Archive lectures and events

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Oh, thank you very much. although this is this is last minute absolutely fine, because I have lots of these random things just kicking around now.

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Yeah, so suitable for the time of year I thought we'll have a little look at what people in the past thought about visitations from the dead, because they're not the same as people think they're going to be now when I say a

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medieval ghost I don't mean that the grey friar wandering through that we think we know what that looks like.

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What people in medieval times thought was happening was very, very different.

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And in England and Germanic countries It gets particularly weird because there's 2 different things going on at the same time.

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There's what the Church wants you to think and then there's the older Germanic customs, and traditions that have been around for a very long time, and there are places in the end where the 2 of them smash into each other and what you end up

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with is just beautifully bonkers and that's why I like this subject so much.

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But we'll start off with the church half of things early church.

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Don't like the idea of ghost it's a bit too pagan, or it's a bit too sort of yes, either classically pagan or dramatically plague in but they're not going there gregory

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the Great gets the ball rolling a little bit with the idea that you know ghost stories are useful in sermons, because there's a moral lesson in there, and that's why they hold on to it for the next 1,000

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years, especially after about 1,200 or so when the idea of purgatory starts becoming much more popular. killer. there are a few references to pergent tree before that, and people who have visions.

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What's happening to my screen 1 s I think somebody sharing the screen screen screen by stick.

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There we go Oh, go on please don't hit the share screen button people.

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Otherwise we don't see it. whatever it was it might have been a ghost.

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So. tree, of course, gives you this idea that the majority of souls are not going straight to have them.

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They're not that good they're not so evil as to be permanently damned.

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We've got to go to this middle state for a while, which generally they are going to be punished for their sins until they are pure enough and clean enough and whole enough to go to heaven, and this becomes much more popular in the late

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twelfth early thirteenth century. some ghost stories are incredibly boring in that there's one in javascript Tilbury's auto Ottoman imperiala which is supposed to be a kind

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of education for a young prince, and some of it's really good stuff.

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But his ghost story. the one go story he has is, Does this go?

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That sore put a purgatorial spirit. And these are the questions she asked it.

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And this is what it said. so it's just a little second Joe, and yes, you've not shared your screen yet.

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Is that right? That's fine Yeah, yeah there are pictures but they are intermittent.

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So they're going to come on and off and in fact the first one is coming up right about now.

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You just have to bear me with me while I do the flicking between the 2.

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Now, because that's my starting point because there are some lovely pictures to do with souls and purgatory.

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Very few good pictures to do with ghosts, unfortunately, so we have to make.

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Do with what we can get. These are the sort of initial stage of that one scene.

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You get pictures of a lot is the idea that there is a battle for your soul when you die.

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And this is why your actions in your last few minutes are so important.

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Preferably, if you can, you know, get last rights done, because there will be angels and demons hovering around you, and they will sometimes physically fight over your body.

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You can see here this this angel has a sword and The demon has the baby, and well it isn't the baby.

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The souls are often shown as little tiny people this one again that the angel is sort of stabbing with its cross, and this one that the demon has a club that he's ready to go.

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So if you are not careful in those circumstances, if you are not so good that the angel whisks you straight off, the demons will get hold of you, and they will send you off to purgatory, which is What is going on in

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these pictures here. One of the main images They seem to see show is, you know, extremely overcrowded boiling saunas.

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No jacuzzi that's the word very very boiling to goooses.

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There's a couple more. So one of the other features there's a lot of fire goes on, and this is for any buffy fans out there.

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This is the original. Hell mouse literally the mouth of a great big creature that you go in on your way to purgatory.

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And yeah, we rivers a fire at all about it it's all here.

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You see the angels pulling people out from it because obviously you don't want to spend any more time in purgatory than you have to, and that involves living as good a life as you can.

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But it also means using various mechanisms that the church puts in place to shorten your time in purgatory, and they have a lot of these things in terms of you can buy indulgences when you're alive

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in the from the mid fifteenth century. on you can actually buy, and indulgences on behalf of somebody else who is already dead, and they are all time off in purgatory.

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So, too, is having masses said in your name to shorten the amount of time afterwards.

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That's just some some more quite unhappy people is what I've missed out there, which is slightly annoying.

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There is one which it literally shows a sort of pulley system, whereby the church in the middle has has a rope that goes up to heaven, and then back down again to purgatory, and they are pulling down on this rope so that the people

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in purgatory can be lifted up out a very literal interpretation.

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You know it has to be done via Heaven to have a firm enough point to pull them up from.

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But by that method you can save these people so that's the sort of background.

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Of course, what all this means is you? you? you end up thinking of the newly dead as being effectively another age group, you know.

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You know where they are. you know what's happening to them it's not nice, but you can help them and then after that they get to go to heaven, Annie.

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All of you. It is explosive on the part of the Church on the other side of things.

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It gives people something that they can do. and if the Church wants to promote these ideas, the best way they can do it, The best proof they have is by talking about ghosts, because they can express all sorts of moral and religious messages through the medium or a

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ghost. If somebody returns from the dead they may be morning. You know how they got into this state.

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They might be asking for help, and both of those are very useful.

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They might be describing purgatory or hell about about three-quarters of the Mo coming from purgatory, maybe a bit more.

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The rest of mostly from hell. They They are explaining what it's like they might be talking about the only food they have to eat is snakes and toads.

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Load some things you, their punishment is often symbolically within their appearance.

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So, for instance, in your flight, if they don't jump in flame, damaged clothes, or they'll turn up with wounds, it might reflect their sin.

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So if somebody comes back. and they they had only completed half their penance before they died.

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Then they might come back with only half their body covered in burn marks.

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Still not a pleasant place to be There are some lovely examples of this kind of your poetic punishment, if you like, which does match, have some forms of punishment in the real world work at the time.

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Robert Mannings handling sin to Confessional Manual from about 1,300 have some examples.

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There is a monk who comes back to warn another monk who'd been his friend to avoid back by biting and bitchiness and gossip.

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Because that's what he'd done in his life and because of that he was stuck in purgatory on his own tongue.

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So that that sort of works doesn't it there's another one of a an alcoholic in life, who comes back and says I must now drink eternally from a cup full of sulfur

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brimstone, and that's my punishment for committing sins while drunk in my life.

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There are these ones that come from hell like so little under a quarter.

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Those ones it is you can't help them but they can still come back and warn you about what they did, and you know why they are here, and that you really shouldn't do that yourself.

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Particularly if they say I didn't truly repent okay.

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If you ever started screen. There we go or if they didn't want their last rates. They rejected that chance to sort of make their peace, but most of them are purgatorial, and mostly they are asking for help with enough

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masses and prayers. it interrupts for a second and livid.

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Could you stop hitting the screen screen? Share button, please?

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But we don't have any slides on the screen at the moment they're going to be intermittent.

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So, David, I don't know if you Can hear I think you might have something just resting on it.

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Maybe, if It's going on, and up so if I screen share, will that stop anybody else from being able to and might do?

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Yes, try that. solly David. Oh, there's a one with a little pulley system. I think this is just a brilliant demonstration of how these works you know.

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But in your basketball, the rope up, and then these people get to avoid being in the flames.

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And this is a chantry which was entirely paid for and that there are quite a few of these by kings and great nobles who say, after I die, if tempered my money to create a chantry, the entire purpose

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of which is to have a bunch of monks saying masses which include a prayer for my soul, and if they do that, then that will get me out of purgatory faster.

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So there are hundreds of monks who's entire jaw is to say masses for the soul of somebody rich.

