.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:41.000
Yeah, just find it away. Everybody if there's any want to see.

00:40:41.000 --> 00:40:47.000
And here from Dual would be interesting to try with watercolour inks as a vegetable day.

00:40:47.000 --> 00:41:00.000
What What do you reckon about that? I. In the past I have used watercolours with the vegetable dyes, and the vegetable dyes are a lot more diluted than they than their

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.000
watercolours. But you know you've got a nice little contrast going on.

00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:20.000
So I recommend it. Yeah, trying it definitely. Okay, what about you know? Obviously, you've shown us, you know, some of the sort of everyday products that we all have in our kitchen.

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:28.000
Cover. Yeah, is that everything else that we we haven't seen that they can't use to swim.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:34.000
That would be interesting for people to hear about there's the handout that I sent you.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:44.000
It's got a list of other products that you can use for exactly the same sort of thing, and that includes like we were talking about the bicarbonate soda.

00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:52.000
The vinegar and bleach, and things that you can then add to to different to the different vegetables. I mean.

00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:58.000
I'm using i'll see i'm just using red cabbage tonight, but you can use oh, jean skin.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:04.000
That's quite a fun. die and and also carrots.

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:14.000
If you've just gonna see the handout that Vicki's was referring to that's going to be posted beside the recording on the members and the lecture page of the Member States.

00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:17.000
So you'll be able to download that after this lecture

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:25.000
There's just a few more comments that have come in here. Well, what you've already mentioned by carbon disorder

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:32.000
Sue was asking about other vegetables which you've just covered as a yeah and beat you. I've just seen someone pop up beach room.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:38.000
Yeah, that'd be a really good one. egg yolks yeah,  A lovely texture.

00:42:38.000 --> 00:42:47.000
So if you added so like I was showing you with the and putting the lost where I put it now.

00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:58.000
But putting the if you put the egg yolks onto the or the on in sorry speaking, Yeah.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:08.000
Can't speak if you put it into the mixture into the colours like I did with the the corn flour.

00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:12.000
Then it makes a really nice sort of thickening agent as well.

00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:20.000
So, but it's a lot more runny so that's Why, I chose to do the the corn flag tonight.

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.000
Yeah, what vote and what else we got here? How about this from Madeline?

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:28.000
How about gluing bits, cotton wool and adding the colours?

00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:32.000
Yes, you can do that. What sort of effect do you think you would get from that?

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:38.000
That something tried. You can try it. they! I have tried it before now.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:56.000
i'm just trying to find I've got some a sheet that I've done little bits of wool with, and where I just added I dipped the wool into the dip into the

00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:02.000
colours, and then added it to the to the paint so i'm just gonna see if I can grab some wool.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:09.000
And I could show you the effect. So just keep coming to us with your suggestions.

00:44:09.000 --> 00:44:36.000
For yeah, keep on again. we'll talk about them keep on suggesting, please say I've got these little bits of will, and i'm going to put it onto my lying go to my second camera.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:49.000
I'll show you what happens. Find that what happens next. Okay, so i'm just gonna lose the brushes.

00:44:49.000 --> 00:44:56.000
And then, if you just dip this will into the water.

00:44:56.000 --> 00:44:58.000
So this actual will as a portrait of wool.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:05.000
Yeah, little bits of war. So this is will wool so it's not synthetic it's proper.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:09.000
Yeah probable And then i'm just gonna get a bit of kitchen roll.

00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:25.000
Actually then letting it dry, and I often for enjoy using it for a you know, for the again, for the mixed media textures and ideas.

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:40.000
So got nice bright colours thing off the camera a bit.

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:56.000
There so and then. and then this nice colour as well and then if you see it's also a good little sort of printing agent, really.

00:45:56.000 --> 00:46:03.000
So you can press it onto the paper. Create a nice sort of pattern.

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:15.000
Hmm. and and sort of related, and a question from Judith would take a silk work, too, I guess, because it's a natural favourite.

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:30.000
It was Yeah, the natural fibres, I have tried or the different fibres. I've tried they they do all fit, but it's the synthetic ones, you know. they're sort of polyester and things that it

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:35.000
just slides off. Yeah. Yeah, but no, do try silk.

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:42.000
Lace works it's got little Bits Lace that fits really beautifully, as well.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:47.000
So comment from Jenny Cotton.

00:46:47.000 --> 00:46:55.000
String might be fun as well? yeah he's got some some different textures and patterns with that and then question from living.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:47:03.000
Could you die. Will this mean we didn't lose this colour when washed? I think it probably would in the same way that yeah, it would.

00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:17.000
So you have to get a the fabric fixative fabric dye fixative which I mean, you know, it's easy to get hold of.

00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:29.000
So yeah doing all sorts of things i'm just thinking i'm gonna get some lace and show everyone that would be quite interesting.

00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:46.000
So i've got this duely fabric then so fabric doiley, which I tend to use more, for when because doing my ceramics I tend to press it in into the clay so that's why i've

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:53.000
got it handy. so i'm just gonna slip it in to the colour.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:47:59.000
And let you see i'm also going to use it as a printing.

00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:12.000
I'm just gonna show you how it's i'm just gonna grab a piece of paper just to show you how it all works.

00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:26.000
So i've just sits that into the ink and then just gonna press it down. Should have done it that side.

00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:38.000
Sorry. Yeah. and then it's very subtle But it might need to hold that up a little bit. I think.

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:57.000
Sorry. Yeah, very subtle but it does create let's say like the world, this has picked up picks up the colour beautifully, and i'm just gonna do each corner the same different colours there.

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:07.000
You go so can you see that how it's all blended in beautifully.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:12.000
Yeah, what go? and we've got some other suggestions you of things.

00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:18.000
This is interesting. Yeah. Oh, what about things like leaves and moss?

00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:35.000
Oh, yes, I get some nice tasters with thoughts you do get some lovely textures with those we're going off the dyes and get some nice them with some mosses, and or or even plants.

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:39.000
You can get some lovely dyes as well, so like petals and things.

00:49:39.000 --> 00:49:46.000
Yeah. and with using things like that with that, would that tend to bring out goodings?

00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:52.000
So another question that know who was at me? where is it?

00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:56.000
That jewel was saying. What about green vegetables? Because what?

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:01.000
Obviously talking about the the red vegetables obviously are, as you would expect.

00:50:01.000 --> 00:50:07.000
But what bit good in some green vegetables do like they?

00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:12.000
If you use the the core. Jet the courgette skin that comes in nice green.

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:19.000
But if you use the courgette you know they off see the inside of it, because it's why it's it.

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:23.000
It doesn't come out but it's it's quite a subtle green as well.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:29.000
So that's you know. works at work, and especially if you add the corn flower to that one.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:35.000
It's a really build it up properly yeah okay, see what else we've got in here.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:40.000
This is all very interesting and well, this is from Andrew.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:51:00.000
This is coming back to paper. Yeah, paper. And if you dip the people in water before using the dye or watercolours, you get some nice misty effects which I I can see that yeah, yeah, if you add or if you dip,

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:10.000
though paper into, perhaps into oil to start with as well, and then having the again the oil and water reaction, what about this?

00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:17.000
Is another one taking off on taking us off in slightly a different dilation, but by floods flowers.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:26.000
Yeah, some petals. Yeah, they come. They have really nice die and sort of consistency with them as well.

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:33.000
So you could go and try out all sorts of different particularly tulips, those lovely bright reds.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:41.000
There's flowers, yeah but it's in lily the lily, the little, the little stems inside the lilies.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:46.000
They're really good dyes as Well, so that's a nice yellow dye.

00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:48.000
Oh, that's the sort of yellowy orange bits isn't it?

00:51:48.000 --> 00:51:52.000
Yeah, stay in everything, and then you can't get the the colored out again.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:56.000
Yeah, that's it that's maybe one that might be slightly more colour, faster.

00:51:56.000 --> 00:52:01.000
Yeah, definitely. we all know what put what lily the lily stems are like really stems.

00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:12.000
Yeah, that's it. Stamens right Okay, what else have we got here, and we've still got a few minutes to go, so we've got plenty of time.

00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:18.000
The question from Sue. Do you need to let different vegetables sit in the water for various times?

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:26.000
Yes, you do you do that, and that's why it's a red cabbage that is just like a couple of minutes or or 5 min.

00:52:26.000 --> 00:52:41.000
But sometimes like the the core jet. for instance, it tends to be an overnight, or if you want to it, to be a really good, a good green Okay, well hope that answers your questions. So I'm: gonna try all

00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:45.000
these different things. Yeah, Another suggestion of colours is termatic.

00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:50.000
Oh, yes, yeah, Yellowy. Yeah, it's a nice orange.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:53:03.000
Yeah. Yeah. the stem. So they and they tune it not the tulip sea and crocuses that really good,  a key.

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:08.000
So of colour. Yeah. Yeah. Okay, comment here from Norman.

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:22.000
I was wondering why I have been saving all those little glass jars and containers you get when you buy candles in space, I think. Yeah, very good making some and mixture use of those Now, that's good yeah, and just

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:34.000
another comment from Judith she's. had some great success with tulips, including this stems with the Yeah, it's really nice effect, and that's all.

00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:43.000
Okay. Yeah. unless anybody else has got any other things that they want to have a quick chat about any other suggestions.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:48.000
What I was going to ask you? Vicky yeah what is your favourite effect.

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:54.000
What's the what's the thing that that you most enjoy working with

00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:01.000
What what we've been doing tonight Well, not just those but I don't know.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:20.000
Basically the things I love working with the things that I was sharing with everyone tonight today that I and that's why I like to experiment with these things, and just trying out all the ideas and things. and I sometimes even like you're talking about tulips

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:30.000
and or petals And i've even added a little bit of a little bit of bark, and things that quite fun to just get those fun textures.

00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:37.000
And what was it that can have first kind of got you going down this line of thinking?

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:49.000
Oh, I guess by this. yeah, what what was it that first kind of kind of sparked that I think it's because I was doing ceramics and doing the experiments with glazes and things and they'd just

00:54:49.000 --> 00:54:59.000
thought. Well, you know what if you do that sort of same sort of thing that on mixed media, using fabric and and paint and things, what happens?

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:12.000
And so you know, I just love experimenting really and and then also the history of art, and finding out that all these different artists who couldn't afford expensive paints.

00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:20.000
They tried out lots of their vegetables and dyes to, you know, create the same sort of painting effect.

00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:31.000
Well, that was all very interesting. I don't know whether I maybe afterwards Vicky.

00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:35.000
I don't know if this is possible. Maybe you could share with me some photos.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:41.000
Yeah off the lava lamp to send me some i'll get it.

00:55:41.000 --> 00:55:51.000
I'll get it working with so I can send you a little clip. Yeah, and what i'll do is i'll post that as my task for later.

00:55:51.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Yeah. Yeah. So you just a little comment here from Christine.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:07.000
A great fun. Ideas I cannot wait to try the lava lamp so so maybe that's your task for you all to have a go at the level lamp in the and in the and when you've got some peace and quiet and you

00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:11.000
don't home, and then maybe take a video with your with your cameras and send them to us.

00:56:11.000 --> 00:56:17.000
Okay, Yeah, okay. Well, I hope everybody enjoyed that even though it didn't go exactly to plan.

0:00:15.000 --> 00:00:32.000
Thank you and thank you so much for the opportunity to talk to you all today. This is actually the largest group I've ever spoken to. And so exciting times for me as really lovely to be here and to talk to you about one of my favourite subjects.

00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:47.000
So, today we will cover a history of tea. And I'll talk a little bit about what Tea is, and also share what tea, isn't and help you to understand that maybe a bit more.

00:00:47.000 --> 00:01:01.000
And we will talk about the perfect steps to do the perfect copper. And I'll also share with you some of the latest trends that we're seeing across the world as well.

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:19.000
So I'm going to begin by talking about the history of tea from its origins in China, through to Europe, India salon or Sri Lanka, and the impact that the US had as well.

00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:21.000
So let's get started.

00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:37.000
T first 2000s of years ago in the family and corridor that includes Southern Union and China, then off the Vietnam, the north of Laos, my Mr. And Assam in North India.

00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:44.000
The benefits of tea drinking were discovered in around two 737 BC.

00:01:44.000 --> 00:01:49.000
And that was by the herbalist Shin known. He was known as the father of t.

00:01:49.000 --> 00:02:01.000
He was a mythical sovereign the father of agriculture and herbal medicine. He is said to have brewed and tested hundreds of helps to discover their medicinal properties.

00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:15.000
And when leaves fail, from an overhanging branch of a whale to teach you into a ton of water that he was hitting, he found the liquor to be most delicious and distorted stuff.

00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:34.000
And so, he became known as a healthful tonic, that would cure Kate was add ill month's episode refreshing beverage that sustained and replenished. And it was known as a drink that brought tranquility and promoted clarity of thought.

00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:47.000
The Chinese people gradually learned to cultivate the plants process the leaves, as tea and drink, as there, if you do beverage.

00:02:47.000 --> 00:03:05.000
And the second century tea began to find its way out of China along trade routes that were running west and south western China such as the so called, and it was exchanged for other goods that the change is needed to such as sold cloth.

00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:07.000
I haven't goods and horses.

00:03:07.000 --> 00:03:27.000
It became known as the tea horse route and tea was usually compressed into kicks, or blocks and transported on the back of meals and ponies, or by men who carried 300 pounds or more on their backs.

00:03:27.000 --> 00:03:46.000
tea, then began to travel to countries in the east of China, and even in Korea and the sixth century, Ed, and Japan in the 19th century. This happened because of contacts between Buddhist monks who travelled from Korea and Japan to China to study Buddhism,

00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:58.000
Tea, always had strong connections to the Buddhist monasteries and temples in China. And so when monks came from other countries to study the also learned about Tea and Tea drinking.

00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:15.000
They then took the tea leaves back home to their own countries and planted them and their temples and monasteries and tea was being served in those temples and the link with Buddhism continued.

00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:22.000
And the early 17th century et was brought to Europe by the Dutch and the Portuguese.

00:04:22.000 --> 00:04:33.000
The Dutch traded out of China's Fujian Province on the southeast coast and the Portuguese 3d date of Marco on the island next to Hong Kong.

00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:48.000
The first imports arrived at Europe, in 1610, the doctor then exported to other European countries including England, and the first reference to tea being offered for sale in London was 1650, eat.

00:04:48.000 --> 00:05:00.000
I find that fascinating that we think we are. The nation of tea drinkers and defenders of tea but actually we're really quite late in the process.

00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:19.000
tea drinking in England was popularized when the Portuguese princess Catherine, daughter of the Duke of dragons are multi channels and second and 1662.

00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:40.000
The English East India Company got its charter from Queen Elizabeth, the first and 1600 and had a monopoly on the treat of goods from the South China Seas until, 1854, and 1669, the East India Company started to order their own tea from China, and the

00:05:40.000 --> 00:05:48.000
dependent totally on Chino to pervade at a rate up until the 70s 60s.

00:05:48.000 --> 00:06:01.000
That was when they started to consider growing tea outside of China, but they didn't actually do anything about it. and, and then in the 1830s that relationship with chain I started to Watson.

00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:20.000
And that was the beginning of the Opium Wars and things became a bit more difficult and Britain badly wanted to start to grow tea in India, and they have an opportunity to sell it to a to the people of India and make a good profit on it.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:36.000
So to do so they send Robert fortune on a secret mission to collect tea plants from China and bring them back to India had to be secret, because of the Opium Wars and check number one for a nurse in the country.

00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:54.000
Despite his mission being a success. The plants, didn't perform well at all, and actually plants were phone tea plants were found in Assam, and they performed particularly well so actually the, the British relied upon the teams that were phones and see

00:06:54.000 --> 00:06:55.000
plants that were found in Assam, it to kill their tea.

00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:15.000
plants that were found in Assam, it to kill the tea. The UAE built the first experimental tea garden and it infected This was still the East India Company, the first black tea was grown and process them are some dispatch from Kolkata in 1838, and what

00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:21.000
arrived in London. It was first sold at auction in London in 1839.

00:07:21.000 --> 00:07:42.000
The Darjeeling region and then they'll get the hills and southern India, that what to do was developed in the 1850s, and then Emily 1870s, and salon, as we came into a before it was developed as a major British tea growing region.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:08:01.000
After the coffee cup coffee crop field. And there was a coffee rust fungus that affected the entire crop tea had been trade successfully so the farmer switched to glowing tea by the 1880s that island was quite a famous TV producer.

00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:18.000
Thomas Lipton became very famous because he bought land and salon planted tea on the island, he sold it direct through his chain of grocery stores and Britain, and because it cut out the middleman is places where more, so it's much more affordable, and

00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:24.000
that's when we became a nation of tea drinkers. And tea became an beverage.

00:08:24.000 --> 00:08:34.000
By the end of the 1880s solo and team is based on tea in Britain.

00:08:34.000 --> 00:08:37.000
So the tea bag.

00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:59.000
This is a disputed point, actually, but tea bags were apparently accidentally invented by Thomas Sullivan if he was an American tea merchant. He sent ht samples to his customers and small silk bags, and they use that to brew the tea directly, rather than

00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:20.000
removing it from the bag and putting it in the teapot. So it was a bit of an accident in terms of a tea bag, and the tea bag proper and was developed in the US and the first two decades of the 20th century machines were made and patented to produce paper

00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:36.000
tea bags and the early 1930s. They were designed to unpack small particles of tea that had broken off didn t processing. These small tea particles, really quickly.

00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:47.000
They give good colour, and they give good strength. The larger the piece of leaf the longer it takes to do the smaller particles, the quicker the blue.

00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:58.000
When the tea company started packaging the small particles into the paper tea bags. If they didn't have enough of these, just like particles to meet the growing demands.

00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:05.000
So as the consumption grew the industry have to find a new way of making more of the small particles of tea.

00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:20.000
A new machine was invented called their CTC machine CTC stands for cut, tear and cuddle and fleet as the Orthodox manufacturer of at means rolling the leaf to gently break the sales.

00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:32.000
This new CTC machine shop believes into tiny pieces. These first machines were installed and British on the factories and awesome.

00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:39.000
And then the 1950s as a demand for tea bags guru tea companies needed to find more tea.

00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:49.000
And, and saw tea was planted in East Africa and places like as imbibe we Rwanda and Tanzania.

00:10:49.000 --> 00:11:00.000
And because the demand at the time was for the tea that went into the bags, the CTC, and the fact that these in these countries were equipped with the CTC machines.

00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:09.000
So, that as a quick canter through 5000 years of tea history.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:13.000
And I am going to stop sharing.

00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:22.000
For a moment, and we're gonna have our first poll, if that's okay just to make this a bit interactive for everyone.

00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:31.000
Right, so which one is this the one about this is the different words, or it's not a poll it's just a fill in the chat, that's just a fill in the chat my mistake.

00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:42.000
So, and this is a question, and just pop your answers in the chat if you know them. How many different words, 14, do you know.

00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:51.000
Okay folks, get cracking on the chat, let's see, let's see what everyone knows, and then we'll read some of the mode.

00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:54.000
Just get that little minute.

00:11:54.000 --> 00:12:01.000
Here we go. chai tea, obviously, copper, we all know that one.

00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:08.000
Um, what else do we have Lucy Lee, who's really

00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:14.000
shy. Black saying, Yeah, car. I know that one

00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:24.000
cup of brew. What else we got. These are

00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:28.000
the cups that cheers I like that one ice.

00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:32.000
Thanks for that Silla.

00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:35.000
Yeah, we're getting some of the different.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:43.000
Yeah, baby.

00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:47.000
cup of life, that's

00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:55.000
okay let's just give it another minute and then we'll, we'll move on. Oh here comes Rosalia again.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:57.000
Hmm.

00:12:57.000 --> 00:13:00.000
So I bought tickets.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:05.000
That's a new one on me as a South African.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:07.000
Yeah, I see.

00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:08.000
Okay.

00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:22.000
Right, well I think we've got most of them in one oh yeah that's brilliant. Yeah, common names for tea, she's back to Chinese origin, and the original word was to.

00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:35.000
And then the Chinese character was adapted and different dialects came in, so they started to use words like cha Thai tea, which we had, or take.

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:53.000
And then as foreign traders arrived, and took the tea from the local people with their local dialect, and then absorbed into their language. That's how we ended up with a lots of variations for the tea, the word tea.

00:13:53.000 --> 00:14:01.000
So I just want to go back and show you on my screen here.

00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:21.000
This is actually some people would say it's an, a little bit of an oversimplification. But essentially, if it comes and buy a land, then its origin is from the words char, and if it comes bass see and knives in your country, its origin is from the word

00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:22.000
tea.

00:14:22.000 --> 00:14:31.000
And there's lots to be able to see on the slide lots of different uses of the word across different countries.

00:14:31.000 --> 00:14:42.000
That's quite an interesting sleep, but as some people see as an oversimplification but I think that's, it's been as a generalization, or Okay, so let's move on.

00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:54.000
No, to some insight on to what tea is, and what it isn't.

00:14:54.000 --> 00:15:00.000
So

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.000
sorry I seem to be missing a slide here.

00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:07.000
Your herbal tea isn't really tea.

00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:22.000
Now that spawns, some people. So let me explain a few things we call harrumphs, fruits, and spaces that are steeped in water, tea, But that's not actually always the case.

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:27.000
Qt contains the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant.

00:15:27.000 --> 00:15:47.000
And here's a fascinating fact chameleons sinensis. This one plant produces all six types of tea. If it's black, green, white, yellow, long, or poor where it's all from community or cities.

00:15:47.000 --> 00:15:53.000
How was that, how can that be well as all and what it's done to the leaf.

00:15:53.000 --> 00:16:04.000
Quinn, and for how long and how much of it that you use. And that's the, what happens is how explains how the Emeritus as a particular t tape.

00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:25.000
There's lots of stages to tea processing there's pre nine, whether an ox oxidation ruling and drying, what's the different stages depending on what stage is happening and what sequence, and for how long that determines the tape of tea I find that so inspiring

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:30.000
and absolutely fascinating to learn about.

00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:49.000
So, if your hair Balti isn't really tea, then what is it, two sons, or drinks that don't contain the community essence This leaves. Instead, they are infusions made from the leaves roots Betty's and spaces of other plants.

00:16:49.000 --> 00:17:11.000
So if you're trying KC purely peppermint, or ginger, or raspberry, then Strictly speaking, you're not drinking tea, you're drinking at the sun or an infusion to sounds have their own flavour profiles and health benefits, and lots of them are blamed with

00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:23.000
tea to boost aroma and flavour so t sand or the best of both worlds. we all have our different preferences.

00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:36.000
So now that we know the correct terminology, to use. We'll go on and learn more about how to do the perfect cuppa.

00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:44.000
It's so easy in your cup of tea. We all know how to do it, you just add hot water to tea right.

00:17:44.000 --> 00:17:57.000
Go sorrow.

00:17:57.000 --> 00:18:06.000
So, so much can influence the taste of your cup of tea, there's actually a bit more to it than just hot water and tea.

00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:08.000
If you want to make the perfect cup.

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:27.000
I'm all about elevating the tea experience. That's something to be savoured, and a few careful steps can be called world of difference to your group. So let's find out what the are.

00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:39.000
The first step is to use fresh filtered cold water every cup of tea that we do is made up of 98% water.

00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:52.000
So, water quality has a big impact on the flavour and the aroma of our tea, tap water is the most economical, but it can contain someone wanted ingredients.

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:57.000
So filter water as recommended, and I use the phone to talk.

00:18:57.000 --> 00:19:07.000
If the water is not filtered. Then, particularly and highlights skill areas colour aroma and taste at all affected.

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:15.000
Plenty of oxygen helps to bring up the flavours in your team. So another tip is to boil the kettle just once.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:22.000
So the maximum amount of oxygen is retained and not be vapidity through multiple boils.

00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:28.000
So step one to use fresh filtered cold water.

00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:34.000
Step two is to blue with water at the Kinect temperature.

00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:50.000
We are all in the habit of using boiling water for all of our tea but in fact, different tea tastes better when it's brewed and water heated to different temperatures to achieve the correct temperature and electric kids or with temperature settings as

00:19:50.000 --> 00:20:05.000
absolutely ideal, or to brew to tease that have a lower IQ, temperature, add cold filtered water to boiling water and check the temperature before moving on to it.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:23.000
So that's what I do with my green tea. I would put a little bit of cold water into the bottom of my tea pot. I pop some boiling water and on top and mix them together, put my tea leaves then, and then pour the rest of the tea leaves are setting and warm

00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:36.000
water. And then I put the rest of my a boiling water and. So overall, the temperature is lower than boiling, and that's the best temperature for making tea.

00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:53.000
So different teas have different a recommended temperatures and you should make sure your water as at the correct temperature, follow the guidance on the packet at SU sustainably correct.

00:20:53.000 --> 00:20:59.000
The next step is to use the correct amount of good quality.

00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:07.000
So, in general, the tea and tea bags, has been selected for its colour, its strength, and its place.

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:12.000
tea bags tend to be filled with the smallest of tea particles.

00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:32.000
What that means is that a lots of the essential oils that deliver the taste and the aroma from the leaf have been lost tea bags are typically pushing for a single blue, and they're designed to flush out colour quickly loose leaf tea generally is of a higher

00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:51.000
quality, at least for me infusion of the tea leaves, often multiple times, and therefore as good value for money, a gate for loose leaf tea is to use about two and a half to three and a half grams for every 200 mils of water that is a gate.

00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:55.000
And again, you should follow the guidance, it on the packaging.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:22:03.000
And with loose leaf you can adjust to suit your own preferences well.

00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:12.000
Now I'm going to stop sharing here because I just wanted to show you some tea leaves.

00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:25.000
And just because I think that absolutely beautiful and I studied to them, so I really love to show them off to people. So that says, hopefully you can see this all right.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:28.000
This is an arrow Goody.

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:31.000
This lifted up a wee bit higher.

00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:34.000
Yeah.

00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:53.000
It's an ugly loose leaf, it's a Chinese black tea, along with blue corn flavors. And, of course, a bear criminals or your purchase the scripture says what gives the tea at citrusy absolutely gorgeous.

00:22:53.000 --> 00:22:58.000
The blue corn flavours just because it's petty they don't really do a lot to the taste.

00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:23.000
And this is my salad shy. Massage masella mean spaced shy means D.

00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:37.000
And what I hope you see from that is this loose leaf version.

00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:44.000
I smell amazing that you here, share his absolutely person will be different snails.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:49.000
This one, as it.

00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:52.000
Jasmine silver needle.

00:23:52.000 --> 00:24:15.000
So, it's, I'm going to put that in my hands just so you can see the screen scale of the leaf is so beautiful, so that's actually a white tea is very very minimally processed oxidation so I mean you guys are more this way better than me but oxidation when

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:37.000
you bite into the apple when it goes blind and the oxidation is what darkens the leaf and develops the flavour and the aroma into the leaf. This is minimally oxidized that it's a heat supplied very heavily after plucking saw that the developing of the

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:55.000
fleet versus stopped and fixed, and then it's ruled, and then it's laid out flat and Jasmine flavours of lead over the top and the oils from the flowers are infused into the leaf, and that process is repeated over and over.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:06.000
And then the transport it to this country and then we buy it for, like, not really that much money, and I don't know how anybody, any the farmers make money from it.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:08.000
It's incredible.

00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:15.000
This as first flush Darjeeling the champagne of teas.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:27.000
This, again, lightly oxidase that sort of close to a white tea and look at the size of that leaf.

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:44.000
Let's see huge and it's been ruled as well. It's absolutely beautiful. I love brewing this and a glass cup, because you can watch the refund funnel, you'll get at least three maybe four brews out of that.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:55.000
And so although it's the champion of season comes with a champion price, your cost per cup can work out quite beautifully. If you do multiple produce.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:17.000
This one is another Chinese tea Guan Yin, which means, and I haven't got the self mercy. It's a bold, long and long t as part way between a black and the green.

00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:21.000
So people who see, I don't like getting tea.

00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:34.000
Quite often will try and do little because it's, it's closer to getting T, but it's not as fat over the spectrum, and not as fat oxidase, and you still get a lot of the health benefits.

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:46.000
So it's bold, until little circles until pellets. And then when you infuse that in water the start to unravel. And you'll get easily four or five infusions from that.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:54.000
And the more you infuser. Every time you infuse it different flavours in marriage. So every cup of tea is different.

00:26:54.000 --> 00:26:57.000
That's a really nice one. And then this one.

00:26:57.000 --> 00:27:09.000
Sadly, it's still my supplier gave it to me just so that I could have a to show people but I couldn't drink it because it's really still no.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:14.000
This is called typing Monkey King.

00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:18.000
Okay that absolutely stunning.

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:34.000
And it's and you won't be able to see it because I can only really see up close, but it's a the leaf is laid flat between tissue papers. And actually you can see the imprint of the paid part of the tissue.

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:40.000
On the leaf, but it's just I mean, it's absolutely beautiful.

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:53.000
And, and quite often that's food and like a wine glass. And so, like I told novel gobble it a glass so that people can see the leaf.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:28:05.000
With this one it's absolutely beautiful. Oh, really it's, it's quite expensive I think and I really wish I could drink it but you said it's really still Sandra you wouldn't enjoy it so I might try it one day.

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:17.000
So, I hope you've enjoyed seeing the different types of tea leaf is such a fascinating subject. That's why I love it so much. And we'll do a poll.

00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:26.000
And if that's okay Fiona, we're going to have a couple of questions about tea consumption and tea production.

00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:38.000
Right here we go pick the right one, not set. Yep. So, which nation, drinks, the most tea pair Pearson, the multiple choice.

00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:43.000
And your second question is Which country produces the most tea.

00:28:43.000 --> 00:29:02.000
Okay folks get cracking Let's hear what you think.

00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:07.000
Okay.

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:12.000
To know that Sandra Can you see the field questions in here I'm seeing.

00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:17.000
Yeah, just a small day for the rest of the two.

00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:34.000
Yeah, but we'll do is I'll share these in a minute once, everybody's had the chance to answer.

00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:38.000
This is interesting isn't it. Yeah.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:43.000
Okay, we're still going.

00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:54.000
Because what I'll do is I'll share these on the screen for everybody. Once I think that we've, we've got everybody.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:02.000
We're nearly there.

00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:06.000
We'll done do we think.

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:24.000
Right, I think with kind of top 225 into this, and I will attempt to share the results on screen, which I hope everybody can see you might have to scroll down a bit to see the full second question.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:36.000
So it's looking like not only UK for the nation that drink some tea and quite significantly weighted towards India for the production.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:55.000
Interesting. So I'm not surprised that the answer to number one because that is usually what people think. But in fact, the country that drinks the most tea per person is Turkey by quite some considerable margin.

00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:56.000
The.

00:30:56.000 --> 00:31:01.000
This is from a statistics taken in 2016.

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:13.000
And, and, at the time, Turkey, an individual, a in Turkey was drinking, on average, 3.16 kilos of tea and a year.

00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:17.000
Why the second on the list was Ireland.

00:31:17.000 --> 00:31:20.000
They are much bigger tea drinks has been in the UK.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:33.000
2.1 he kills a person in Ireland. Then, Iran, 1.99 kilos, and then did you keep 1.5.