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If you are less rich and you don't get all of that, then you might have to come back when you're later, when you're when you're dead, and ask for help even excommunication can be

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reversed after death, so there could be ghosts coming back and saying, You know I repent, please, Dx, communicate me

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They usually expect the person who sees them to pay for the help.

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Occasionally they sort of indirectly do it themselves.

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So a good example of this type is from early fifteenth century commonplace book from Ely, which says that in 1,373 in Haydock, in Lancashire, and my saw the dark shadow of his dead

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mistress, and she said, I can be free from the punishment i'm suffering.

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If masses were said for me by good priests, and she gave the man some of the hair from her head, and and it was black where she had actually been blonde.

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But each time a mass was said one of those black hairs turned golden, so he knew how a lot how many had to do, and when they'd all turned golden.

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Finally she reappears in a shining light to say, Thank you very much.

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And, by the way, you should probably repent of your sin as well.

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I was your mistress, and that's why this has happened to me.

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You might want to have a look at your life as well.

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So you get the warning bit tagged on as well, so they can use this to tell all sorts of stories about different things that they want to encourage or discourage

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There's one where the man appears to his nephew, and says you must make the only way you can help my soul.

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The only place of mass will do is If It's made from Santiago to Compostella.

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I wonder who started that particular story? you get naked ghosts.

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You turn up and say, please donate some clothes to the poor on my behalf.

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And and then later they appear closed that's a nice one because it might remind you of a song if you're aware of the like wake dirge.

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This night every night, and all it's a the the version we have from the sixteenth century.

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But it must be considerably older and it's a description of purgatory.

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And what happens as you go along there, and it has things like, If ever you gave hosen or sheon every niche and all, then sits you down and put them on.

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And Christ, for deem my soul so, if you have given shoes and clothes to the poor while you were alive, then those will be waiting for you to clothe you in purgatory.

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I have given so many clothes to Oxford over the years that that is one bit of the process.

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I have nothing to worry about, so so Yeah, there's these sort of encouragements for good behavior.

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A a ghost might come back and report. Oh, yes, I I was.

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I was helped by a particular saint, which helps promote that Saint

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It might help discourage seething somebody you know a ghost who comes back and says, you know it would really help me if myself, he's observed, for the stealing of that box.

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And, by the way, you should probably give the ox back and we know that these stories are widely believed, because, you know, this is a and like an unsophisticated, illiterate audience.

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And things like this are the most exciting sort of stories they're going to get to hear. so adventures of saints and adventures of ghosts in you know that that's just as gripping as it always

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has been. We like ghost stories you want to know what's next done.

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We, even the first romance of the time takes up these themes.

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In the fourteenth century romance. the Adventures of Arthur Ghost appears to Sir Gawaine, and you know, describes the torments of purgatory, but it's just a little insert of a church

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story into what's otherwise this romantic chivalrous Arthurian stuff.

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Also about death. Of course you get even more of this because everyone's minds quite understandably turn to the question of death.

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This is what's going to happen when you've seen 40% of your population die in one couple of years.

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There are lots and lots of images all over the place, and this is one area where we do have lots of pictorial representation.

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So we get ones like this death coming in person death becomes personified at this at this date, and it doesn't have a sign, General.

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At this point. he has a spear or a very long arrow, and he always looks very happy about his work.

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But I suppose skeletons generally do. and Yes, you see him coming to to stab whatever it is.

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That's a couple of nice examples of that and you also get this dance, Macabre imagery turns up a lot, which is this sort of the dance of death will happen between death and every figure.

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It doesn't matter who you are death will come and lead you in one last dance, and you get these cadaver tombs.

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Not so much in England, but on the continent, where you have the normal carbon, and then below it you have either a skeleton or a kind of half rotting corps, sometimes really quite grizzly.

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Below it. this is one of my favorites the disputation between the body and the worms.

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She's got a transient one of this or is that the real person.

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But the idea is the same. there's this beautiful thing at the top is representation.

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What's going on below. I hope I didn't need to get a content warning for this this talk.

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I hope it was pretty obvious it was going to evolve this sort of thing, but it's it's.

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Yes, it's the worms it's the the woman complained.

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You know. How dare you each my flesh and the worm, saying, Well, you better be glad you got us for company, because you smell so badly.

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No one else will stand it it's it's really quite macabre.

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But Yorkshire Here's a thing you will hear me mention Yorkshire many times in the next profile.

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And it's not entirely clear Why, but north Yorkshire seems to get a bit obsessed with this subject over time.

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Certainly, as far as England goes, the other sort of manifestation in Christian sites is this lovely thing?

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This is the story of the 3 living and the 3 dead and There are quite a few representations of this around, both in manuscripts and wall paintings, and all sorts, and it's an illustration of a French poem

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which, as these 3 very young worldly fellows going out hawking, hunting, and while they're out there they meet these 3 skeletons, these 3 corpses.

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Now these are not ghosts. these are corpses wandering around as you can sort of see by their appearance and their warning, of course, is I was welfare such shalt thou be so god's love beware by

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me. you're gonna end. up like me. so repent right now, and this is a bizarrely popular theme like, I say, turns up all over the place.

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There's 2 things I love about this particular version one is that they are clearly matched pairs in their head gear.

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So it's sort of I am the previous equivalent of you, and the other is just how I I there's a very very modest set of corpses, or the artist.

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Just had no idea how to deal with a certain area of the corpses body.

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If it was going to be naked and just type has its hands nicely folded over.

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I say There's Ladiesome this is one of my favorites, because this is from very near where i'm from long-door tower in Beachbo.

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And The weird thing about that is that it's not a church site at all is somebody's own living room that they've chosen to have that done as a picture I mean it's living rooms it's where they go

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to sort of contemplate life, obviously but it's a weird, weird, choice isn't. It that's what the Church is saying at the same time got something really different coming in from Germanic tradition.

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Religion, folklore, the predates all of this, but is holding on in there and in their world.

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Ancient dead spirits are dangerous. they are physical, corporeal.

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They are often hungry. We know a lot about them from Icelandic sagas who talk about them quite a lot.

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They're called drago, and also known as aptagga which is basically after Goer.

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So it's sort of it keeps on going after it should have stopped.

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So this is why I think we're okay, to call them the walking dead historians call them revenge, and they are strong.

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Sometimes they can shape, shift, and move through the earth. They are interested in the same things that they were in their life.

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There are people who ask to be buried under their own doorsteps, so that I can keep better watch on my house, or to be buried near their friends, so that they can talk to each other at night There's this sense that

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you know there's still somebody in there but they are hungry often physically hungry.

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Paran and asthma swear an oath whichever one lives for longer will sit vigil for 3 days.

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At the mound of the other one, and on the first night this Saga says Aaron got up from his chair and killed the hawking hound and ate them.

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While while as and watches all this, on the second night, Aaron got up again from his chair and killed the horse and tore it into pieces, and he took great bikes at the horse flesh with his teeth the blood streaming

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down from his mouth. Yeah, you would think at this point the the other chat asthmm would maybe no to the vigil, or be a bit more careful.

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Somehow not be good, goes there again, and becomes very drowsy.

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First thing he knew Aaron had got him by his ears and torn them off.

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So you gotta be careful around these reference. sorrows.

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Is is another one who it's it's somewhere between a vampire and a zombie.

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Really traditions. He kills a sheep that he kills a shepherd, and then the shepherd gets up as well in a very vampire-like way.

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His son breaks open the care does various of precautions to try and do keep this, but keep him down, and then they bury him somewhere else, and then he's no trouble until the sun is dead and then he gets up and

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starts causing mysterious again. but this time they have to disinter him, and they burn him.

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And it's that flying who does the trick you can definitely see the connections with sort rampire stories that start up in the of fifteenth century.

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So vampires are not just isolated from other folklore, as people think.