00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:53.000
So, Turkey, we're out, and a lot of people see or but I thought they were coffee drinkers, I am Dr. But they switched over to tea and they get all tea, and as well so it makes it a bit easier and I think the second question which country produces saw

00:31:53.000 --> 00:32:02.000
yes so we've gone heavily to India specs on for the non

00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:14.000
fact often it's really small. So that actually the country that produces the most Tea is China, and 35% of the world's tea is grown in China.

00:32:14.000 --> 00:32:39.000
And, and number two on the list is India between India and China, and they could all get the most and we over 50%, Kenya start. And that's because, go back to that point about the tea bag, and the demand for tea that goes into tea bag, and it can be produced

00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:57.000
in the African countries, and it can be the benefit the it is the lack of seasonality. It can be produced all year round. We as in China and India and some of the other countries, there's a bit of seasonality to it so it doesn't you know it's not a year

00:32:57.000 --> 00:32:59.000
into production.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:02.000
So yes, very interesting.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:09.000
Thank you. I'm going to take this off everybody's screens.

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:14.000
and go. Fine, and then I will go back to.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:19.000
This is a great logistics exercise for us.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:40.000
Right, so we've been on the correct amount of good quality tea and I've shown you what some good quality t looks like into this slide, actually, on the left is 29 tea bag tea.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:34:01.000
as a my own through the day black TV sleep, and bottom rate is my ugly. So it's just to show you that the T size of the particles and the tea bag is very deliberate to flush out quickly and to get Colorado and and the loose leaf, it's more about the slower

00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:04.000
unravelling of the tea leaf.

00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:15.000
Okay, so our steps of really the perfect couple use threshold to cold water. Make sure your water temperature, use the correct amount of a good quality tea.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:30.000
Step four is the correct amount of time. So, if your tea is better. It's because it's been steeped for too long, and easiest thing to do as a set the timer on your phone.

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:40.000
I likes us brilliant in the kitchen for Alexa set an alarm for 30 minutes I'm not sure balls that you follow the taming, a Gazans on your packaging.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:35:02.000
I said gate and getting tea will be anywhere up to about 30 minutes, a black tea, ideally between three and five minutes of white tea, one to two minutes and, but for the amount of the guidance that's on your packaging efforts a hairball and infusion

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:14.000
is probably going to need five minutes or more. That's usually because it's more tightly packed and it needs the team to unravel.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:28.000
So that's step four, and then step five, really, really, really important and especially and Kathy's, especially in coffee separately, your leaf from your blue.

00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:35.000
Another reason why tea tastes better is because when the left and the water for too long.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:57.000
They continue brewing way longer than the recommended team, and all of the talents and a, the bitterness comes out of the leaf. So turn, avoid this, and brewing a tea pot and pour into your cup and use.

00:35:57.000 --> 00:36:14.000
You can use a little infuser that sits inside the tea pot and holds the leaf and, or, I just use a tea strainer like my Gran had, and that's perfect. And I try and fill my tea pot with the right amount of water for what I'm actually gonna drink, and I

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:18.000
would then top up for my second group.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:34.000
And so, yeah, make just an AMA to fill your cup so that there isn't any more to lift in the teapot and the leaves don't continue to remember for your second infusion and subsequent infusions you're gonna have to leave it just a little bit longer, maybe

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:42.000
another 30 seconds or so just to lay the flavours and colours to comment.

00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:49.000
So those are our steps to be doing the perfect cup.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:03.000
Now, there's one more poll questions so I'll stop sharing again.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:09.000
And this is the one that leads to a debate.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:13.000
Right here we go folks fade away, or the optimal cup of tea.

00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:26.000
For the optimal cup of tea. When should you put your Malcolm first or last or makes no difference look at the answers.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:27.000
That's funny.

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:34.000
Oh wow was flying up this time.

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:37.000
No.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:42.000
last is definitely

00:37:42.000 --> 00:37:50.000
traveling here.

00:37:50.000 --> 00:38:00.000
Okay, I think we just got a few more people. And we will share.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.000
No, we're still filling in

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:07.000
such a hotly debated one.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:11.000
It says, isn't it. Yeah, this conversation already happened.

00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:23.000
Yeah, it was one of the first scratch. Okay, we'll just give it another second.

00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:27.000
And then I think we'll be done.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:32.000
Right, I think we're done. So, I shall share.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:41.000
So, so overwhelmingly people believe the milk should go in the last.

00:38:41.000 --> 00:38:46.000
Okay well as interesting, actually.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:50.000
And my experience is not about the milk.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:53.000
It's about how you do the tea.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:07.000
So, if you want to add milk to strong black tea or two blends that can go in to the cup before or after the tea dependent on what you prefer.

00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:13.000
But don't add the milk when you're brewing the tea.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:16.000
When you add milk to the brewing.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:30.000
It's cools the temperature of the water, and affects how the tea actually Bruce and means it doesn't do quickly. So, as long as you do the tea without milk Kemet.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:47.000
It doesn't really matter if you put the milk and first or last. So the answer would be see. But of course, many people believe it to be a or b so I think we'll just move on equipped.

00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:49.000
Before we have a problem.

00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:53.000
Okay, I'm going to take that off the screen.

00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:56.000
Okay. And we can move on.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:06.000
And I don't think I actually had any more. Let me just check up I've got more, you're going to talk about some teachings, I was yes the latest teachings.

00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:24.000
Yes, so I'm just going to tell you these. And so I might just come off the shoreline. Yeah. So, current trends and TT as we said at the beginning, as the most widely drunk beverage in the world.

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:48.000
After water, and as mood and huge factor these, but it's made in small plantations and family gardens and private hoses. It's made by hand, which is my favourite, or it's made by machine is grown in 68 countries including North America, Canada, Portugal,

00:40:48.000 --> 00:41:12.000
Spain, Italy, and the UK is grown and jealousy is grown and exits are as grown in Paris sharp is grown, an art is grown on the Western Isles. It's amazing, and consumption of specialty loose leaf tea is increasing, lots more people are drinking green

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:14.000
tea No, and white tea.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:32.000
And there's lots more businesses that are set up lots of tea rooms t bars and books and tea education who knew you could be a T champion, you can actually be a T smelly, and which I think is reserved for people you know that are in the little tail or

00:41:32.000 --> 00:41:43.000
whatever you can come out and actually explain all of the T's and the, there's lots more coverage in the media beta, specially on the health benefits of tea.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:58.000
And the bottled and ready to drink market is really exploding and internationally things like cold blue tea kombucha is a fermented tea.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:21.000
It Baba, which is our bubble tea, super sweet and tapioca based comes out in Taiwan, and I will never drink it, but it's very, very popular with young people and bottled tea, and you're you're definitely start to see more bottle to and and supermarkets

00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:51.000
and coffee shops and things, and the things that are driving those trains are the health messages around the well being, aspects of the fact that it's a natural product, I often see dot tea as the original vegan foods, you know, to 737 Dc.

00:42:53.000 --> 00:43:11.000
The whole tea ceremony, aspect of it, the show and practice of tea and coffee is fabulous because it red sharp and it gets you going. And gets you focused on what needs to be done, but nobody says we're having a case us ladies get a coffee, they see that

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:21.000
We're having a place us ladies got a cup of tea because it's known to have the common properties that's the LTM that's in the tea leaf.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:34.000
So really simple pleasure, that's associated with family and worth a tradition. And that's what's driving people's passion for that and the connection with to gain.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:44.000
And people are moving all over the world and they're bringing the tea drinking habits with them. And so it's more accessible and easy to find out about.

00:43:44.000 --> 00:44:07.000
And, and, again, for younger people, it particularly that so much a bigger market for non alcohol options, and the young, young people really are helping to drive an interest and to gain so here's hoping it carries on being the second most prepared beverage

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:20.000
in the world, and that's my presentation today. I'm delighted to have had the opportunity to speak to you and hopefully we've got some questions but I'll hand back to you, Fiona, you've got a few.

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:36.000
Let me try and find where the beginning.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:52.000
When you were talking about the using cold water and boiled water and filtered water filtered water, and was asking, which you use sparkling bottled and boiled water that's an interesting concept.

00:44:52.000 --> 00:45:04.000
So, I haven't done that combo. But I have broods that are July, 1 flush and called sparkling water.

00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:15.000
And so that's how I've done cold brew. What you need to do with cold water is because sometimes because it's the heat and the hot water that's unravelling the leaf and a loving the flavour and aroma to come out.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:34.000
And I loving the flavour and aroma to come out. And then you use cold water you have to put in for longer. So, typically you would do an called sparkling water for maybe six hours overnight. And I've not done boiling water, cold water.

00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:37.000
A cold sparkling water combo before.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:39.000
I guess that would be tried today.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:43.000
It's an experiment for you.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Okay. So another question here from Silla. When you were talking about how you met your green tea, how you brew your green tea.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:01.000
She's asking if there's a particular reason reasoning for this kind of a bit of cold water. Then the boiled boiled, then the leaves and, and then more hot water boiled water.

00:46:01.000 --> 00:46:10.000
Yeah. Yes. So, and I do that just because it's easy because I don't have to end.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:29.000
So I've got a temperature control kettle donuts there so I could use that. But most people don't. So I give them that as a tip, and to use it but what you don't want to do is put boiling water on to get into leaves, because the caffeine is what causes

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:42.000
the bitterness and the caffeine as what's in the leaves, and you're flushing it out too quickly from the lately oxidized getting leaf.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:53.000
So, if you pour boiling water on your infusing the leaf really quickly as flushing out the caffeine, and the tannins first. And that's why you get it better.

00:46:53.000 --> 00:47:08.000
So if you reduce the temperature of the water, it can infuse more slowly. And it doesn't flush out the caffeine, and the bitterness interesting so it's the caffeine so hope that answers your question similar and.

00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:35.000
And, okay. A question from Rosalyn. And how long does loose leaf tea last so I'm assuming that's kind of shelf life. Yeah. So, edges. And so Dr product that needs to be rehydrate teams to get the flavour so mad that stuff that I just took delivery of last

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:50.000
And that's because it's an in irritate back. And if a store dwell, which would be if tight of late, not in glass, because the light gets done.

00:47:50.000 --> 00:48:08.000
And then it'll last for a long time. It's a bit like spaces. you know if you, you know if you open that Java space that you've heard for four years, it's lost its colour, and you probably need to put in two or three times the amount that the recipe says

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:25.000
TV be the same if you when we pass this a use fine, but the the packets that you pick up, and especially of loose leaf, they're there well put together and they're going to be two or three years, but just plenty time to meet your receiver.

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:27.000
Yeah. Okay, excellent.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Okay, here's an interesting question from Madeline. Why does that sound so Sean smelling bacon. My sister in law calls it her beckon tea.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:40.000
And just dying.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:46.000
Right, okay you're really cousin me no school apps on social as smoked.

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:51.000
And it's a smoked t.

00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:57.000
So, I guess it's probably depends on what it was smoked over.

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:02.000
And maybe there's something in the woods or the charcoal or whatever.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:07.000
And that's, that's kind of giving that flavour to it.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.000
The other thing would be.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:29.000
She tastes things like candy tasting, you're typically not testing the actual, you know, if somebody says oh that's gotten hints of asparagus. You're not tasting asparagus you've had a memory trigger that remains you have a static so I would imagine the

00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:43.000
smoky smell of the tea is triggering a memory tickling a memory for her old smoked bacon. And that's why she's associating the two together, but as a smoked at.

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:51.000
So that's, you know, that element of it is probably influencing a really good question.

00:49:51.000 --> 00:49:57.000
And another question here from.

00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:11.000
And you were talking about silver middle tier Jasmine silver needle Yep. Yeah. Is that something you would put milk and, or is it best without Do you think a matter of opinion to a degree.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:32.000
Yeah, so I would highly recommend that you don't add milk, because it will. It's such as a white tea, it's so light and delicate, that the milk or just overpower at the jasmine, as, again quite delicate, and since, since.

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:36.000
Add sent another word to the tea. So the milk.

00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:50.000
And what takes all of that, we cry with no added, but you know what the beauty of tea as you can have your tea how you link. So if you like white tea with mocha You carry on.

00:50:50.000 --> 00:51:01.000
And, but just think about, I always try to encourage people to try it without the milk and first and then if they want to pump it up a bit, then that's absolutely fine.

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:03.000
Yeah, okay.

00:51:03.000 --> 00:51:16.000
All right, what do we got next three Sandra, or just a quick one when we were talking about the shelf life of loose leaf tea. But do you know when it's still, I would you know.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:30.000
And probably, can you try to do it, just with take too long to bring the flavour about it just within it may look up at the wrong colour, you know, a bit faded.

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:44.000
I mean, that the tea that john gave me my supplier gave me. It doesn't mean I didn't really have anything to compare it to so I didn't really know what it should look like, but he knew he left and I'm not looking back, so it was feel because you've left

00:51:44.000 --> 00:52:00.000
it like that for months. And so the air has gotten and ruined it. But, but yeah I'd be more than I think it would look faded, it would take too long to bring the flavors I would maybe be a bit water at things like that.

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:08.000
Okay, and testing Christian here from sue the milk Christian festival last.

00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Does the fact of whether you're making using loose leaf tea or a bag, make a difference to the milk Christian.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:29.000
And no, because the know because it's still affecting the temperature of the water that you're doing the tn.

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:35.000
And let me just work through, and nobody saw.

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:47.000
No, no. The worst thing as well about the tea bag is that I don't know how many people do it but the when you're bringing your tea bag at this question on the side of the cup of just getting that lead but more flavor.

00:52:47.000 --> 00:53:04.000
I'm just getting that lead but more flavour. Again, you're squeezing a cannons, you're squeezing a bitterness. So try and scoop for your teeth I go, and stick it on my salsa or something and it may be a wee bit messy but it's better than squeezing it all

00:53:04.000 --> 00:53:06.000
black.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:19.000
Okay. And a quick question from Linda is just to maybe to repeat some information that you had given. And could you tell us again about roughly the quantity of loose leaf tea to water.

00:53:19.000 --> 00:53:26.000
So I'll just expand a little bit because Western brewing.

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:42.000
Every be two and a half grams two three and a half grams for every 200 mils of water, somewhere they are follow the guidance on your a on your packet. That's western style brewing how we drink tea.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:54:00.000
If you're going through brewing, but just the traditional way to brew in China, then the leaf to water ratio is quite different. You would use way more leaf, and we less water, so they would typically brew a normal more than 100 mils of water but they

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:22.000
made us detains the amount of tea leaf, and what they do they are as they flush, that they pour the water in.

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:43.000
And they would probably get seven odd infusions, I don't have the A. The rain here but there's a poem, and about the number of infusions, and to the four, and the Chinese cm, your first infusion is for your enemy.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:46.000
Because it's, it's like cleaning the leaf.

00:54:46.000 --> 00:55:00.000
It's not actually making tea is cleaning the lifter you give that to your enemy. And then the second brewers first can't remember who all those, but by the time you get to your 730, blue, you've given that to your wife and then you've given it to your

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:08.000
bet on the side, she gets the even better one. You know, it's quite a fascinating one or two and we'll see if I can find it and send it to you.

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:10.000
Okay.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:16.000
Great. Right, let's move on and question from Judy, I guess this is coming back to the history of tea.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:22.000
When, when do people start adding milk tea, do we.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:25.000
And so in Britain.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:45.000
And it was in the 1660 ish team that sort of afternoon tea thing. And, and, and the reason they added milk was because that was the health benefits of it was only the rich that could afford that.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:56:01.000
And, and it was kinda short off your wealth by adding milk. And so, that's when you started to do it. And then it's just been habit I mean most people that I speak to know when they see what can I put milk in your tea Sandra, and I'll see if you like

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:20.000
to have your wisdom teeth yeah it's just a habit. So, I think we've just brought up to put milk in it but they started. Yeah, but the 1660s I think that was and, and there's a story that, and the whole know confession last thing goes back to porcelain

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:40.000
cups, and that the reason that they put milk into the porcelain cup. First, was so that when you put the boiling tea and the crack the porcelain. No, we really drinking of that quality.

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:48.000
Connect know, so that's why it doesn't really matter but, and it doesn't affect the flavour. But safe to drink and your puts a beautiful porcelain cup.

00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:56.000
And so maybe that's what people don't remember that as well. Yeah. And one of our comments that's going into the chat as well somebody was saying exactly the same thing.

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:09.000
And the best thing so and. Right. I think I'm just scrolling down I think we've got one more question, which is quite timely since we're nearly at six o'clock.

00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:14.000
And let me find it again. And this is a question from Linda.

00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:20.000
What kind of tea is the podium tea used in Japanese tea ceremony.

00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:26.000
That's mucha Japanese machete as a ground tea.

00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:33.000
And so it's a powder and, and you whisker.

00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:42.000
So it's Betty is the whole leaf. So as we all the stem, everything is as good.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:51.000
And then you add water and whisk and add water whisk and you're trying to get bubbles around as well as very high and caffeine.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:56.000
And because it's the whole leaf by a super good for you. Really better.

00:57:56.000 --> 00:58:21.000
I can't drink it, but it's apparently very good for you. There's different grades of matchup. You can get cooking grades match up but you would put in your scans, or an ally it for just drinking that as a tea, you're looking for state ammonium please

00:58:21.000 --> 00:58:31.000
Because it's not a cheap product, and you want to make sure that if you're spending the money you're getting the thing that you think you can see what ceremonial bleed if you're going to drink S T.

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:36.000
You want a complete match if you want to be clever.

00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:47.000
Right. Interesting. One other quick question before we start to wrap up. And this is an interesting one from another lender. What are your thoughts on decaf tea, green and black.

00:58:47.000 --> 00:58:55.000
In general, it depends on how the caffeine has been removed. It won't all be out, because that's not possible.

00:58:55.000 --> 00:59:11.000
And sometimes the Add chemicals to remove the caffeine. I don't understand the point of that because caffeine is a natural product so I would prefer to drink a natural product and something that had been added to it.

00:59:11.000 --> 00:59:23.000
And you can I would instead I would recommend you try to herbal infusion. And if you wanted to reduce caffeine. Remember, tea is half the caffeine of coffee.

00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:34.000
And not all teas are have the same amount of caffeine so remember I said the masala Chinese only 63% tea leaf. So it's already two thirds of the caffeine of an average cup.

00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:53.000
I have a Japanese Haji chat, which is a rusty to get into. It's got something like 25% of the caffeine, have a normal cup of tea. So, lots of tea has different caffeine qualities, I would recommend finding a low quality tea or infuse a little, a little

00:59:53.000 --> 01:00:01.000
caffeine tea or an infusion rather than a decaf but that's my personal choice, you know.

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:14.000
Okay, great. Well thanks very much. I'm just going to finish off on a comment from Sylvia which, which made me laugh, a second ago. She says she likes the flavour of a well strangled tea bag.

00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:38.000
And yes, let's do the poll, right, bear with me a second. So I'm going to try and find out sort of where you think we are in terms of our balance. So here are some questions to get you thinking about where we are now in terms of our equality across politics

00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:45.000
in the UK. So have a look and see what you think.

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And we'll see what the general consensus is the answers will come out during the course of the lecture.

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Let's give that little minute then Ali.

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Yeah, we'll just give people a little bit more time when got through everybody yet.

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Next we have ask them for questions. So I think it's gonna

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that we will give you all a little bit of time.

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really interesting.

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Right. I think that's kind of plateaued and I was told me to enter that.

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Yeah I think so I think most people who say, It's nuts the results there for everybody. A little recap before we press on.

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Okay. Right. Shall we move on then Ali.

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That's great. Thank you. Thanks everybody.

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Let me stop sharing that, and take that off your screens. Okay.

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So do you want me to share the presentation though.

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Please, if you would.

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And we've had a few problems people sort of be me that yeah it's been it's been the reason for us lately lately, that we are with us.

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Right. Okay, Let's share.

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Okay, we'll put the poll back up at the end when we come to the question I'm going to pose the end.

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For some people, and we'll I'm going to give you the answers as we talk. So, that's something. And I just wanted to start off with this quotation from Emily Pankhurst because it reflects some of the things that I think women have to stand against when

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we are exploring politics in it with the light with the capital P.

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in the.

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If a woman steps out of place. And very often they are regarded as militant or they are regarded as staring in some kind of way. The recent debate about the, the MP that decided to

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that she wants to do something about being a mother in Parliament and breastfed her child was that she was in some way content trying to make a point, and her response is very much well actually you know I just need to feed my child.

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And it's, it is this issue about militancy, but I'm going to focus on some women to that tonight that you may or may not be aware of. And you may not have heard of but who are, who represent some firsts within the Westminster bubble, as it were, and.

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Next slide please.

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Okay. One seconds hopefully this works.

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Fingers crossed.

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Sorry. Excuse us folks.

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I can't seem to move on the slide so here we are, hold on. Let's see if that works. there we go again.

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So I Chris movie the top being in the room where it happens, which is, which is a quote from Hamilton, where Aaron Berger talks about wanting to be the person who's in the room where it happens, because if you're in the room where it happens, you can

00:04:43.000 --> 00:04:58.000
dictate policy. If you're not in the room where it happens, then you can only speculate on what goes on in the rooms in the corridors of power. That's why that's the reason for the title, but let's start with the first with the first of our women, and

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perhaps in some ways the one that is the most extraordinary. So next slide please.

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So this is going to be Maxwell Maxwell was the first woman to cast a vote in an election in the UK in fact in the municipal election. And it happened in 1867 astonishingly early and it was a result of a, a clerical error.

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Lily Maxwell was a widow in her late 60s she originally from Scotland she worked in domestic service and most of her life and she'd managed to collect together enough money you know we're just to buy a shop.

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And the shop so across all crockery, and she owned the shop, which meant that she was a property owner.

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And that

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accidentally meant that she was liable to be able to have a vote in the local elections.

00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:11.000
And she was sent a voting card to do that.

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She was somebody who owned a house in place and culture children in med med lock which is in Manchester, where it was worth more than that which would give her the franchise.

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So, she received this card, she happened to mention this to, to some of the local canvases and they went oh no we really want to tell people about this.

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And the, the local MP for the Liberal Party at that point, and said, whenever you should you should actually do this, Jake bright, who was the liberal candidates gave him gave her support and supported by his wife, and another woman called Lydia Baker.

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They arranged for me to go to cast a vote.

00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:07.000
So Lily turns up with her card, and she goes to children Town Hall and she says, Look, I've got the card I can vote.

00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:24.000
And, and she had to do openly there was no secret, honestly, this time the reforms to voting hadn't yet happened. So she had to walk into this room, you know this this woman in her 60s to cast a vote in front of everybody.

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And, and make the point that she was entitled so to do.

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There were lots of people there there was she was escorted out of the building by what the local paper describes as a large number of persons, and other people were, were cheering you know she was entitled to vote so she voted.

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It was widely reported There's a wonderful article in New York she posted in time where they actually said, a woman actually voted.

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And it took a hostile view that she should have been prevented because she was a woman.

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Because you should have ignored her demand to vote, as you would have ignored the demand of a child or 10 years old.

00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:14.000
But she she she went, she went to cast a vote, and then shortly after that.

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They changed the law. The second Reform Act happened in August of 1867.

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And it changed the law, that it meant that it didn't matter how much he earned, or how much she owned as a woman she couldn't vote, and that would remain the case.

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Until, of course, the first changes in women's suffrage after the First World War. So it would be another 50 years before another another woman can have another go.

00:08:44.000 --> 00:08:51.000
A casting a vote. And next slide keys.

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This is one of those pop quiz questions.

00:08:54.000 --> 00:09:08.000
Who was the first female MP. Now, the next person I'm going to talk about is usually the person who is thought of as being the first MP, but actually the first female and he was elected in 1980 was Constance Markiewicz.

00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:11.000
But she didn't take her seat.

00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:14.000
she was in jail time.

00:09:14.000 --> 00:09:18.000
Following the East rising of 1916.

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She was a remarkable woman, incredibly brave incredibly driven.

00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:33.000
And she she she was, she was a Deb she was from a very high class society group.

00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:36.000
And she was.

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She and her family were quite political start with her parents, the gore boots were involved in Irish politics from a very, very early age.

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And they were there in the time of a very, the beginnings of islands most turbulent part of their history, and they were, they were to kind of raised on stories of the family.

00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:05.000
And

00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:21.000
it wasn't really until Constance moved to London, and she went to the slave School of Art, and then she got married, and that she started to become interested in politics and started by being involved in women's suffrage, and she doing the women's suffrage

00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:35.000
society in 1892, but it was the Irish cause that really caught her attention, so that when they, their family settled back in Dublin, and at the turn of the 20th century chatter young daughter at the time as well.

00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:44.000
She had a young daughter at the time as well. She joined the shin. She joined us in fame, she doing the two daughters of Ireland in 1998.

00:10:44.000 --> 00:11:01.000
And she developed strong bonds with the whole group and she became one of the leaders, and she was once asked by somebody if if they wanted to become involved in politics if a woman wants to become involved in politics which they do.

00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:06.000
And she is alleged to replied, sell your jewels and buy a gun.

00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:18.000
And certainly, she was not against the idea of violence to get her and, and she did take an active part in the, the action.

00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:29.000
The military action I suppose, of the East arising in 1960, and she was arrested along with all the other leaders and taken to come in jail.

00:11:29.000 --> 00:11:40.000
That because she was a woman. She was imprisoned, rather than short, and she was appalled. She wants to be treated exactly the same.

00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:51.000
And it, they kind of left her free to fight another day. So she was one of the supporters of one of the remaining

00:11:51.000 --> 00:12:11.000
people who were in charge on that day of angel of era, to help him start to create the independent island that the surprising really began with, but she's in subsequently She.

00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:23.000
other. I believe it was 49. Other Irish Republicans who got a seat in the 19 parliament, she refused to take a seat. And she was actually in back in jail in California.

00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:25.000
At the time, and she should have done.

00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:31.000
So she never actually took us even though she was the first elected female MP.

00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:33.000
Next slide please.

00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:43.000
Now, the next lady is the one who is normally thought of as being the first female empty. This is the amazing Nancy Astor.

00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:47.000
Now, Nancy Astor was, she was.

00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:55.000
She was one of those American Debs that came over to Britain, looking for her husband.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:09.000
And she be she had she been married before, which was one of the reasons that she needed to to come to England to look for a second husband, my first husband, interestingly enough, you know, one of the side lights of history was Robert Gould Shaw the

00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:24.000
second, who was the son of the Robert Gould Shaw, who features in the film glory as the white commanding officer of the first black regiment in the American Civil War.

00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:31.000
Two there is this history of of changing society within her family.

00:13:31.000 --> 00:13:33.000
And they had a son.

00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:47.000
They had a son. Robert Gould Shaw, a third of the the marriages are happy and they divorced in 1903, so she moved to England in the hope that she might be able to to become more settled there.

00:13:47.000 --> 00:14:03.000
And moving in between then she starts moving in very stochastic circles, and she very quickly met and fell in love with Waldorf Astor, and they were married within six months of their first meeting.

00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:08.000
They became very involved in politics and we're very much part of the lead and set.

00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:16.000
And she became the prominent hostess, and she assisted in.

00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:34.000
In her husband's a lectionary for to become MP for Plymouth, however, Ward or faster was descended an aristocrat, and when his father died and he attained title he moved up to the House of Lords, leaving a vacant seat and Nancy decided that she would

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:43.000
run for the post of MP for Plymouth, because she had her own views about this.

00:14:43.000 --> 00:14:56.000
She was allegedly at her best during the next electioneering. She had natural wit and charm she was quick off the off the mark in terms of being able to respond to hecklers.

00:14:56.000 --> 00:14:58.000
She.

00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:10.000
She always was interested in focusing on the poor and women and children, but she also had one or two other hang ups of her own. She was a very very strong campaign against alcohol.

00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:19.000
She thought that prohibition should be brought in, in, in England, as it had been in America.

00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:24.000
And she wasn't always as a cute about current political issues.

00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:39.000
So she wasn't always quite on top of things in terms of what the main discussions were tendency was to be very parochial and be concerned with the needs of the people within her.

00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:48.000
We didn't have patch, rather than to actually take on national politics in that sense.

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.000
But she did win the election.

00:15:50.000 --> 00:16:01.000
and with quite a large, a large majority, and it was very interesting that at this point Plymouth had a large number of women voters.

00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:08.000
And the person she defeated was Michael foots father Isaac.

00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:29.000
And she campaigned to raise the voting age for women to 21 that was raised that was passed in 1928. She was responsible she put a private member's bill to raise the salary of alcohol for people to the age of 18 the law that still stands in place now.

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:32.000
And that was passed in 1923.

00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:37.000
And she spent almost two years being the only woman in Parliament.

00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:40.000
And she.

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:51.000
She admitted in later life that this was exceptionally difficult because there was no capacity for women, you know they hadn't even thought about things like female toilets.

00:16:51.000 --> 00:16:55.000
And this is an agent much more modest than our own.

00:16:55.000 --> 00:17:12.000
But she can work tirelessly during that time to include other women and P she welcomes new women and pieces they started to come into the house of commons. And she worked very hard as well to recruit women into the civil service into the police force,

00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:27.000
and she end also to try and balance things in the House of Lords and she was the MP for Plymouth and settle for 26 years until she decided to be 1945 election when it was advice that she shouldn't stand.

00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:35.000
She is of course most well known for her and her spats with Churchill who really disliked her, and she disliked him.

00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:40.000
And, and I'm sure that some of you have heard many of the quotes.

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:50.000
And my favourite Nancy has to quote though is and I married beneath me all women do.

00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:54.000
Next slide please.

00:17:54.000 --> 00:18:08.000
So this is Margaret Bondfield she was the first women cabinet minister. She was the Minister of Labour. In 1929, so we're talking about you know really quite early on, and she would be one of those early women that would have been welcomed by Nancy

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:12.000
Astor. At the beginning of her career.

00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:15.000
And she was born in charge in Somerset.

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:38.000
And this statue that you can see in the energy is actually in charge itself celebrating her, and she grew up in a family, who were very interested in social justice, particularly motivated by the fact that her father, who would be in a nice maker, and

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:48.000
a foreman was sacked from his job. Even though there was no reason for it they just they just didn't want him anymore he'd been there too long, and they were having to pay more.

00:18:48.000 --> 00:18:52.000
And it happened when she was a child, affected the whole family.

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:56.000
There were five children in the family.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:01.000
And she, she found it very difficult.

00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:16.000
But she was bright student, and she was very interested in, in what was going on and she was encouraged to debate at her school and at 14. However, she was sent off to work.

00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:20.000
And she got a job

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:26.000
in in Brighton, working at a Draper shop.

00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:36.000
And it would be several years that she left that she before she saw her family again she was, was the treatment she received the Draper's in Brighton there's not bad.

00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:41.000
She became aware of exactly how difficult this particular role was for women.

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:54.000
At this point, if you were a shop assistant, then you were expected to live in that you would expect to be on call whenever there was a customer handy.

00:19:54.000 --> 00:20:06.000
And that you were also responsible for things like cleaning and so on. And you were given very little time off, was usually sort of one afternoon a week in the morning to go to church on a Sunday, which of course was the reason that she didn't get to

00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:17.000
see a family because the family being in Somerset and she being in Brighton and afternoon off was not going to be able to get her home and back in order to see her family.

00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:27.000
She really really began to see how the daily grind of what was going on with white was it was kind of pushing these women down, lots of women that she met with just desperate to get married.