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These things have to be beaten, decapitated, staked, burned, thrown in the sea.

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Some could combination of these things somehow. houses have in ice, and had what was called a corpse door.

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It was believed that a corpse could only enter a house by the way it left it.

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So if the cops dies in a particular house and you don't want it to come back into that house later, what you do is you cut a hole in the side of your wall because your wall is only wattle and door anyway.

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and then you pass the corpse out through that and Then you repair the whole inside of your wall, and then there isn't a door that the the corpse store isn't there, anymore. So the corps won't come

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into your house. So that shows a real fear doesn't it We know that the Anglo Saxons must have had something a bit similar, because the penitential of Theodore prohibits the burning of grain for the protection

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of the survivors, and the house for don't really know a lot about what they thought.

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What we do have is a handful of twelfth century stories, which are very similar to those saga stories that very much seem to be Zargo.

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Despite the fact that they're written you know by churchmen the a couple of the best ones come from this text here.

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William of Newburgh, new blood also Yorkshire and he was considered to be relatively somber compared to some of the other writers of the time to be in. You know not too melodramatic

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and yet in his store in his text we have 2 quite similar stories, both set in the northeast or so.

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What one of them, for instance, you have a man of bad life who was married, but believed his wife was having unfair, and he

00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:07.000
He went into rafters, and he did there to spy on her.

00:25:07.000 --> 00:25:22.000
And he, it turned out his wife did invite that he, young man, to the bedroom, at which point he was so shocked and alarmed by this that he fell out of the rafters and severely injured himself he was

00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:26.000
so cross about this that he diffused last rights, and then he died.

00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:32.000
So this is this is an unhappy spirit.

00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:46.000
And the night after the funeral he gets back. up and what he does in the English cases. Quite often he's not physically attacking people, but he's a corpse. you don't want to be near corpses

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:56.000
it's not healthy so as he goes around the air behind him gets infected, and people who who breathing the air near him get sick and die.

00:25:56.000 --> 00:26:06.000
So most people just flee the town. at this point 2 pete 2 men who have both lost their fathers To this decide the bad enough that of go to the grave.

00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:19.000
They're going to sort this out so they dig a hole, and they find this body not nearly as well down as they expected, but there it is, swallen to enormous corpulence suffused with blood.

00:26:19.000 --> 00:26:35.000
These are phrases from the original. The night can almost torn to pieces the shroud and one of them hits it with the shovel, makes a wound in it with the shovel, and it said out of which in continently, flowed such

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:43.000
a stream of blood, as it might have been taken for it, and then the word they use is sanguism, and that literally is a blood sucker.

00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:50.000
So you could just translate it as leech but some modern authors have translated that word as a vampire.

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:52.000
It's something that sucks blurted so full of blood.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:58.000
It must have sucked in in, and then they drag it beyond the village.

00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:03.000
Make a funeral pyre. Then they say, Oh, we probably tear its heart out first.

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:20.000
So do that tuna talk tailor heart into pieces and then set the whole thing on fire, and then the bad air blows away, and they all live happily ever so that's a typical one there aren't many of these

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.000
stories, but there are a few, and they wander around causing fear.

00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:31.000
People bother doors. these things are not interested in the good of their souls at all.

00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:35.000
They are not Christian spirits coming back looking for help they don't want help.

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:44.000
They want to make other people Ill or die there are a couple of quite disturbing ones, in which they also retain other bodily desires.

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:53.000
But i'll only go there if you want me to and that the solutions are always very physical, being attacked and or burned.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:28:00.000
Even bishops, we know, agree with some of these methods.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:08.000
The Bishop of Hereford. When somebody brought a problem like this to him, he said, Let the body be exhumed.

00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:11.000
Cut through the neck with a spade and sprinkle the body in the grave.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:15.000
Well with holy water. so it's like combination we need a Christian solution.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:21.000
But we also need to chop his head off. Not everyone thought that.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:26.000
The gently these creatures got is a story from thirteenth century.

00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:39.000
Worcester, a man who was said to Wander around in his shroud by night and by day, until he's visit, until the villagers herded him back into the grave, when they took the cross out of the bottom of the

00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:47.000
grave if he got into it, and then they buried in it because I've been back into think he was alive.

00:28:47.000 --> 00:28:55.000
I you know he's. just wandering around doing no harm to anyone by night and day unsure of himself until he chased him back to his grave.

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:58.000
I think the poor man had been in a coma or something.

00:28:58.000 --> 00:29:04.000
It. There you go!

00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:10.000
There is this idea that there is a middle force inside these bodies.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:21.000
We can see it in various ways. Here, for instance, we have a famous picture for him by a tapestry in which Harold is swearing fealty.

00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:30.000
Now you could

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:41.000
You should, between one moment there we go. There we go fabulous.

00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:47.000
Yes, it so doesn't have to be a saint that you do this on It's it's better if it is.

00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:55.000
But it could be any bodies because any boarding connect you to that soul, and that's all. I get really annoyed.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.000
If you swear on something. and you know, then you break your oath.

00:29:59.000 --> 00:30:02.000
In twelfth century London people actually took oaths.

00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:13.000
One tombs in that way. Because the ghost would will avenge whatever happened if you committed perjury while you were doing it.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:19.000
So the is this sort of middle sense, the middle force. Your body may be in the ground.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:23.000
Your soul has gone to wherever it's going but There's still some kind of vital essence left behind.

00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:32.000
That's why in the early modern period. charles Ii for instance, was so keen on drinking.

00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:39.000
Powdered skull became known as the king's drops you don't want these unquiet spirits.

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:44.000
You don't so you you want to kind of keep some calm you don't want it happening to yourself.

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:55.000
You don't want it happen to anyone else. that's Why, it matters to have this good death wherever you possibly can.

00:30:55.000 --> 00:31:01.000
Murderous, murdered people, people who killed themselves people with unsettled business.

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:06.000
It's we more likely that they are going to want to come back in some form.

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:18.000
Think of hamlet's Father you know he's he's come back to cry revenge and that's what sixteenth century ghosts employees usually are doing coming and asking for

00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:26.000
revenge. there are ways to try and peep these people down couple of examples from different times.

00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:43.000
So the fifteenth century venice one is a he's a witch supposedly, and so that Brick is supposed to stop her from talking, because which is power even when they're dead, is in their talking and the other

00:31:43.000 --> 00:32:00.000
one is clearly not meant to get up, because this piece of iron, stopping them from moving upward, staking people at crop staking. people who have killed themselves at crossroads is not uncommon practice in England until it is

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:07.000
outlawed in 1,823 it's frightening isn't it

00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:12.000
This idea that a body might rise up a lot of churchmen have issue with that.

00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:17.000
But it's kind of hard to Argue against when the Bible has. say the story of Lazarus.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:34.000
It, even if you ignore Christ himself. and when we have this idea that in the end all of those bodies are going to get back up, get reunited with their souls that I think encourages people to think you know Maybe they're just

00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:44.000
sleeping down there, and if they just sleeping down there may maybe maybe they could wake up a little bit early and get restless in their sleep.

00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:49.000
Okay. they can even be helpful when their restless in their sleep.

00:32:49.000 --> 00:33:04.000
I love this one. This is a painting on Austria Wall in bar in Switzerland, and it's the best example of this particular legend, known as the legend of the Grateful and the Helpful

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:15.000
bed, and it involves a man who is being traced by thieves, and he runs into a graveyard as he's being chased, and he realizes he can't get out and they're still coming

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:29.000
for him. So he just kneels, and he is such a good man that while he is praying for help, he also stops and thinks to pray for the souls of all of those who are around him in that graveyard because he

00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:34.000
does that of those bodies around him in the graveyard.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:45.000
Are so grateful, so thankful, that this this man is praying on their behalf, when really you should be thinking about something else, they all get up and and get out of their graves to protect him.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:53.000
For some reason they're all suddenly armed a lot of them with sides not sure quite how that happened, but they were buried with them.