00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:42.000
There's one way out of working in the shop that they had, because they couldn't work in shop when once you were married, and it you know they would have accepted anything, and they have no opportunity, no time or energy to pursue any other interests outside

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:56.000
outside work. So, you know, organizations like the WPA, which would have been available to these women in order to improve their education. They couldn't take it up, they didn't have time, they didn't have the energy.

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:19.000
And so she, She started to become involved with a woman called Louise Martin go, and between them. And she moved to London, and they set up what became the shop assistant union District Council, and she was subsequently asked to to investigate the conditions

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:21.000
under which these women working.

00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:30.000
So at the age of 25 she became the expert on the position of women who working in the drapery trade.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:48.000
And by the age of 30 she was presenting her findings on parliamentary committees, she was extremely well known in that field. And eventually, somebody said, like you know if you're doing all this work you ought to be thinking about, considering becoming

00:21:48.000 --> 00:22:06.000
an MP, she resisted it for quite a long time because she was so very much involved in developing organizations like the willing to lay lay the league.

00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:13.000
And then she was also the chair of the adult suffrage society because she believed in that that everybody should have a vote.

00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:35.000
So eventually it she was persuaded to stand as a labour candidate for Northampton, and after three attempts, she got her got this post as MP for Northampton, in 1923, which meant that she became as I said she became one of these first female in peace

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:45.000
that Welcome binance Yes, even though she was on the other side of the house, and she continued to campaign for the rights of all women

00:22:45.000 --> 00:23:02.000
in 1924, very shortly after she arrived in in Parliament, and she became she was appointed a Secretary to the Minister for labor by Stanley Baldwin, after following the resignation of bond in law.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:08.000
And it was very short lived because she then subsequently lost her seat in, in 1931.

00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:20.000
But when she regained her seat in 1929 Ramsey McDonald then made her Minister for labour, which was the first time that a woman had been made a British cabinet minister.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:39.000
And it was on the put on the back of all this experience she had turned investigating the lives and working practices of women in, in, in the draping trade, because she also found out a great deal about the way that working conditions work for an awful

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:42.000
lot of other organizations in that process.

00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:47.000
She was unfortunate. In that the timing was bad.

00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:58.000
And when it came to the next election in 1931. She lost her seat, because she had been a very unpopular Minister for labour.

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:13.000
Because in being Minister for labour in the period between 1921 and 1939 meant that she was trying to be a minister for labour. During the Great for the beginning of the Great Depression.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:28.000
And she was having to take some difficult decisions in order to try and keep the labour force of flight, one of which was that she had a ruling where certain married women whose husbands were any certain amounts of money.

00:24:28.000 --> 00:24:32.000
We're going to have

00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:35.000
their benefits. Cut.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:50.000
This was extremely unpopular and standard Lee and Margaret got blamed for it. And it meant that she lost her seat, and she never re entered politics, partly because she then suffered ill health.

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:58.000
And while she, she lived on for a good few more years after that. She never took part in any other policy politicking again.

00:24:58.000 --> 00:25:12.000
And it seems a shame to have lost somebody who was so, so very involved in so very true. So very committed to the rights of the working poor and. Next slide please.

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:17.000
And this is how you say to who was the first female whip and she was MP for Stoke on Trent.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:34.000
And she was MP for Stoke on Trent. She was appointed in 1953, she was, she started out as a teacher, she trained at Hanley High School, and to treat Teacher Training College.

00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:39.000
So those of you in the middle man since this is our Black Country representative.

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:55.000
And she was a national organizer for the CO operative society and that's how she started becoming involved in in politics, and she was very involved with them to the point that to this day, they hold a hurry at slate and Memorial Lecture.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:03.000
In July, in her name and where they are consider social issues.

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:16.000
And her hope political focus was very much on the idea of supporting women, because by this time by the time we get to 1953.

00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:26.000
Women are very much part of the workforce, but they are not equally paid. They are not equally treated there are still some issues with not being able to work after you're married.

00:26:26.000 --> 00:26:36.000
She was appointed in a by election that she then stayed as the MP for Stoke on Trent until 1966.

00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:52.000
And in the latter stages of her life 1964 she was a government with, with the formal title of Lord and Treasury, and she's the first woman to actually hold that post and to be responsible for looking after the party and making sure that everybody was

00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:55.000
doing exactly as they should be.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:00.000
Um. Next slide please.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:17.000
And many of you will know this lady and she's Betty Boothroyd.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:29.000
People were taken on at the gates, as it were, in the same way as the doctors were taken on for the day so it meant that things were really really unbalanced.

00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:34.000
So, Betty was sent out to work as soon as she ever could.

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:43.000
She started out as a shop assistant she learned type. And then at the age of 1617. She famously joined the tiller girls.

00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:57.000
And she unfortunately has a very short period in her life, because while she was performing at the London Palladium, and she stood on a nail and got a foot infection.

00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:06.000
And that meant that she was active again because she will recovery time was much longer than they were willing to keep her place open.

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:21.000
So she then started working for a variety of MPs as an assistant, and she worked for example for Barbara Castle, who did something to encourage her ambitions to be in politics.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:32.000
She worked for two years in America, she where she was part of the campaign to nominate and subsequently elect and JFK.

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:41.000
And she served as an assistant to one of the US representatives, until she returned to India in 1962.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:49.000
She then went back to working for a number of MPs, She contested a seat on Hammersmith her Council.

00:28:49.000 --> 00:29:01.000
And then eventually, after various attempts to get into. into parliament. She was appointed as the labour candidate for West Bromwich in 1973.

00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:11.000
In 1974 she followed and preview previous ladies ambitions by becoming a wit.

00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:19.000
And she was appointed to a number of select committees, including the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:32.000
She was also on the speakers panel, and she retained that position until 1987 when she was appointed to the speaker is assistant speaker of the house.

00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:38.000
When the weather all the vent Speaker of the House stepped down in 1992.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:56.000
Betsy Boothroyd was elected to his, his post, but it was contested by an MP, my uncle john Brooke. So it was put to the vote and Betty got an overwhelming majority of the members of parliament in the House of Commons, to become the first Female Speaker

00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:57.000
of the House.

00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:12.000
She went a long way to trying to break down some of the traditional roles as the speaker, refusing for example to wear that traditional week she was quite happy to wear the robe, that she didn't want to whether we use it for the head, and she would finish

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:18.000
quite right and bonus question, the question time with her own inimitable styles i right times up.

00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:37.000
And she was, she was, you know, known to be a firm speaker, which was exactly what was needed that she was sometimes a little bit irreverent towards the the the pomposity that she experienced, and eventually she retired from being speaker in 2000, and

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:41.000
it's now a member of the House of Lords.

00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:58.000
And you may remember that there was a bit of a scandal about Betty Boothroyd that they were trying to suggest that she had in some ways, been involved in some kind of sexual impropriety.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:07.000
It turned out that what it happened was that she'd actually missed a training session on sex on safeguarding.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:22.000
And it just just because she'd been too busy, and that you do kind of gone down as a black mark on her record. And at the time, people were looking for really for a reason to, to find her through, she published her autobiography into the 2001.

00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:28.000
And if you're into lively anecdote then it's not a bad read.

00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:30.000
Next slide please.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:35.000
Now there are a range of women that I could have talked about and I chose not to.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:51.000
But these are some other names that you might know, and who are all very important to the way that politics and women in politics have developed, Barbara cast and of course being one of the most significant to remarkable and probably deserves a tool called

00:31:51.000 --> 00:32:00.000
so surely Williams and be paying 10 minutes. Garrett force it of course you start you know standing Westminster square.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:13.000
The amazing an extraordinary Mary Washington. And of course we cannot forget our first woman Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and not the first in the world, but our first.

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:15.000
Next slide please.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:26.000
Some conscious of time. So, this is, this is where we start answering the questions that that we get from the beginning so here is the current state of affairs with the number of seats.

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:43.000
When by women in the different in the different houses that exist within. Great Britain's politics will leave you with that for a second

00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:57.000
of the hundred and 40 MPs elected for the first time in 2019 41% were women.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:14.000
and the House of Lords has almost the same equivalent of a female peers, 223, but they represent a much smaller proportion. So there are 709 789.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:26.000
Members of the House floored with only 200 223 of them the female.

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:38.000
The whilst, more than half our current MPs belong to the Conservative Party, and they have the lowest number of female MPs within that group.

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:43.000
24% of their MPs,

00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:57.000
and Labour has always traditionally had the largest number.

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:10.000
any nonsense. One of the other questions. It wasn't until 1987 that women first exceeded 5% of the MPs that was sitting in Parliament.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:15.000
Can I the next slide piece.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:24.000
So, I didn't forget local politics. So these are the numbers of women councillors across the country.

00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:35.000
And I find it particularly interesting that the elected members, and the metro Metropolitan mess so people you know like Manchester candy the.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:46.000
All of the men, and only four of the elective mares across England and Wales are women at the 16.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:54.000
So there's still a lot of work to be done, local politics level and of course that may well be the reason why things are a bit slower, the top of the tree.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:10.000
Because, as you've seen from some of the women that I've been talking about their first experiences were in local politics, and they've had the experience of being able to make a difference, locally and then they think about moving on to the next level.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:13.000
When the numbers are so low.

00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:28.000
Then, you know you can understand why that might be a challenge, and one in five council needs is being women, that's, That's disturbing statistic.

00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:32.000
We see the next slide please.

00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:40.000
So just to kind of give you a picture, across this is across the world. So at the moment.

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:51.000
This is based on you and data, and the women in executive government decision so women is heads of state across the countries at the rate we're currently get going.

00:35:51.000 --> 00:36:03.000
It's going to be 130 years before heads of states have parity in gender politics across the world.

00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:20.000
And in terms of the women in cabinets. We have an annual increase of point five to a percentage point to get gender parity, we won't get that until 2077.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.000
Next slide please.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:38.000
So, one of my other questions was, which which country has the largest number of female on it sure wonder astonishing enough which has had more than half over 60% of its employees or female.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:41.000
And Jeff Japan likes well behind.

00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:56.000
You can see we're not doing so badly. But there are other countries that are doing better than we're.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:03.000
And next, and I think last slide.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:19.000
So, I'm going to leave you with a question for us to discuss with our remaining time together is, in your opinion, and I've got a nice big group of people to ask is What do you think is the one change that needs to happen by 2028, to really get women's

00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:27.000
representation. Up in the UK, or maybe internationally. I'm mostly interested in the UK but I'm quite happy.

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:32.000
If anybody's got an international solutions to step forward.

00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:40.000
And that's the question I'm posing for you, and Fiona there was some people I believe who said that they wanted to have another look at their poll result what results.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:46.000
Yeah, to put those up can do not right this second but we've okay.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:52.000
There was one more thing. Yeah. Um, so those of you who are really interested.

00:37:52.000 --> 00:37:55.000
And there is.

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:58.000
Do you want to put that slide up.

00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:01.000
Oh sorry there's my courses I forgotten about this.

00:38:01.000 --> 00:38:18.000
Thank you interested in hearing me talk about other things. As you can see I have a wide range of interests, so I just started this week, a series of talks and interviews, I try and be interactive with this on Hamlet.

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:22.000
And so it's only the only starts this week so.

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:26.000
And we don't have a session next week so if you want to catch up there's still time.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:40.000
I'm doing history of musical theatre, both in the future and on film, which starts in April. And I'm doing history of the life and times of Alexi Sawyer, who was a Victorian celebrity chef.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:50.000
And I'm doing some other in person courses in Salisbury and Warminster Dempster over the next few, few weeks.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:39:08.000
But if you are interested in finding out more about the situation with women in politics in the UK, and they are British Council produced a report, which was based on the position we were in 100 years after winning one the vote so it was published in

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:17.000
1980, in 1980, in 2018, but it's still very relevant and it's an interesting read this is the link to it.

00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:27.000
If anybody is interested in finding out a little bit more about it and some of the statistics that I've got were taken from that particular document.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:36.000
Yeah. The link to this is posted up and alongside the recording of the lecture on the members area of the website once it's really, so.

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:47.000
Okay, I'm going to stop shooting no alley. Brilliant. Thank you very much for helping out with that. Yeah.

00:39:47.000 --> 00:40:03.000
Right. Okay, now let me get back to my chats and get that open. And what we'll do is we'll put the best thing is to kind of have a mix of questions that people have asked, and then I can read out some of the comments that people have said, and in relation

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:08.000
to the question that yeah that'd be lovely Thank you. I'm really interested in what people think.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:12.000
Right. Okay, let me go forward bear with me people.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:14.000
Right.

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:18.000
Right. This is a question, and from Louisa.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:28.000
She thought that single female rip peers but able to vote and municipal elections from 1869 onwards.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:40.000
Yeah, there was a period, there was a period when they were at that loophole was closed by the format.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:51.000
And so that even though they were ratepayers, you had to have you had to have a man on the documents for the rate pain would be able to do that.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:06.000
It was one of those things that that time that tail end of the Victorian period. There was an awful lot of acts that were passed against women having control over their own destinies.

00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:19.000
And the voting was part of that, I mean things like the divorce laws were being investigated then the, the law about who was responsible for children.

00:41:19.000 --> 00:41:34.000
That was all involved in that as well. So that was, that was part of that difficult period, and Lily Maxwell story is it is it is an interesting one because what she did was she kind of slid under the wire.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:36.000
They actually passed the law.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:45.000
At the time she voted that they had said within the law that they were going to let the current situation stand until the end of the year.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:53.000
And she happened in she just happened to get there before the end of the year.

00:41:53.000 --> 00:41:59.000
Right, what we got. Next question from Anne Marie.

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:17.000
What we're books is grounds for the pausing the election of, Betty Boothroyd speaker of the host, because she was a woman that we've never had a Female Speaker, and he john Brooks felt that a woman couldn't control the house of parliament, because anybody

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:25.000
who's ever watched Parliament life will know that it's a pretty rough and ready face, and he believed that a woman wouldn't be able to do that.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:31.000
And one of the things he said was he thought she would cry.

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Which sounds absurd, particularly if you ever heard.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:54.000
Mrs Boothroyd in action or lady Boothroyd does she know it's, but certainly that was one of his reasons. He was she was too delicate a person to be able to, to, to stand the rough and tumble of being speaker and really turned out that we did not at all.

00:42:54.000 --> 00:42:56.000
Yeah.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:59.000
Another question from Ana.

00:42:59.000 --> 00:43:06.000
Why do you think that the conservatives have had to female pm.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:11.000
But labour hasn't even had a female leader.

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:15.000
Well, I think.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:31.000
I think part of that is, is of course is that, Margaret Thatcher was remarkably politician of our own of her own right and I think one of the difficult things for those of us who are interested in this is the fact that she, she was actually not great

00:43:31.000 --> 00:43:43.000
for other women in her role she didn't bring other women own you know she had an opportunity perhaps to, to bring women into a cabinet and her cabinet were all male, she appointed men.

00:43:43.000 --> 00:44:02.000
So she didn't she didn't actually do much for improving things. And of course, Theresa May kind of got in on a technicality as it were, and subsequently lost her seed, why they have never actually managed it I'm not entirely sure I think it's, I think

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:05.000
it may well be the collision of history.

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:19.000
You know they they've, they've struggled in recently in recent years, to have any strong leadership, and they've not actually look to the women in their party to to do the business.

00:44:19.000 --> 00:44:28.000
I think they, they, they've, they've struggled in all kinds of ways to get the answer that they need, and then perhaps haven't looked at their female employees.

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:31.000
I think there are women coming through.

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:39.000
I think it won't be very long before we see our first labor female prime minister because I think they are there.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:48.000
And there's there's certainly some very strongly minded women coming through, and it will be very interesting to see how that develops over the next few years.

00:44:48.000 --> 00:45:06.000
And we've got quite a few comments, and answers and lovely. So on your question I'll read some of them, and Julie saying social attitudes towards women need to change first and then then she needs to be addressed by weight of society before things will

00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:07.000
And familia need to close the men on the public schools to get a change in politics parliament. That's an interesting one Parliament's more like the eastern debating society scoring points, then discussing serious issues.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:21.000
Yep.

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:32.000
And from Jenny, and to get more women involved we need to change the culture, move towards grown ups, collaborating rather than play and petty point scoring.

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:44.000
Yeah, that's true. there's there's also quite a lot of debate debate, and the parliamentary system we have the first past the post system doesn't favour and minorities of any kind.

00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:59.000
Both women, and, of course, ethnic, and ethnic minorities disabled minorities LGBT to know all of those kinds of minorities are not served by the current part first pass the new system that we have.

00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:09.000
And of course in Scotland, we have a different system with Yes, a proportional representation or system, which, yes.

00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:23.000
Well, more representative. So, okay, from Miranda. I think we need to get girls interested from a very early age that ambitions are already stifled in primary school.

00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:41.000
That's interesting. You know, I can see why, why, why that happens in it. there's, there's a socialization, I think, as well, you know, there's the there's things going on, you know, a woman who is outspoken is often referred is often regarded as aggressive,

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:54.000
where a man might be described as assertive, and that's when you, when you when your rule is that you've got, you know, in order to make progress in in the political arena.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:00.000
That is that you've got to be aggressive you've got to be a bit tough, you've got to be an unspoken.

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:10.000
And then, I think it's very difficult for women to overcome, you know for girls to overcome that, to go out and that's not how I want to be labelled.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:20.000
You know we have very good examples of women who are willing to do that, but they are also, you know, they feel that like they're in the minority.

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:33.000
And it's more comments about actually you know the timing of business within the House of Commons being in issues well terms of, you know, it's not an on a nine to five basis, like another job might be.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:48.000
Yeah, you know, healthcare provision for women, you know, the timings of meetings, there's a lot of business that goes on evenings which might not necessarily be conducive to women who have children, that kind of thing.

00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:53.000
I mean, there has been there have been attempts to change there's no longer all night sittings.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:03.000
For example, which would, which, you know, made life impossible for women, but they also do need there is also a need to look at the provision of child care.

00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:13.000
I mean that was one of the issues about the MP within the breastfeeding scenario is that, you know, it's a perfectly natural thing that needed to be done.

00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:27.000
And there but there is no where there was no were provided for her to do it. And if somebody is running conferences, it's one of the things that I've always put into place that we you know we have a room designated for women who need to do that.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:33.000
Yeah, even if men want to quiet space they can have it too but you know you need to just think about these things.

00:48:33.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Yeah, because it's a challenge.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:51.000
Yeah. And this from, Angela, and we need to get more women on local councils, which was one of the. Yeah, it's you were making. And I, she is a councillor and it's only 15 councillors and just fiber women.

00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:59.000
Yeah, again, there's that childcare issue again from juice and the dinosaurs packing.

00:48:59.000 --> 00:49:02.000
Thanks, Jay.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:05.000
And I'm in school curriculum.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:07.000
From Anita.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.000
Yeah.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:25.000
Yeah, I mean we there's a there is discussion about citizenship in schools, but I mean, as, as somebody who works in schools, I will also tell you I'm not very sure that we've never been trained, there's nobody out there who knows how to deliver it.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:38.000
You know, we get packages from various organizations say well this is what you should do. But in order for us to get a good grip on it. What you need is somebody who really knows what they're doing, as opposed to somebody who's been given a book entitled

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:53.000
to have a go at it. I know that we don't teach subjects we teach children, but things like this are quite complicated. And if there is going to be changed their needs to be more positive sport.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:49:57.000
What else do we have here.

00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:14.000
Oh, I think that must have some more comments. Okay, on an interesting one from Patrick, and the public violence is proportional electoral system but have never had a female pm.

00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:16.000
had female president so have.

00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:23.000
They have. Yeah, interesting though.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:35.000
This is a question actually from Jennifer. What do you think of the women's equality party and have to say that's not when they've heard of absolutely yeah it's Sandy toxics party.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:40.000
I think it's I think it's a.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:47.000
I think it's the kind of thing that we might need for a while. I think somebody.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:59.000
It's a little bit like thinking about suffragettes. The suffragettes came together as a stronger group of women to get things done. And I think the women's equality party has kind of a list of things that they want to get done and I suspect that once

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:01.000
those things are done.

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:08.000
They will disappear. They'll be separate so suddenly sublimated into another organization.

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:12.000
And

00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:14.000
if we are in a position.

00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:20.000
And I think we are where we need to speak as great.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:33.000
Then, such an organization is required. What I think he's going to be challenging is getting it one more widely recognized. I mean, I noticed somebody mentioned, Caroline Lucas.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:37.000
And, you know.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:42.000
Yeah, excellent party in a party, we should be taking notice of it for all of these time.

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:52.000
That very very small numbers, you need more people. And it's like that wonderful unison that that is land and the bear. If you've seen it.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:58.000
Get out of the way and the bear doesn't hear him because he's only one little tiny voice, but when everybody shows together.

00:51:58.000 --> 00:52:02.000
There has to move. And it's a bit like that.

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:21.000
Yeah, comment from coddle in unison, and unite the unions have female general secretaries yeah that's that's that's a brilliant move because as much as anything else, and they are also the kind of kind of groups that produce entities.

00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:40.000
to the unions, and that's that's a very positive situation, and it also says something about the way that that working is being thought off now, as well, because I'm in unison must have must be pretty much more female members than males because of the

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:44.000
nature of the work that they're supporting. Yeah.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:59.000
And another comment here from Miranda. She thinks that his book, which is good, and women playing football is no, and that's very true. That's true. And her girls never got to play at school, I didn't.

00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:03.000
I'm not even a play time.

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:12.000
When I was at school, certainly the sports that we did as girls were quite different from what the boys that sometimes join, but.

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:15.000
And, yeah, it's quite interesting.

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:22.000
Yeah, I mean we have this situation that my school where the boys did.

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:31.000
They had a unit number of two terms of self defence and he goes high country dancing.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:37.000
So if anybody attacks me I have to do I have to get them with my Miller.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:42.000
The boys might have liked to do the country dancing as well. Exactly, so.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:43.000
Okay.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:55.000
And right what we'll do is I'm going to attempt, I can share those poor results before I go on to Michael at the end of the lecture, let me see if I can do it.

00:53:55.000 --> 00:54:07.000
And, in fact, yes, I think I can have the appeared on the screen if they have no I think people you might need to scroll down to see all the results but I'll just leave that up on there for a little minute.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:25.000
And I know that was one of you in particular, to be able to see those.

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Well, we're looking at that actually is one final question that's come in from. I don't know whether this is, you'll be what you'll be able to answer but she's asking, What is your take on making misogyny a hate crime, or how do we make sure that happens.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:55:03.000
That might be slightly off topic but i don't know if i mean i got some that I, personally, and this is, I think this is the only way I can speak about this nice I am I am concerned about some elements of the whole idea of creating legislation against

00:55:03.000 --> 00:55:16.000
certain sorts of hate crime, because it's not because I don't agree with the idea of criminalizing some elements of this. I am concerned about how it can be used.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:19.000
You know, we tell we.

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What does it mean, how do you define it as being something that is so often image misogynistic that we are going to legislate against it.

00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:40.000
I would rather go at it from the point of view of educating against it.

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:53.000
You know, let's let's eradicate some expressions of speech let's, let's do away with man up, let let's do away with. Yeah, take it like a man.

00:55:53.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Oh, you throw like a girl.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:03.000
Let's do away with those let's start with those because those are misogynistic statements, but I'm not, I don't want anybody arrested for that.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:08.000
What I do want is for somebody to say no, that's not the way we talk about that.

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Okay. All right. Good evening everybody. I hope you can all hear me. Okay.

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Wherever you are, greetings and it's still a sunny knowledge at the moment very wet this morning. And we had a tremendous hailstorm halfway through the afternoon but the moment it's quite a pleasant Sunday evening

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so welcome from me and greetings from the East of England.

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And so, I do have a particular interest in Raymond Williams which has been there for all best part of 20 years or so and so Hi I'm a founder trustee of the Raymond Williams foundation.

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And

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it's not simply a matter of an interest in Raymond Williams that I have. But I found him very influential in the way that I approach my teaching, and my experiences.

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And this group that does this body that I'm a trustee of the raven Williams foundation.

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Before the pandemic, we would have regular residential weekends, every year.

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maybe we've had guests speakers talking to us about.

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And we will spend the small groups and we will discuss them between us, and then report back to the main session.

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And I found after a couple of years that that this this began to influence to a very large extent, how I approach my own teaching.

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So as a web a tutor.

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What I like to do is to use a lot of discussion.

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So if I'm teaching face to face.

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If I'm in a big enough room without necessarily telling the students what I'm doing. I might split the room into different groups or put groups of chairs out so that at some point I can say what okay you're going to that group you're, and I want you to

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discuss amongst yourselves, this because I don't want people just listening to me for a whole 90 minutes so I want people to talk to each other.

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And it's been very interesting over the last you know two years using zoom.

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That of course now I'm not just talking to people in Norwich but I got people from all over the country.

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In front of me. So I can split you I'm going to do this tonight, by the way, but I could split you into breakout rooms and get you talking to each other.

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So, to me, this is a very important aspect of the way that the WVA were and indeed adult education or to work.

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And so I'm just introducing this because this is something which has very much come out of my studying of Raymond Williams and being involved with other people who actually studied or supervised by Raymond Williams himself.

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So it's all part of this ongoing process so it's actually a very important piece of my attitude to teach it.

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And I'll come back to say a bit more about this a little bit later on but I suppose, first of all, I should say.

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Why, Raymond Williams.

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And it's.

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It is sometimes slightly alarming in that the people that I am familiar with and the people I work with and so on and other members of the foundation.

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We're all very familiar with Raymond Williams.

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And when I was doing my, my first degree I hadn't have a tutor who was very interested in my moon so I've actually been familiar with him since 19 7071.

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And so we can all talk to each other about this person, Raymond Williams, and we know what we're talking about. I hope.

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But very often, you know I can mention his name to other people, and they sort of look at me a bit of scars and say, No here snooker player. And that's one of the comments I have recently.

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So, to some extent I feel as if I have to go back to basics, sometime to explain just to run with Williams walls.

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Now, the reason that I've been talking about him so much over the last year, is that he was born in July of 1921. So last year. We were celebrating his centenary, and there were lots of activities going on around it.

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Say I'm involved with the red moons Foundation, we completely revised our website for the centurion rates are celebrated.

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And it's not finished.

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There are still various activities carrying on until April of this year but that was the sort of stimulus to do a lot of extra work on him.

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So on the one hand it's been a matter of trying to explain to people who just who he was.

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But also, and of course in the sense of this evening, I haven't got that much time to tell you everything about him whatsoever. But I'm going to give a bit of a plug, at the end to a course, who was running about Robin Williams, but it's also this question

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of who he wants.

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And there are an awful lot of very interesting points about Raymond would say have an interesting life anyway.

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But he was one of the most significant figures in what became known as the new left in Britain in the 1950s 1960s and 70s that into the 1970s.

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And he came from a background which was strongly socialist he did become very briefly involved with the Communist Party in Great Britain.

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Although I would say he was always a bit of a semi detached a member of the Communist Party.

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But after the Second World War, as you get into the 50s and 60s. He was very much one of the the leading figures.

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Within this field that included people like Stuart Hall Eric Hobsbawm Edward Thompson and some.

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He was part of that and he became one of the most influential thinkers and writers within that New Left movement as it became known.

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He was a very prolific thinker, and writer, but use a huge number of works, which is quite difficult for me to deal with in, in many ways, because I even in a five week course.

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I can't cover everything that he talked about, and everything. he dealt with there's almost too much information there.

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But he was enormously influential figure.

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And he was often regarded as being the father of what became known as cultural studies.

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Now this point if you, you know, think, Oh, good. And another Disney type courses that you have. The way I first got involved with rainbow warriors was was through someone who has studied with him.

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day or of idea of cultural studies. Now, I'm going to go on a bit later on to explain a little bit of what I mean about cultural studies and what culture meant to Raymond Williams because it's a very very significant part of his thinking, and it's a very

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important part of his thinking, but I'll come back to that little bit later on. And he was also an extraordinarily prescient writer as well he could very often see what he thought would trends developing within society and within politics, especially

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he was outline, sometimes he would warn you about, and to a surprising degree, some of those things have come to pass that he was warnings about but again, I'm going to come back to that a little bit later on.

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But to begin with, I'm going to show you some illustrations shortly.

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And in many ways. Well, the most important things about Robbie Williams was that he was born in Wales in the border country.

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He was born in a small village called Pandy, which is about six, seven miles north of Abergavenny in the shadow of the black mountains, so not far away from the Welsh valance avail Murtha that area, not too far away from the Brecon Beacons either not too

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far away from Hereford on the English side, but that area of the border country was very, very important to him, and he would go on, eventually to write five novels, so he's not just a theoretician, he's not just a political philosopher, he always wanted

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to be a writer of fiction and indeed his life was based around English literature in many ways.

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But he wrote five novels, and they are all set in that area around the black mountains, very very significant to him. He always maintained during his life that his background was very important.

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And he came from a very working class background his father was signalman for Great Western our at the local station. His mother was a domestic worker, in effect, but he always said that he got his sense of community from living in this small Welsh village.

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And more importantly, he got a sense of solidarity from it.

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Now he was born in 1921, so he was only five years old when the general strike happened.

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His father, as a railway signal one, and an active trade you need to stand a moderate support of the Labour Party was very heavily involved with the general strike.

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And of course South Wales, especially the values you know it was an area.

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Very very strongly affected by the general strike of 1926 so what it was was aware of this, as he was growing up and he always took this with him.

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And he always maintained that it was his background, and that area, which actually developed, most of his adult thinking. And suddenly, His socialism came from that background.

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I would love to ask me this point if you've got any questions.

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We'll keep them for for later.

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So his backgrounds in the wash borders is hugely important to him and he sees constantly referring to him as he was growing up, he was regarded as quite a brilliant scholar, coming from that sort of backgrounds, and he won a county scholarship to go to

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the grammar school in Abergavenny while he was there, he excelled in everything you did he was, he was very keen sportsman as well and from there.

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He won a national scholarship to go to Cambridge to study English literature as he's growing up in the 1930s, and at that point he's very much a pacifist.

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And he's involved with the peace pledge union. And in the August of 1937. He is sent by the, the junior branch of the peace pleasure to attend an international conference in Geneva.

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And this was looking at you know the rise of fascism and what was happening in Europe.

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So he attended as a delegate this youth conference in Geneva on the way back returning to England he managed in Paris.

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to find enough time to get off the train.

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And to attend the International Exhibition that was being held in Paris, of that time. This is the international International Exhibition that featured Guernica the painted by Picasso, that everyone is familiar with.

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He doesn't make any reference to whether he went to the Spanish privileged to see it or not. But the one thing he did make sure he did was to visit the Soviet Pavilion.

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And when he was there, he bought himself a copy of the Communist Manifesto. And so for the first time at the age of 16. He started reading about marks and angles and getting involved in that sort of aspect.

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So, in October 1939 he wants to stay scholarship to attend Trinity College, Cambridge to study English. Now, I haven't got to that point I'm not just going to come out, briefly, and show you a few illustrations, if I may.

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Now, I have some issues with the way that I can show my presentations. So I'm using this particular format, and I hope you can all see it. Okay. That's the first slide just to remind you, who we all are.

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And we will come back to that again. Now, this is a very well known portraits of Raymond Williams taken in the 1970s.

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is to make hope possible, rather than despair convincing bear that in mind so I'm going to come back to that in just a moment. Now, I hope you can all see this nice and clear.