00:33:53.000 --> 00:34:00.000
The but yeah, They they literally fight the robbers, and to keep the man safe.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:11.000
And so this is intended to make us more mind is to pray in the memory of I loved ones.

00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:17.000
From this the broader idea that the the dead can be helpful to us.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:21.000
And this is the best example of it. We get the band, the great dead.

00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:28.000
Apparently they they found it in a in a dictionary that have this particular legend in it.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:43.000
That is why the grateful dead of the grateful bed, which is marvelous so clearly. This idea of physical beings wandering around, is still in there done done degree errors.

00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:51.000
And in fuzzy areas all over the place. phantom knights have thought to do joust on the Godma Gold hills. Are they dead?

00:34:51.000 --> 00:34:58.000
Are they fairies who knows the green, the green much in Gawain?

00:34:58.000 --> 00:35:04.000
And the Green Knight, like a phantom, stood talking with his head in his hands.

00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:08.000
Is he a fairy? Is he a pagan spirit, a ghost?

00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:14.000
Is he the first headless horseman certainly looks like it in that picture.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:23.000
It's all a bit odd, so and all of this comes together to give us an incredibly rich vocabulary of ghost imagery.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:31.000
From the time, and the absolute best example of this is from Bio and Abbey. Note.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:40.000
In North Yorkshire. and it's It was some sort of text that were discovered of all people by Mr. James.

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:55.000
The ghost story writer who genuinely did the thing that all his characters do, which is be working in a dusty library somewhere, and discover a set of old ghost stories that haven't been looked at for hundreds of

00:35:55.000 --> 00:36:07.000
years, do, I think, is just wonderful, and these are the violent Abbey ghost stories from about 1,400, and they are bonkers, because clearly there is church influence in there.

00:36:07.000 --> 00:36:10.000
But equally they're just kind of written on the scraps in the back.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:22.000
It seems like the guy that wrote them. Jim Just, you know, have an interest in recording genuine stories that were being passed around in his in in his area.

00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:27.000
So there are, and some of them seems quite straightforwardly question.

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:30.000
You know people coming back to say Yes, I nick some spoons, you know.

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:43.000
Sorry about that, but you also get bonds where A man carrying a sack of beans meets something like a horse rearing on its hind legs with its fall legs in the air which then turns into a

00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:55.000
whirling heap of hay with a light in the middle of it. a man exclaims, God forbid you should harm me, but which point it turns into human shape, explains who he is, and why he is then and of course, it's because

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:58.000
he wants help. You want to masses and that freezing.

00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:13.000
So this is this hybrid that the are physical they might hurt you you've got all those characteristics of a driver, but really they just want you to say you know how can I help you in God's name in god's

00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:22.000
name don't hurt me things like that and then then they'll be able to tell you what it is they really need, because they don't really want to hurt you but that's just the only way they can come forward into the world as

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:31.000
it were the longest. One involves a chap called a tailor by the wonderful surname of Snowball.

00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:43.000
Who is attacked by a crow with sparks of fire streaming from its side, and he tries to hit it with his sword As far as reactions to seeing strange apparitions go.

00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:53.000
He just pulls his sword out. and it's it seemed to him that he was striking at a peatstack, and then it reappears as a dog.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:59.000
Which is internally on fire, and he can see the flame down its gut down through its mouth.

00:37:59.000 --> 00:38:07.000
And this again he addresses it. It turns into a human.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:14.000
It tells them what it needs. and he comes back to say yes, I did what you asked.

00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:27.000
I've done the absolutions for you this time it appears as a goat, and then as a huge man, horrible looking, and as thin as one of the dead kings in a painting just shows that that dead king imagery.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:37.000
is that commonplace it's something it's a reference point. People will know and the title snowball here is well, you know you met me.

00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:43.000
It could have been a lot worse. you could have met the one that looks like a bonfire, or the one that looks like a bullock without mouse.

00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:55.000
He ears or eyes another way, that another story looks like a horse, and then looks like a revolving wine vat.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:39:01.000
Nobody has any idea what's really meant by that people have studied those words, but it's just this is what it is.

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:08.000
So they tend to. When you say the right words, God forbid!

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:11.000
You have the power to hurt me in god's name what do you want?

00:39:11.000 --> 00:39:17.000
Then they can tell you, but they are violent before that they can attack you.

00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:23.000
Once rose a man over a hedge another half to be pinned down until the priest can arrive.

00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:32.000
One of them, when touched, proves to be phantom flesh, and the hands of sinks in as if it's one like pudding.

00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:38.000
They can be dangerous. One of them says if you don't do what they say.

00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:45.000
Your flesh will rotten your skin dry up and she'll fall off you in, fall off you utterly in a short time.

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:54.000
So this isn't coming back asking for help this is coming back and saying, Help me, or else you really that shouldn't be a way of getting yourself into heaven.

00:39:54.000 --> 00:40:06.000
I wouldn't have thought but again that's what people seem to genuinely believe you know, and if you don't do it. There are other ghosts that are worse than me who will take advantage of you if you don't do the

00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:13.000
right religious preparations for meeting ghosts, but in the end what they want is to be helped.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:26.000
There is only one which doesn't have that element in it where the solution is physical like it is for drago but in that story they have to jump the course of corpse in the river.

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:33.000
But it said, That is a tale from old men which is to say that's an earlier thought process.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:44.000
We don't do that now. What we Do Now is we try and find a Christian solution to the problem.

00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:52.000
The the church is a bit work. The church always wants to make sure that when people see a ghost it really is because they think it might be a demon for a start.

00:40:52.000 --> 00:41:03.000
You've always got that possibility that's a thing we could talk about I'll come back and see you if I if I am dead strongly discouraged.

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:11.000
In fact, a couple of cases. somebody comes back and says Well, you know we have this pack that i'd come back if I died first. Like to tell you.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:14.000
I'm in purgatory, because I made this pact with you

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:20.000
So you know that was a bad plan. You better repent while you can.

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:30.000
There are medieval guilds which feel the need to specifically bar night watchmen from amusing themselves by trying to raise ghosts.

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:38.000
It's very boring being a night watchman Clearly you nothing to do Finish playing cards, I know.

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:47.000
Let's try and raise ghosts all of us of course, changes with the resolution, and that's going to happen at different times and places.

00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:56.000
But in England, in theory, in the mid sixteenth century we get a big change, because there's no such thing as purgatory in the Church of England.

00:41:56.000 --> 00:42:07.000
Protestantism as it is first established it's if if there is no purgatory, then if you're in heaven, you're not going to want to come back and if you help if you're in hell you're

00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:17.000
not going to be able to leave. so the hardliners after that will tell you it's all either in your mind it's a hoax.

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:27.000
One of them actually says, Oh, well, there's all these catholic priests who get crabs and put candles on their backs, and like the candles, and set them off into the graveyard so that the

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:39.000
graveyard will have these little lights wandering around, and will make you believe that their ghosts so could be a hopes it could be mental illness. or it could be a demon but it's not a

00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:52.000
ghost, and we try and push that idea But it never really sticks, because we are a nation of believers in ghosts, and however hard Protestant cured, and Faith tried to say no, no, no, that's not a

00:42:52.000 --> 00:43:01.000
thing really worked, and that might be partly because we have this wonderfully rich mix of different type of ghost belief from the medieval period.