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There are relatively speaking, very few illustrations of whims himself. They tend to always show me to check shirt and smoking a pipe read lots of books behind him but you very quickly realized that there aren't a great many different illustrations on

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this another one from slightly later in his life so you get an idea, at least at this point of what he looked like. Now, I hope you can see this well enough because I thought it was important to show you and give you a little social of the areas in which

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he was brought up now. Handy I hope you can see my cursor moving here, handy. The village he was brought up it is here, and is just about six miles up the valley from our government.

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OK, so the English border is about 10 miles. This way to the right, to the east, with Herefords just off at Brecon and the Brecon Beacons is just off the picture up here, the values of avail mother Ted Ville are just down here to the bottom left, but

00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:23.000
here are the black mountains and he often refers to living in the shadow of the black mountains. So this is the border country that he grew up in, and was very important to him, and was enormously influential on his later think if we need to, we can always

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And if we need to, we can always come back to some of these slides at the end, I hope we've got time. I put this one in, it's just Raymond Williams in his teenage years, We are trying at Pandora station in the mid 1930s.

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This is significant, say his his father was a railway signal for the Great Western Railway, and he had a very great affection for his father nothing his father went through.

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And when he was a teenager.

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And he thought that, probably, this is what he was going to do. He had no ideas of going into academia or anything that probably he would he would follow his father into a job on the runways that was sort of what was expected and you know what he anticipated

00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:22.000
by here is 1939, ready to actually go off to Cambridge, having won this scholarship to Trinity College,

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he met his wife, joy, while he was an undergraduate at Cambridge, they got married in 1942. During the war, and this is them with their family Murdock, the youngest one in the middle of the melon, and a Darren in front of them.

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Very very well.

00:17:43.000 --> 00:17:56.000
Notice, of course. So this was actually they use this photo for a Christmas card in 1951, as you can see at the bottom. So this was his home life. That was his family.

00:17:56.000 --> 00:18:11.000
This is him addressing a meeting in the early 1960s. Now I'm pretty certain that this was a cnd meeting. I'm not 100% sure about it but I am pretty certain, it is.

00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:33.000
But yeah, he was a very well known figure on the left, he was very active in cnd amongst other things, so I think by the time you get to that periods of the 96 is this this would have been a pretty typical picture of Raymond Williams addressing a meeting.

00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:48.000
This is him at Cambridge. Nice Nice one, I will say a bit more about with Frank commodes literary critic commentator fellow member of the Communist Party who then left in much the same way that the Williams has.

00:18:48.000 --> 00:18:57.000
And so this is just to I'll just put this in just to show that this is what he was, he was doing during this period.

00:18:57.000 --> 00:19:03.000
Okay, Now that's a blank one I'm going to come out I've got one more leverage I'm going to show you at the end.

00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:16.000
So now I would love to say at this point or ask you. Have you got any comments or questions but if you have, please post them in chat. And then we'll get back to you at the end.

00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:27.000
Now you're going to have to excuse me for one second because I'm up in my attic here is getting dark so I've got to put the light on.

00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:32.000
Right. Hopefully that's the human touch that comes in to these things.

00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:46.000
Okay, so he's had this so very brilliant academic career as a teenager when he goes up to Cambridge.

00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:56.000
And he becomes a member of the Communist Party. Yeah, That was the way to go at the time as were all his friends were going.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:07.000
He has very little to say in the 1930s about for instance what he thought about the Spanish Civil War. And what was happening there.

00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:17.000
But by the time he is undergraduate, Cambridge. That is the way that has gotten has been very influenced by reading the Communist Manifesto.

00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:28.000
There's a wonderful essay that he wrote a couple of decades later called. You're a Marxist aren't you, and he answers that question.

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:36.000
And he says, in that essay that well, sort of, but not fully.

00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:51.000
He says that the person who had the most influence upon his thinking was undoubtedly Karl Marx, but he never saw himself as a dogmatic Marxist.

00:20:51.000 --> 00:20:54.000
He was a member of the Communist Party.

00:20:54.000 --> 00:21:07.000
Briefly, but he was always something of describing as a fellow traveller but someone who was sort of a semi detached member of that community.

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:14.000
Certainly as an undergraduate and then later, when he did, enter, academia himself.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:27.000
Yes, I mean, a very large number of his colleagues were Communist Party members, save his clothes for Eric Hobsbawm AP Thompson's do a whole song.

00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:36.000
But he was always sort of semi detached in the sense that he could be quite critical, certainly of dogmatic Marxism.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:53.000
And in this essay he wrote your Marxist, aren't you, he answers that by saying that he's not sure if he is or not, but he wants to make it quite clear that he is very happy to have been influenced by that line of thinking.

00:21:53.000 --> 00:22:07.000
And he is very happy to be regarded as a member of the Marxist tradition that carries on that questioning of society what it's about proposing different ideas and different approach in some.

00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:20.000
So that's the way that he sort of couches, his views. So, not a dogmatic Marxist at all, and I'm gonna come back so something a bit more about that in the moment.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:39.000
The reason I say he was never a full time member of the Communist Party was that in July of 1940, having served and done. So, one year as an undergraduate at Cambridge, he enlisted for the army, which was strictly against Communist Party guidelines, at

00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:40.000
the time.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:51.000
So he says he never left the Communist Party, he was never expelled from the Communist Party. It just sort of disappeared in that respect.

00:22:51.000 --> 00:22:57.000
But he did join the Armed Forces he served as a tank commander after DJ.

00:22:57.000 --> 00:23:05.000
And he describes in some detail moving from Normandy up into Germany.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:07.000
He says he was absolutely appalled.

00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:27.000
When he reached Hamburg, because everything that he has been told was that Hamburg was just attacked by bombing as a military target, and when when he arrived in haven't spoken Hamburg, he saw that clearly wasn't true that there were various, you know,

00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:39.000
very large areas of the civilian part of Hamburg, which had been destroyed by Allied bombing, so the other.

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:47.000
Anyway, when he came back, so he's married in 1940 to start the family with his wife joy.

00:23:47.000 --> 00:24:03.000
And he was given an early discharge from the army so that he could complete his studies. Okay, which which he did, he completed the tripods and graduated with first class honors in English.

00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:24.000
Now at that point he was offered a senior research fellowship at Trinity College, but he refused it, and that was it would have been financially you know to his advantage but he refused it, because at that point, he did not want so he is what 21 of the

00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:25.000
time.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:30.000
And he didn't want to go into academia that.

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:39.000
And, and what do you want to do instead was, was to actually meet with what he called me up real people.

00:24:39.000 --> 00:24:54.000
So he left Cambridge, and he joined what was then known as the Oxford delicacy. This was in effect the extra mural, Department of Oxford University.

00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:58.000
And at that point, 1940s.

00:24:58.000 --> 00:25:06.000
The Oxford delicacy actually offered education but almost the whole of Southeast England.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:08.000
They were in charge of it.

00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:17.000
And he was appointed a book, as a lecturer.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:20.000
for the southeast region.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:28.000
And he went to live, various, various times in seafoods in a Sussex, and in Hastings.

00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:39.000
And he was covering in the area as a tutor of most of that parts of southeast, England.

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:53.000
And although he was working for what was called the Oxford delicacy effect almost all of the current classes that he was teaching were organized through the WA, because that was the existing setup.

00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:05.000
Now, I want to just give you a quote this is from a series of lectures that he gave many years later, looking back on his life lot largely autobiographical.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.000
It says about this decision.

00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:20.000
So the main reason was that I could not see the point I was quite clear now that I've got a hell of a lot of writing to do, and I really wanted to get on with it.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:23.000
I particularly wanted to write a novel.

00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:35.000
It may sound odd in relation to the sense of being deeply blocked, that I was describing but I was still attempting to maintain the productive cultural emphasis of the 30 years.

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:46.000
Then I and my friends will thank you rich and Clifford Collins, we're going to run a journal. We were convinced we were going to be able to build up a periodical and a press.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:27:00.000
One of the other things I was going to do was to write a documentary script for Michael RM, who was by then, and the assistant director with rotter. So we were going to make a film, we were going to start a magazine, there seemed much more exciting projects,

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:19.000
than doing a thesis, the shape of the immediate years was the one would take WVA classes to support oneself, through them interesting approach, but it's very clear for what he says that at that point, someone talking about 1946.

00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:22.000
He wanted to be a writer.

00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:29.000
That was helping out so you don't degree in English is made interest was in English teacher and he wants to be a writer.

00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:44.000
So he came up with this regime, which he followed for many years, which was that he would write in the morning, in the afternoon he would read to back up what he was writing about, and in the evening.

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:52.000
He would teach web eight classes, and it was the classroom, which were for workers, then so that's why they were evening classes.

00:27:52.000 --> 00:28:10.000
And that was how we would support himself, but he also felt very strongly that he wanted to connect with ordinary people. And this was what adult education came very very strongly to mean to you.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:16.000
Now, another quote about working with the WPA.

00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:26.000
He said, when I got my job in the extra middle of delicacy at Oxford, which control the scattered region extend from Staffordshire in the north to suspect in the south.

00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:30.000
I was appointed to a Sussex and went to live in Seaford.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:36.000
The social character my classes, was extremely mixed.

00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:51.000
At one level. There was the class law event in Hastings, essentially with the local Trades Council, which was called public expression and simply involves specific training in public writing and public speaking.

00:28:51.000 --> 00:29:05.000
There seemed little point in teaching the writing of essays. I taught the writing of reports, minutes memoranda and committee speaking, and all reports skills relevant to their work.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:13.000
At the other extreme, you will get a class of commuter housewives in Hey was thief who wanted to read some literature.

00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:19.000
Perfectly serious and their interest, but an entirely different social composition.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:39.000
Then I had a fair number, in which there was a mixture of the two elements including of course the substantial number of wagers one discovers the third or fourth meeting produce their novel or autobiography, their short stories or poems, an enormous amount

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:49.000
of unknown writing of this sort goes on. It was a mixture. I could live with. So this is his attitude to adult education.

00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:54.000
And it's something which is very, very important.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:10.000
And it's something that will stay with him really for the rest of his life and this is why he is so influential in terms of looking at the history of the Wi Fi because those of you who might be familiar with the original foundation that who nice know

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:12.000
three.

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:30.000
It was very much about bringing a university type education to people who had not had the chance to go to university. So it was very much based on lectures and tutorials and some and Raymond wins or what was one of the first people to really go against

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:49.000
that and to actually say that adult education has to be a shared experience is something that the tutor must learn from. As much as the student loans from, and he is really one of the first to begin to follow this path.

00:30:49.000 --> 00:30:51.000
And then to emphasize it.

00:30:51.000 --> 00:31:06.000
Now, he was a tutor for the WVA from 1946 to 1961, so for 15 years, very significant part of his adult life.

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:09.000
He was a wa tutor.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:25.000
And when he left in 1961 he was finally offered a position as a senior lecturer in English literature at Cambridge University. By that time he was ready for academia, and you saw that that was the way he wanted to go.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:40.000
So, 1961 his life changes, fundamentally, and in that year, he published this, which I've got a copy of it, an open letter to WVA tutors.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:32:00.000
And this is we did actually make this available on the the web a website a couple of years ago. I've got no idea if it's still there or not, but he said some very interesting things in this, this was written as a web a tutor to other web a chooses the

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:15.000
important or most significant statement, he makes his he says within it. I've often defined my own social purpose as the creation of an educated and pass it, and participating democracy.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:28.000
So that's what he saw he was doing. He was involved in trying to get people through the means of adult education to take a more active role in democracy their part in society.

00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:47.000
And so, I'm having said that, I've just remembered something which is one of the things I alluded to earlier on, I meant to draw your attention but I didn't forgot I showed you that slide, saying that to be truly radical, is to make hope possible rather

00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:55.000
than to spare convincing. What I meant to share with you was, don't worry I'm like ideas.

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:57.000
I've got the T shirt.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:02.000
So they are philosophy football you can buy your own copy of it but they will, so that's anyway.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:07.000
I wore that especially for your benefit this evening so

00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:21.000
he goes on in this essay. So, this is worth repeating in the 1960s. When many people would tell you that the WA is historic mission is over.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:40.000
with the coming of better opportunities in the schools, the exceptional mind in the poor family is spotted young and is given a real chance. Yes, but this was never the heart of the web is purpose, of course, the exceptional minds must get their chance.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.000
But what about everyone else.

00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:48.000
I'm towards the end of this open letter he says.

00:33:48.000 --> 00:34:09.000
This may but it's been a challenge to new and imaginative teaching is constant. This may be a new methods in an experience class, or the profoundly important work with new kinds of students who have never before made such contact with for education.

00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:27.000
In recent years, I have discussed d h Lawrence with working minors discussed methods of arguments with building workers. Discuss newspapers, with young trade unionists discuss television with apprentices in training.

00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:40.000
To me, these have been formative experiences, and I have learned as much as I have taught a whole world of work is waiting have many kinds. For all who are ready to try it.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:54.000
The next few years may see a transformation in trade union education, which is a vital social importance. The development of work with women's organizations and young workers is also extremely promising.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:09.000
All this of course, in addition to the familiar work in tutorial classes and residential courses were experiment in teaching is often just as important, but none of us can sit back and wait for this to happen.

00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:16.000
It will only happen as widely as it needs to. If we all get in and work.

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:29.000
So that's part of this letter that he addressed to other who chooses. And I would, I mean I've I've been a web a true to myself for 25 years now.

00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:42.000
And apart from taking this idea of discussion from Raymond Williams very largely and trying to use it in my own courses.

00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:57.000
And I think much of what he has to say is, is still, you know every betters as relevant so I would argue that Raymond Williams is a very profound representative of what had our education, really ought to be like and I hope I'm seeing loads of questions

00:35:57.000 --> 00:36:09.000
coming through chats now about about that. Now when he. The other thing I just want to go through this so very quickly release, make sure we've got time for a few questions at the end.

00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:24.000
And when he returns to Cambridge in 1961. So having spent 15 years working in adult education largely through the web a.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:49.000
In the late 50s early 60s he begins to produce a series of what became a very very significant and important books, and I've got a couple of them down here, and 1958, a published culture is ordinary 1961 he follows it with the loan revolution.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:08.000
And if any of you are interested, you know the end I mean I can hope it through Fiona produce a reading list for this if you if you want to follow any of this, but he started generating this idea of culture, which is why I said that when he.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:15.000
Yeah, one of the things he's famous for is soon as I got my pile of books and the next thing.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:20.000
He is regarded as the father of cultural studies.

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:23.000
What happened was, during the 50s.

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:38.000
He began to have some arguments with his comrades within the Communist Party. Although, as I've said he was always a semi detached member about the insistence on cars and class conflict.

00:37:38.000 --> 00:37:57.000
Now although he says, the biggest influence on his thinking was Karl Marx, there are certain aspects of this that he disagreed with and he thought what was more important was rather than looking at this very narrow issue of class and class conflict was

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:04.000
something that he began to describe as culture.

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:24.000
And what he meant by this was that it is actually, it's not the class that you are born into. Or you grow up in. It's your whole life experience. This is the important aspect and this is what will form your adult views, your opinions, your politics, so

00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:46.000
he expands from just looking at class into this idea of culture, and that is what he calls it, and that is what he begins to emphasize, and I just wanted to give you a couple of quotes from culture is all know so i mean this is this is 1958.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:39:02.000
Having said that, I'm going to lost my, my quote.

00:39:02.000 --> 00:39:06.000
now I've got this disappeared somewhere.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:12.000
What is talking about is, it's actually your entire experience which which forms you.

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:25.000
And that is what gives you your background, in effect, and that is actually the most important thing that acts upon you. And what he's mainly interested in.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:43.000
Is that what he brings to called culture is not just a single aspect is what he describes as a process. This is something that you develops what you grew up with is what you develop is what influences you in the end.