00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:08.000
In the first place, 45 min done. Are there any questions?

00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:18.000
Thank you so much. That was rather macabre and spooky a bit like the last time wasn't it think about.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:23.000
I talk about these things so often, but I kind of forget how spooky there for other people.

00:43:23.000 --> 00:43:30.000
Yes. yeah, So well, we've certainly got one question and at the moment which I can ask, and certainly everybody else.

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.000
If You've got any questions, send them in no there was particular question from Karen and Andrew.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:38.000
Now this is kind of going back to sort of an earlier part.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:42.000
At the talk we were talking about, what the Church thought about these sorts of things.

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:47.000
Why, the 3 skeletons, y 3? Is it reflecting the Trinity, perhaps?

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:58.000
Is it something that was picked up by shakespeare for example, in Macbeth, with the 3 witches, and that 3 as being sort of symbolically magic crops up all automatic number isn't it there's a

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:08.000
song about that. I think it's more stable that you just have 2, it 3. I think that's just something in our psychology that 3 often feels right for something.

00:44:08.000 --> 00:44:22.000
They are often shown as 3 kings. So I wonder if if if somewhere in the back of people's minds, they think the kings should come in threes because they know their way about the the nativity story mama kings in at the

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:26.000
set of threw. I don't think there is a definitive answer to that.

00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:42.000
It just is that's the amount of message that they want to get across, and the amount that fit on a page is just 3. Yeah, Okay, let's look. And this is a question from clear.

00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:50.000
Can she ask what the document was doing? The pulley? sure, you want to re share that one again.

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:52.000
But what what document was that from? Is that just an image, or is that?

00:44:52.000 --> 00:44:57.000
Does that come from somewhere specific i'll have a look to say if I have the reference?

00:44:57.000 --> 00:45:05.000
I might er leave. Meanwhile you can get a closer look at it.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:19.000
Look at my originals feel like I shouldn't know

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:23.000
No, I don't have that one there and afraid but very badly.

00:45:23.000 --> 00:45:28.000
We can maybe get that one off. Get that afterwards and share that.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:33.000
Try and find out, because I should know yeah Okay, Well, thank you very much. Well, we'll see what we can do on that clear.

00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:42.000
And no, there's actually a question here from stewart he says.

00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Dances of death, like the one at Hexam, have always struck me as quite left wing and ching the medieval hierarchy.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:45:58.000
Do you think so? that's an interesting one Yes, there is a lovely dance to death in in his one of the nicest in this country?

00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:09.000
I think it's. Yeah, I think after the black death there is a bit of a reckoning right across Europe.

00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:19.000
But, however, your life is lived, you're gonna die the same, and that whatever your hierarchy place, your death will be the same.

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:28.000
Death does not play favorites and all of your next 100 years. After that there is a lot of material that runs on on that basis, and the whole point of the dance.

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:37.000
Barbara. stuff, is it doesn't matter how powerful you think you are death will get you There are sons on the same subject.

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:45.000
There are examples of the figure of death in these dance, Macaros, because some of them have little poems underneath, saying that Why?

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:59.000
The death is coming for that particular person. and some of them have things like death getting very close to a particular rich person by disguising himself to get up because the man might think that he's a above that sort of thing but

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:12.000
he's not and it's interesting. that the death figure in these is also not really the bad guy He is just doing his job. kind of I mean one of the poems.

00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:18.000
It has it, and one of the songs has by death so cruelly. She was betrayed, which I always think a bit weird, because it's it's not really betrayal.

00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:26.000
It's what was due all along the but there's also one of these poems where he's taking a pregnant woman.

00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:33.000
If I call correctly, and the little line underneath is Oh, let us go gently together now.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:41.000
Like he's actually sort of assuring her off gently and doing his job with some sort of care.

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:55.000
And you don't hear that in most of the these things but there's just a sign slightly different, though, but when when it comes to class distinction, you yes, I think every peasant may take a little comfort from knowing these songs and these

00:47:55.000 --> 00:48:00.000
stories and and thinking, you know your life might be completely different from one.

00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:09.000
But your death is going to be just the same, and that that is a post-black death on the Yeah, Okay, Got a question here from Jane.

00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:15.000
She's saying General jeddled of wales relate school studies.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:30.000
He had been told on his travels, but he probably related them for reasons of making people think about the behavior, as he was generally very down to earth, and his ratings for what what got your thoughts on that?

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Gerald of Wales is is down to earth in some respects, but he's also completely barking in some other respects.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:49.000
I mean, don't Gerald of wales tells a story about a last who's being pursued by a whole flock of toads, and his friends tie him up in a sack in a tree and the toads

00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:58.000
climb the tree and eat him. So you know, some of his stories are obviously not meant to have much of a moral message.

00:48:58.000 --> 00:49:09.000
But yes, he has another one like William of newburgh and he's contemporary really, and the chat that writes auto imperial towards a map.

00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:24.000
They're all pretty much contemporary although I don't think they don't think there's any evidence they talk to each other necessarily, who all are trying to write material that is entertaining, but also educative whether for

00:49:24.000 --> 00:49:28.000
a specific person, or for anyone who happens to read the book quite often.

00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:37.000
These are written for nobles or for kings and they're meant to be diverting, but also to be educative.

00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:43.000
The main places we find this kind of story is in text like that on the one hand, and servants.

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:53.000
And so, yeah, discussion points for priests on the other hand. Okay, Another question here from Cynthia.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:03.000
She's talking about karen's what beliefs, if any would attach to those you got a lot of kings up here in Scotland.

00:50:03.000 --> 00:50:11.000
I know Is there anything in this that kind of relates to not so much jackets?

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:25.000
So a generally associated more with theories. you know your hands are markers on the top of the hill for a hill that might be a fairy hill, and in most places, as I say, there is a crossover between ghosts

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:33.000
and fairies. but It's not a very strong crossover. in most places in Scotland, though, as you say, things are a bit different in Scotland.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:41.000
Certainly in the early modern period there is a fairly widespread belief that some dead souls don't go to heaven or hell.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:47.000
They go to live with the fairies kind of become fairies themselves.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:53.000
Sounds like fun. Well, I mean with the different options available. I think it's probably more fun than the others.

00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:02.000
So. yes, you care might well be a marker. Find your fairies rather than the ghosts in medieval period.

00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:11.000
Go goes on really thought to be attached to places there isn't even really a word until the early modern period for haunting.

00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:19.000
They don't want, because that implies staying put they turn of where they need to turn up to do what they need to do.

00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:23.000
They're not attached to places in the way that they are for us now.

00:51:23.000 --> 00:51:34.000
Hmm: Okay, right. Another question from marie Now, this is coming back to the sort of religious ghosts and that we're talking about. Start you spoke.

00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:43.000
Where are the religious schools you spoke about at start talk sent back by something entity, or did they just wander back on their own because they needed hail?

00:51:43.000 --> 00:51:46.000
That was the I guess that was the case with that second block .

00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:56.000
That's what I can't think of any references to them saying that they were sent back deliberately by somebody else.

00:51:56.000 --> 00:52:03.000
Occasionally you get the sort of by the grace of some so-and-so, I am able to come back.

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:10.000
So they have asked St. so and so very nicely. if that can be expedited for them.

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:18.000
And then that's kind of promoting that saint. But I don't remember anywhere it's sort of the saint having the idea to do it, as it were.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:24.000
Okay. What else do we have here?

00:52:24.000 --> 00:52:34.000
Oh, here's one from amanda this bogart I don't know if I am pronouncing that correctly. there's a bogart a kind of goes that's B. O. W. G.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:39.000
A. R. T. A. bogot is a kind of fairy sort of ish.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:43.000
3 of what fairies are has always been very, very fuzzy.

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:45.000
The word bogg is related to the bogey mound.

00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:54.000
The boogie man, the bug bear and, in fact, all of our to get etymological for a second.

00:52:54.000 --> 00:53:01.000
All of our different bugs, small creatures, spy devices.

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:08.000
The word bug always goes back to the original bugbear, who is also in orbit, and so i'm like the middle aside.

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:23.000
So yes, you. Your Bogot is a sort of earth creature, is in the middle state, which puts him into the very amorous category of theme.

00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:28.000
Okay, Now let's have a look question here from Philip can go.

00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:40.000
I'm just gonna read the site. you can see what you think can goss have a specific theme religious social or model and big group together, transmitting of knowledge.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:47.000
There's mess coming to coming generations

00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:59.000
Not sure what you mean by that. Some Some of them definitely have a religious purpose, but the way the Church did it. they very often could have a religious, a social purpose.

00:53:59.000 --> 00:54:11.000
At the same time. if you look 3 stories through time, increasingly. so, if you look at, say, your seventeenth century pamphlets, the vast majority of those are not concerned with their souls.

00:54:11.000 --> 00:54:18.000
But they are there to reinforce social norms. So they come back to to, you know.

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:26.000
Say either they or somebody else did something socially unacceptable and that is why they're a ghost.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:42.000
So pamphlet ghosts. are almost always about a social because they're less likely to be a religious point, because the nature of the religion has changed. Yeah, there's a question here from jenny which is you did talk

00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:44.000
about the Reformation a little bit there towards the end.

00:54:44.000 --> 00:54:51.000
Was it the decent reformation that moved people on from thinking in in the ways that they were?

00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:57.000
I know you touched on that a little bit. Well,

00:54:57.000 --> 00:55:10.000
There was a period of about a 150 years where the church is saying, there is no such thing as goods, and where we see evidence we've seen people, generally speaking, disagreeing with that idea, and saying, Oh, yes, there are but

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:16.000
the there is surprisingly little material on English for 100 years or so.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:26.000
But then, in the late seventeenth century there is the rise of a bigger threat to the Church, which is atheism, or what they call sagacism.

00:55:26.000 --> 00:55:30.000
The idea that is no spirit world that is a much greater threat.

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:41.000
But all the intellectuals are up, in arms that whether they're either believing it or they're up in arms at the idea that they be no spirit world at all, and to them it's more important to say yes, there is

00:55:41.000 --> 00:55:45.000
a spirit world than to keep hold of the idea that there are no ghosts.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:57.000
So in the late seventeenth century they start producing loads of loads of pamphlets collecting loads of those stories, saying there are ghosts, because if you want to prove a spirit world it's a lot easier

00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:02.000
to try and prove a ghost than to try and prove, say, an angel

00:56:02.000 --> 00:56:15.000
So loads and loads of ghost belief comes up in the late seventeenth century, and the ghosts that we end up believing from then tend to be that kind to So for instance, you're 1,600 and

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:18.000
seventys ghosts are the first ones that haunt deliver occasions.

00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:23.000
The poltergeist is more or less invented in the 1,600 seventys.

00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:35.000
So yeah, there is a sort of quite a big difference between what you see in the late medieval, and what we emerges 150 years later, and we don't know as much as we'd like about that gap in

00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:44.000
between interesting. Okay, let's have a little look here see if we've got anything else.

00:56:44.000 --> 00:56:49.000
So i'm just scrolling up and down the chat here.

00:56:49.000 --> 00:56:56.000
See if we missed anything, and david's a quick question from David.

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:12.000
Forgive my knowledge of Christmas cattle and but it's he's asking about is what don't quite know how to ask this. I don't know if you can see it in the chat at all.

00:57:12.000 --> 00:57:28.000
It's about Obviously there must be some kind of reference to the Park to the experience, and he's thinking about Christmas carolizing the the the dickens. right Okay, Yes, it's not something I know a lot about i'll

00:57:28.000 --> 00:57:33.000
i'll say that it's weird i've never really stopped to put those 2 different things together.

00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:41.000
But yes, there is a logic there that the Ghost of Christmas present so well, not no, not that one.

00:57:41.000 --> 00:57:54.000
The the 3 ghosts aren't really ghosts the one that's properly a ghost is the first one it's. it's Jacob Marley is the ghost of his form

00:57:54.000 --> 00:58:05.000
of honor, and yes, you could make a case that jacob Marley is coming back from purgatory and saying in a very medieval kind of way, you know I'm.

00:58:05.000 --> 00:58:09.000
In these chains and things because of the way I lived.

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:17.000
You you should live differently from that. you should repent is definitely echo in that.

00:58:17.000 --> 00:58:32.000
And yeah, it's been a while. i'm sure the other 3 folks. aren't really ghosts in the way that they act spirits of Christmas rather than ghosts of business right.

00:58:32.000 --> 00:58:39.000
I think we have covered everything. I think if it was a I think that was really quite fascinating.

00:58:39.000 --> 00:58:43.000
I enjoyed that and certainly timely, I think. given Halloween earlier on this week.

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:08.000
Well, thank you very much, Fiona, and welcome everyone.

00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:15.000
I hope you enjoy the lecture this afternoon. right i'm going to start off by sharing my screen.

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Here we are looking good. sorry. I just need to move there.

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Little ribbon bar down, and just move that out of the way.

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Sorry, cause this is right, Okay? and right? Hopefully, everyone can see that first slide, can they?

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It just says W. ea adult learning within reach that's perfect and excellent All right, that's the first hurdle over.

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Then isn't it. Okay, and so it's get to know the autumn sky. and I think you know coming. I mean it's only we're only just a week away from when the the clocks change and we're.

00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:14.000
Going to have a look at the main constellations on view learn about some what it called simple star hopping techniques, and i'm glad to tell you a bit about the mythology behind these style patterns.

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And I'm going to get tell you how you can spot 3 bright planets in the sky.

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Saturn, Jupiter and mars but the exciting thing is there's a partially clips of the sun next week.

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So let's start with that now this is on Tuesday October.

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The 20 fifth, and just depending on where you are in the Uk.

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It starts just after 10 o'clock and finishes just before 12.

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No, and you can see it from anywhere in the Uk.

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Although, as we'll see, there are some parts of the Uk that will see more of the sun scared others.

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So the moon is going to pass in front of a part of the sun on that morning, and that is what results in a partial solar eclipse. I suspect a lot of people here may well have seen a partial solar

00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:09.000
eclipse before, or maybe you know if you've been lucky, like me, you know, to see a total seller eclipse By the way, if you think that you think well hang on to the next total solar.

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Eclipse in this country. 2,090 i'm afraid, and I certainly well, I know I won't be here then.

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But never mind. Okay, make the most of what we've got a So just to remind you of what goes on in the solar eclipse.

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I've also got the diagram here. for a lunar eclipse. but i'm not going to dwell on that in a solar eclipse.

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Okay, and this diagram is hopelessly not to scale as i'm sure.

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You know we've got the sun there at the moon there, and the earth there, and the moon passes directly between the earth and the sun and lot, just as you and I do when we go out into the the sun the moon costs a

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shadow, and it just so happens that that shadow is is sort of long enough to reach the earth.

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There's the darker shadow part in the center the full shadow, which is called the umbra, and there's the partial shadow which is called the pen umbrella.

00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:10.000
But what we've got to remember is that you know this is a dynamic system.

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Everything is moving. The earth is going around. the sun the moon is going around the earth, so that, in fact, the moon shadow sweeps across the earth And I think that's illustrated on another slide.

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In a minute. Okay, but Both lunar and solar eclipse is involved.