00:39:43.000 --> 00:39:48.000
And as for no sweat during the 50s while his formulating this.

00:39:48.000 --> 00:40:00.000
He, we know that he was reading a lot of Antonio Gramsci the Italian Marxist who talks about I mean he's, best known for talking about, Hey gamma.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:23.000
And what grams she meant by her gamma is not just how you are ruled or leadership, but it's how you maintain that a gram she was arguing that those who are in positions of ruling, a country, he's writing in Fascist Italy and 1930s.

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:33.000
And, but it's how they maintain so how are they the ruling class convince you that what they're doing is the right way of doing things.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:52.000
And what Graham she argued, was that it was now up to the working class to have more sense of their own confidence, their own culture, so that they could build up their own money give themselves a position of strength to attack the state and eventually

00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:54.000
lead to revolution.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:13.000
This was very influential on landlines. And this is where his, his arguments really developed the what you've got to do is to recognize this this whole aspects of culture, which lies behind it, that there is a thing which is a working class culture.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:31.000
This is what is the basic thesis in his the long revolution, published in 1961, which you could almost say is the same as Edward Thompson was working on at the time in terms of class consciousness.

00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:41.000
They're both saying that, after the Industrial Revolution, the working class began to realize that they had more in common with each other and with their offices.

00:41:41.000 --> 00:41:54.000
That's the beginnings of class consciousness which would lead to the development of socialism and so, so, Robin Williams is looking into exactly the same thing, exactly the same process.

00:41:54.000 --> 00:42:15.000
But he's opening it up into a bigger experience of what your life, tells you, this is really what he is is all about. And you can see the connection between his ideas about culture and his ideas about adult education.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:28.000
Yeah, to to back each other up they reinforce each other so you can see the general sort of drift that he's moving in. Throughout this period. So he's looking at this development of working class culture.

00:42:28.000 --> 00:42:42.000
He's doing it, when he's at Cambridge is a lecturer in English literature, he will eventually become the first, Professor of drama. At Cambridge University so he's very much writing from an English literature perspective.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:42:51.000
And he wrote numerous books about English literature, Marxism and literature and you know, you name it, he wrote about it.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:43:10.000
And one of the interesting ideas that he came came up with, which I know a lot of people have found this very influential, as in the long revolution he comes up with something that he calls a structure of feeling.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:13.000
And this is how he describes it, he said.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:18.000
The term I was suggested describe it is a structure of feeling.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:26.000
It says as firm and definite as structure suggests. Yes, it operates in the most delicate and least tangible parts about activity.

00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:37.000
In one sense the structure of feeling is the culture of a period is just a particular living result of all the elements in the general organization.

00:43:37.000 --> 00:43:48.000
And it says in this respect to the arts of a period, taking these to include characteristic approaches and tones in arguments are of major importance for here.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:44:09.000
If anywhere. This characteristic is likely to be expressed often not consciously, but by the fact that here in the only examples we have of recorded communication that outlives its barrows, the actual living sense the deep community, that makes the communication

00:44:09.000 --> 00:44:24.000
possible is naturally drawn upon. I do not mean that the structure of feeling any more than the social character is possessed. In the same way by the many individuals in the community, but I think it is a very deep and very wide possession.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:43.000
In all actual communities, precisely because it is on it that communication depends what is particularly interesting is that it does not seem to be in any formal sense, learned one generation may train, its successor, with reasonable success, and the

00:44:43.000 --> 00:45:00.000
social character or the general cultural pattern. But the new generation will have his own structure of feeling, which will not appear to have come from anywhere for him most distinctly, the changing organization is enacted in the organism.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:14.000
The new generation responsive its own ways to the unique world, it is inherited, taking up many continuity is that can be traced and reproducing many aspects of the organization, which can be separately described yet feeling his whole life in certain

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:22.000
ways, differently, and shaping his creative response into a new structure of feeling.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:38.000
And so, I've had a lot of people say to me that that is one of the most influential things that they've ever come across. And so this is why two very large extent say he is known as the father of cultural studies, because he comes up with this idea of

00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:40.000
culture.

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Your life experience, forming you and forming your political views and everything else about you and how you respond to everything.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:00.000
And this was something which he was really at the forefront of developing. And you can see that adult education is an absolutely central part of it.

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:06.000
That point keeping an eye on the clock I think I rest my case right Fiona.

00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:14.000
Thank you very much. That was really really enlightening and a really great insight into how Williams influence teaching at the WEA.

00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000
And, which we can still see to do so. And let's, we've got some questions chat. So, from the top and we'll get through as many as many as we possibly can.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:34.000
From the top and we'll get through as many as many as we possibly can. No question from sue you were talking about, Williams as well Fritz and was he well speaking.

00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:55.000
No, he wasn't, and he was familiar with a lot of wealth and a lot of well sayings, but no he wasn't, and he's a bit ambivalent, much later in the 1970s which is actually the, I worked in Mid Wales for five years and in the mid 19 late 1970s.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:47:04.000
And he was actually very ambivalent with the way that the Welsh language society was going at the time and the, the bombings of second homes and so on.

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:23.000
And so he felt that that was a bit of a narrow distraction. Most of the time, but he did emphasize that the sense of historical culture that you have is something you mustn't lose, and you must hold on to it.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:30.000
Thank you very much. No, and questions from Barbara, no cuts kind of two sides to this.

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:40.000
What do you think, Williams would have thought of Corbin and Starmer. And what were his views on Stalin.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:55.000
Right now, first thing is always keep people in their historical context and never put words into their mouth, and given I'm installing there's actually quite a live issue for me because I've been teaching courses on the Spanish Civil War.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:48:06.000
Recently, which is another one of my, my main interests, and in that essay, I refer to your a Marxist Aren't you call your mom.

00:48:06.000 --> 00:48:22.000
He's very very interesting because he has this strangely ambivalent view of the labour movement as a whole because he says that, On the one hand, you've got the revolutionaries.

00:48:22.000 --> 00:48:33.000
And on the other extreme, you've got the Fabians those who believe in the evolutionary slow growth, working you know by convincing people of your, your arguments.

00:48:33.000 --> 00:48:50.000
And he said this was in the 1970s, he was writing this. He said he's always been struck, that the labour movement has always been in the middle somewhere and it, sometimes it goes one way and somebody goes the other way and it comes back in the middle

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:00.000
and it goes the other way and the labour movement in Britain can never seem to make his mind up, whether he wants to be revolutionary, or he wants to be evolutionary.

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:19.000
And I think his conclusion is that he would generally be more favourable to the revolutionary side because he felt that something needed to be done and you could just spend far too much time talking about things without doing anything.

00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:26.000
And so I think in terms of the original question, I mean I don't.

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:38.000
Don't tell anyone I said this or next I don't want to be quoted on this, but I think he would have been very much in favour of Jeremy Corbyn very anti care storm, but that's just my view.

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:43.000
All right, but you know just that's if I leave it there

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:53.000
is a comment here from Brian I don't know if you saw it culture in the Communist Party and Putin would seem very relevant at the present time given current events.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:49:58.000
Okay, let's move on. Here's a question from Paul.

00:49:58.000 --> 00:50:08.000
And was it Williams ever associated with the Cambridge five Donald McLean, Dave Burgess etc etc.

00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:14.000
Partly. He certainly new Anthony blunt.

00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:23.000
And I'm not sure if it was McLean that he knew, but he. Yes, he was aware of them.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:33.000
But I don't think he was ever aware of just how much they were involved with Soviet communism.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:39.000
And because say, Raymond Williams, always.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:47.000
It was reasonably how to describe yourself as a Marxist but I'd say it was always a rather semi detached and slightly critical member certainly of communist dogma.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:51:04.000
So, at Cambridge, that that group was very very lively was very active. He knew a number of the people involved say he was a he was a lifelong friend of Eric HubSpot as well.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:51:16.000
And so who knew what was going on within the communist circles in Cambridge, but he was never sort of actively connected with the more actively involved with him.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:18.000
Okay, interesting.

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:36.000
Right. What do we got next. This is a question from Andrew said that that Williams was a pacifist in the late 70s busted in 1940, any special reason for this change was a sort of dancing conversion or more gradual.

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:45.000
No, I think it was much more simply, a recognition that the most important thing to do was to fight fascism.

00:51:45.000 --> 00:52:01.000
So say Williams doesn't really say anything about the Spanish Civil War, which I find that as a slightly odd omission. Really. And so it's not until after that, that he makes many comments about the threat of fascism.

00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:09.000
But I think that once you know the war started about the same time that he started his first year as an undergraduate.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:18.000
And I think by the time he got to the end of that year he realized that actually, you know, being being an undergraduate is not as important as fighting fascism.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:31.000
So it was that sort of drive I think which which caused him to enlist, but he is, I mean I just refer to his comments about Hamburg, and

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:48.000
he wrote very critically about the conduct of the Second World War, and there's this one particular incident when he's in Normandy, and he's leading. He's a tank commander and he's leading a group of six tanks, and they come up against a group of German

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:50.000
tanks.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:53:05.000
And he said, luckily for him. These were all fair marks SS tanks. So they were commanded by, you know, people you could recognize as being Nazis.

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:23.000
Whereas if he'd have come up against a group of regular German Army tanks which will probably being driven by German workers. He would have been very much into Myers, whether to shoot at them or not, but because this was a fascist, an openly fascist group

00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:31.000
of tanks, he was quite happy to attack them. So he comes up you know with a lot of these interesting comments about the conduct of them.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:36.000
I think that was just like us it was being an anti fascist which drove me into it.

00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:38.000
See, okay.

00:53:38.000 --> 00:53:47.000
Right. And this is a question from john was Williams, and connected with the Open University in any way.

00:53:47.000 --> 00:54:01.000
I'm not directly but he did do a lot of work for the Open University, and especially given that one of his closest friends was still at home, who was very active in the Open University.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:22.000
If you look on YouTube, I there's not it There's a wonderful clip, it's about 16 minutes long, which was produced in 1984 appropriately and it's a program about George Orwell and Raymond Williams wrote a lot about George Orwell, and the program is fronted

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:36.000
by Stuart Hall, but the main interview is with Raymond Williams and you can find the same, you know, just go to YouTube and look for Raymond Williams on George Orwell, but, and, but it's it's a really really interesting video.

00:54:36.000 --> 00:54:47.000
And so, Williams had connections with university he did deliver quite a lot of lectures, but he wasn't involved with the foundation of it on the running of it.

00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:54.000
Okay, okay. Hope that answers your question john. And now here's an interesting question from Sue.

00:54:54.000 --> 00:55:00.000
What do you think Williams would make of social media.

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:03.000
Go to think.

00:55:03.000 --> 00:55:24.000
I think he would probably absolutely hate most of it. And I think the interesting thing about Raymond Williams is that he can be extremely funny. Yeah, music, at times, and quite cynical, and the way he writes, he has not overly serious.

00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:29.000
Although he does take his issues very seriously.

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:37.000
And I my first connection with with him was in 1970 when I was an undergraduate, And I had to do.

00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:45.000
General Studies, as part of my degree and my, my tutor had been a student with Raymond Williams and.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:49.000
And he had just published his book called communications.

00:55:49.000 --> 00:55:56.000
And we did the experiments, based on what Raymond Williams are done, which was looking at the media.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:14.000
And so there's the print media which all the time so does a group of us we all had one newspaper, to look at each, and we had to read it for two weeks, and we had to analyze the number of column inches between the new sport fashion, all the different

00:56:14.000 --> 00:56:29.000
categories. And then we brought it all together, which is exactly what Williams had done himself in this book, communications, and my to show got us doing it as their own experiment, which came out with some really interesting results, actually.

00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:37.000
So, he was very aware of the media as it was in his day.

00:56:37.000 --> 00:56:46.000
He was very aware and warned against the ownership of media, becoming a dominant feature.

00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:54.000
And he died nice and ICA before the advent really off, you know, the computer.

00:56:54.000 --> 00:57:13.000
And so, again, it's rather difficult. I think to try to put words in his mouth, but I think you know what I know about Raymond Williams. I don't think he'd have been very fond of social media and I think that's the most, I can say about it, especially as

00:57:13.000 --> 00:57:22.000
nastiness. Yeah, well, and Okay, question from Barbara you were talking about the structure feeling.

00:57:22.000 --> 00:57:32.000
was asking, is the structure of feeling a general thing for a whole generation, for example hippies were different from the parents, or would it be different for each individual.

00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:42.000
You know what he's saying is, he was trying to move the debate, beyond just a class basis.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:57.000
And he was saying there's something much bigger than that. So, what he is identifying as culture is much more a reflection on how you as an individual relate to your life experiences.

00:57:57.000 --> 00:58:06.000
And those life experiences well affects the way that you then interact with other people in the way you develop your political thinking and and all the rest of it.

00:58:06.000 --> 00:58:26.000
So, it's not rigid, when he talks about it being a structure, what he's really referring to is that it does tend to move from one generation to another, so that the experiences that you have growing up in your generation may well be different from the

00:58:26.000 --> 00:58:42.000
experiences your parents had and the expense that your children will have, but they are all the same thing, basically. So what you've got to do is be open minded about taking what you can from these experiences.

00:58:42.000 --> 00:59:01.000
And, you know, being reasonable being logical about it. Some weighing up the evidence and and that's how you come to your own conclusions. And what he was arguing was that it's this this this sense of life experience, which is actually far more important

00:59:01.000 --> 00:59:17.000
than the class that you are born into. That's where the argument comes from. So you can be born into a very working class environment but you those attitudes may not save, stay with you.

00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:33.000
And it's the attitudes that you take with you, which are the more important reflection, even though you probably would never forget the attitudes that you felt that you were brought up in and and born with and this is, I think this is a direct relation

00:59:33.000 --> 00:59:51.000
to his upbringing in the world's borders that that sense of community, and solidarity, never left him there was always an absolutely you know fundamental part of his of his life and that's really what is informing is as all views on society and the way

00:59:51.000 --> 00:59:53.000
that it functions.

01:02:28.000 --> 01:02:40.000
Right. I think that's probably us so do you want to show us that final picture that you can, yes, if I can find it again.

01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:52.000
Right. Okay, if you can see that, okay I don't make it any bigger than what is happening is that I taught a course last term.

01:02:52.000 --> 01:02:58.000
Just a free session course about Raymond Williams as part of the centenary celebrations.

01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:06.000
And we decided to run it again but what we're doing is it's now going to become a five session course because as the tutor.

01:03:06.000 --> 01:03:17.000
I found very quickly that there just wasn't enough time to cover everything because he was such a prolific such wide ranging thinker, and writer.

01:03:17.000 --> 01:03:27.000
So we've got a new course coming up which will be advertised nationally and I think on the eastern region website.

01:03:27.000 --> 01:03:39.000
And so this is it, it's called creating an educated democracy, and to do to a 656 is the course ID for it so if you want to look it up that's where to go.

01:03:39.000 --> 01:03:49.000
It's on five Wednesday evening. So starting 20th of April, 7pm, to 8:30pm.

01:03:49.000 --> 01:04:06.000
So if you would like to know a bit more about Williams and being a five session course, it allows me to expand a lot more to talk about some of these other works and some of these other ideas and some give you a much more complete picture of him.

01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:24.000
And indeed, you know what I'm interested in which is trying to explain to you what he meant by creating an educated democracy, because that's what I feel actually informs my attention with the W right that's what I'm trying to do, which is why I run so

01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:28.000
many courses ionic ism but that's another, that's another message.

01:04:28.000 --> 01:04:43.000
And, but that's it, that's the course so make a note if you're interested, see 2228656 go for that. Look for it. The, the Course Information shooting everything has been published.

01:04:43.000 --> 01:04:56.000
So enrollments are now open. And I will be working on producing the canvas to back that up shortly. So, no thank you Chad, so I can. Thanks very much for that.