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The earth, sun, and moon, and the said This 3 body alignment is necessary for both types of eclipses involving these bodies.

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Now this 3 body alignment has a special name and if you Place Scrabble, or you do a crossword.

00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:46.000
Then this is some very useful information you're going to take away from this talk.

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You don't remember anything else. you'll remember this because this word is Scissor G.

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Now the can't be too many words in the English language 6 letter words where 3 of them are wise can there.

00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:16.000
But there you go. Okay. So scissor g that is this 3 body alignment that we've we've got Okay, So sun, moon, earth, sun, earth, moon in the case of a lunar eclipse now for

00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:22.000
the a solar eclipse. So eclipses can only occur at New Moon.

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Okay, when it's sun, moon, Earth and the dark side of the or the unaluminated side of the moon facing the Earth.

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Okay, we don't get an eclipse at every new moon, because, in fact, the moons or bit with respect to the earth's orbit around the sun is tilted. it's only when the 2 orbits sort

00:04:47.000 --> 00:04:50.000
of intersect, but we can get an eclipse.

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Okay, so you can see here this the moon and there's the shadow, and there's the dark shadow the umbrella.

00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:09.000
The lighter shadow the pin number and that's going that sweeps across the earth anywhere that falls onto the umbre as that sweeps across the earth and that's quite a narrow path that would see a total

00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:17.000
eclipse, and with this particular it clicks next week, at the geometry of the 3 bodies is such that

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I don't think anywhere sees a total eclipse but some.

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If you fall under the pin number then you'll see a partial eclipse, and that's where we come in.

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I think you can just see it a bit better, and then you can imagine the moon moving, and this tone of shadow sweeping across the earth.

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If you go onto the Internet, you might actually see images that people have taken of this shadow sweeping across the earth.

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Very it's quite amazing actually, anyway. But first of all before we talk about, perhaps, how you can see it a warning.

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You must never look directly at the sun with an aged eye or through binoculars or through a telescope.

00:06:02.000 --> 00:06:06.000
So i'm going to tell you how you can safely view it?

00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:13.000
Those 3 ways really. first of all uses a pinhole and i'm sure everyone remembers the old pinhole cameras from.

00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:20.000
So while that was very useful, if you could make one of those, and you can get instructions off the Internet.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:29.000
But you can also use this setup with this lady in the photo is using because she's got 2 pieces of card.

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That one there has got a small hole in it, and this one here is the card onto which the image of the sun is projected.

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You get a very small image, but nevertheless you can clearly see that bite being taken out of the sun, and of course

00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:51.000
Well you know, as we've already. said this eclipse is going to last the best part of 2 h.

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You wouldn't want to be standing there like that for 2 h of course.

00:06:54.000 --> 00:07:04.000
Well, you wouldn't take away but you know you could check it every you know, 1015 min, or so. so that would be one way that you could view this using pinhole projection.

00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:16.000
You can set up a telescope or binoculars on a tripod, and project the image through there onto a screen or a piece of a large piece of card.

00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:27.000
However, if you do have just that they are suitable for solar projection, because you know what it's like.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:32.000
If you project or, you know, use a magnifying glass to focus the race of the sun.

00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:39.000
Saying a piece of paper or something. and i'm sure everyone's done that, and it's not something that helps you to advise in these health and safety conscious days.

00:07:39.000 --> 00:07:42.000
But nevertheless, you know the effect it really concentrates.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:46.000
The race of the Sun, and you know just some telescopes.

00:07:46.000 --> 00:07:52.000
They're sort of innards if you like aren't suitable for this, because of the material from which they're constructed.

00:07:52.000 --> 00:07:57.000
So just check if you've got a telescope that you can then do that.

00:07:57.000 --> 00:08:04.000
But, in my opinion, by far the safest way for sort of casual observer to do is to get a clicks glasses.

00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:10.000
You can see as a lady there we're probably wearing her eclipse glasses.

00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:21.000
You've got basically a polymeric film that with some metalized polymeric film, and that will cut out harmful uv and infrared.

00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:28.000
And 99.9% of the sun's visible light.

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W. Where do you get these from? Well, places like Amazon?

00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:36.000
Do. Them other providers are, of course, some available

00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:43.000
But make sure that if you would repair tonight that that we delivered by what Monday really just to be on the safe side.

00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:51.000
If you've got a pair of these from a previous eclipse, just make sure that you know the film is still intact.

00:08:51.000 --> 00:08:54.000
There are no tears or or pin pricks in it.

00:08:54.000 --> 00:09:01.000
Okay, and that'll be fine and I said you can just hold it up. You can also get instead of the glasses.

00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:09.000
You can get almost like it's just It's good.

00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:13.000
What if you get, though? just make sure they've got that C. E. M.

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:24.000
Common, and you'll be away. it's also worth contacting a local astronomical society to find out if they're having an eclipse event. You don't know where your local astronomical society as Well, put it into

00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:31.000
a search engine and I'm sure it will come up here in Lester, and we're holding it in event, in conjunction with the National Space Center.

00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:36.000
In there a car park, so that should be good however, of course there's one provider.

00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:42.000
It's got to be clear and Well, we'll we'll see what happens on Tuesday.

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Okay, So if you want to know a bit more about this.

00:09:47.000 --> 00:10:02.000
You can have a look I recommend this website here time and date, dot com, Because if you go into that website and you tell them where you're going to be viewing from you'll get exact times from your location and also

00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:06.000
it'll give you a nice animation of the eclipse as it takes place. now.

00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:16.000
I'm not going to try an animation today. but i've got other images that show what the eclipse will look like from certain locations in the Uk.

00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:24.000
Well, first of all, this is just a sort of generalized view from, say, central England, what they call first contact.

00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:34.000
When the the the the moon of the disk of the moon first starts to move across the disk of the sun that takes place at just after 10 o'clock.

00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:52.000
So these are the bst times and then the maximum eclipse, because at 1057 bst and last contact when the moon moves off. Is that 1149 bst Now it's not going to go dark

00:10:52.000 --> 00:11:02.000
or anything like that, because it's really only a fairly small you know proportion of the solar disk that's being covered by the moon.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:09.000
You know, for it to go dark. then really you require a total eclipse so.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:13.000
And I said to the casual observer: You probably might not notice any diminution in the

00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:21.000
The light, but I know I know people have done them you know have sort of solar cells, and they they in the past are partially clips.

00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:25.000
They've been able to detect some decrease but there you go anyway.

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:30.000
So That's Central England. what about if You're elsewhere, in the Uk.

00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:38.000
Well, this is pen sense Now from Pennsylvania, then, the maximum obscuration is 8%.

00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:50.000
So at some, you know the maximum eclipse 8% of the total surface area of the sun's disk will be covered.

00:11:50.000 --> 00:12:00.000
Okay, that's fine both time it the in London it's 15%.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.000
So you can see if you're heading north more at maximum eclipse.

00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:08.000
More of the Sun's disk is going to be covered here in Lester.

00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:13.000
It's 16%, and then up in edinburgh it's 19%.

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:18.000
And the first is Uk that I could find a prediction for was Kirkwall.

00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:21.000
Which is, you know, 24, and a half percent.

00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:30.000
So it does seem that the further north you go then the more of the sun's disk will be covered on this particular website here.

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:46.000
I think this is the national hydrographic office, but that's giving the times in universal time, which is Greenwich, and that is, of course, 1 h less than Bst But you know I still I think working in

00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:51.000
bst so it's between just after 10 o'clock and and just before 12.

00:12:51.000 --> 00:13:00.000
No and there's a nice picture of an eclipse it was taken that I don't know I got it off the Internet.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:05.000
But yeah, I think it would be very interesting to see also.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:17.000
Bang up to date if it's clear tonight or early tomorrow morning in particular, and I must admit after a very soggy day, a very gray day here in Lester.

00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:21.000
It is now brightening, and I can actually see some blue sky.

00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:25.000
But then you might see the Ryanid meet your shower.

00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:36.000
If you look southeast like this morning or tomorrow morning before sunrise, and you've got don't just sort of go out there and come in 2 min later.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:50.000
You've got to be prepared to commit some time to this I would say, you know, go there for at least half an hour, if it's clear a lot towards the southeast.

00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:58.000
And then over a period of time, you might see some meteors or shooting stars, and what you're looking at, there is debris from Holly's comet.

00:13:58.000 --> 00:14:02.000
So this is some sort of burning up a pricing in the earth's atmosphere.

00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:12.000
And you know It'd be really nice to see that because we've got all the nice winter constellations on view there like, or Ryan and Torus.

00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:20.000
There. Mars is pretty close to tourists at the moment as we'll see later on, and you've got serious the brightest star in the sky.

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:27.000
So do try and have a look at that if you if you're up early tomorrow morning, and if it's clear, of course.

00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:39.000
So. Yes, it's the debris from holly's comment, and you might see as many as 20 metals per hour, which is one every on average 3 min isn't it.

00:14:39.000 --> 00:14:50.000
But of course there are no guarantees. about that and that would be a sort of maximum value If you're observing from, say, an urban area.

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:55.000
Then your obviously wouldn't catch some of these fainter meteors, so you'd probably see less than that.

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:05.000
But some yeah, if it's clear have a go right so that's the stuff that's happening in the near future.

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:09.000
But let's have a look at the planets now.

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:14.000
Okay. because there are 3 planets that you can see at the moment.

00:15:14.000 --> 00:15:21.000
If You know various times Jupiter is absolutely stunning at the moment.

00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:25.000
It is the brightest object in the night sky at all.

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:37.000
The Menin a few weeks time. so what I call A nice time for observing you get up in the early hours of morning.

00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:41.000
You can. it's quite bright at the moment but I know not everyone likes to do that.

00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:45.000
The Saturn is by Father Fainter of the 3.

00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:48.000
Okay, And with Jupiter being the soap, right? Okay.

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:58.000
What makes it even more obvious is that the surrounding stars It's seen against the fate background of the constellation of Pisces, and they are faint styles.

00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:02.000
Now I've got This is a sort of general view of the sky tonight.

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:08.000
I'm gonna zoom in on that in a minute but this is about 8 o'clock tonight from the Uk.

00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:17.000
This is looking south. so you can see you've got saturn there, and Jupiter there, so let's just get the close off of that.

00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:25.000
Oh, it's not but saturn is very low down at the moment.

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:35.000
So it's due south round about eightish and it's some again, that is against the faint styles of the constellation Capra corners.

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:41.000
So if you're looking sort of 2 south tonight, around about that time, and you just see something fairly faint there.

00:16:41.000 --> 00:16:49.000
That will be Saturn, because certainly from urban locations styles of Capricorners do not show up.

00:16:49.000 --> 00:16:59.000
They're very difficult to see, on 10 pm you can see Everything's moved over a bit of course due to the rotation of the earth.

00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:08.000
So you know Saturn has moved over there and that's cheap, hey?

00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:15.000
But it in the East, but it will still be fairly low down, and there's Jupiter there.

00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:21.000
But, as I said, if you've been out at all recently to look at the night sky, really by object, you're saying, is, Jupiter.

00:17:21.000 --> 00:17:29.000
We have, of course, got neptune there but you do need a telescope to see neptune, so i'm not going to discuss that.

00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:32.000
If you've got binoculars then it's always very interesting to look at.

00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:42.000
Jupiter through binoculars. because on any given night you can see up to 4 moons on either side it 4 dots of light.

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:50.000
Some nights you might only see 3, because it might mean that one of the moons is either behind Jupiter always in what we call transit across it.

00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.000
Sometimes you might only see 2 for the same reasons or one.

00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:59.000
There are very occasions when none of visible but a very rare occasions.

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:06.000
Okay, so binoculars will show up to 4 moons on either side of the bright disk of Jupiter.

00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:18.000
So if you go out there you know tonight. if it's clear fairly early on, just note the positions of those moons in the early evening, and then you know a bit later, on, if you can go out about midnight one

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:33.000
o'clock. Note the positions of the moons again because you're likely to see a difference in the relative positions of the moons compared with the planet, because these of course, are in orbit around Jupiter and the first

00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:41.000
person to notice. This was Galileo, back in 1,610, with his really rather crude telescope.

00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:46.000
And these are his observations here. of jupiter thought I'll read most of this.

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:50.000
But obviously that was Jupiter. There only got 2 little dots there.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:56.000
He noticed 2 blocks there, so what we now know the moons, and then

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:04.000
Another night there were 3 lined up like that 2 on one side, one on the other, and another night there's 3 on that side, and so on.

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:17.000
And you notice that these move? well. He knew that this was clear evidence for bodies that were orbiting Jupiter, because you know, around that time the late sixteenth early seventeenth century, one of the great debates in

00:19:17.000 --> 00:19:23.000
astronomy, and you know, was what was the sort of nature of the universe itself.

00:19:23.000 --> 00:19:31.000
Did everything that we see around us go around the earth you know we'll see Earth centered cool.

00:19:31.000 --> 00:19:40.000
Did the earth and the other planets go around the sun, and by making these observations Galileo very clearly produced evidence.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:45.000
The bodies that weren't orbiting the earth they've orbiting another body.

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:52.000
So this was a one of the nails in the coffin of the earth centered universe.

00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:56.000
So you know you're looking at those moons you're looking at sort of history.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:02.000
If You've, got a small Telescope you might be able to see a band or 2 in the Jovian atmosphere.

00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:05.000
But you know what you see sometimes can very much depend upon.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.000
Atmospheric conditions down here and again you'd pick up the moons.

00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:15.000
1, 2, 3, 4 nice, you know. Fairly symmetrical arrangement there.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:29.000
Okay, so that's that's jupiter but even if you haven't thought of it or 10 scopes. I say, I think it's just so stunningly bright that some as well worth the look as we

00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:46.000
said Saturn, is fainter than Jupiter, not immediately obvious, but it does have the advantage, for it lies against coolness, so be no confusion between Saturn and a star.

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:57.000
However. in November the moon is going to lie close to Saturn during November on a couple of days, so we can use this as a guide, and the first of November the 20 ninth of

00:20:57.000 --> 00:21:05.000
November. the dates to note, because obviously the moon, being so much closer to us, does move quite rapidly against this sort of background stars.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:10.000
Okay, I mean, obviously, if you want to see the rings, you need to telescope.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.000
And again this might be where your local Astronomical Society comes in handy.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:20.000
Now on the first of November about 8 pm we're just going to go into the close up one there.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:28.000
You can see the moon is below saturn and it's it'll be a crescent move, so it's not going to be one of these overpowering me.

00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:35.000
Bright you know full moons. So if you can see the moon on the first of September, that object above it would be Saturn. again.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:50.000
I might recommend the use of binoculars if you've got them just to you know pick Saturn up because some, you know a moon is the moon is bright I met on the 20 ninth of november i've drawn

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.000
this to 7 Pm. because you can see over the course of the month.

00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:59.000
And

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:03.000
And getting a bit lost in the sort of merk, if you like.

00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:11.000
This Saturn there, and on that particular evening the moon will be to the lower left. Okay, yeah. it's rising it left.

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:19.000
So when you know So the first and the 20 ninth of November, if you want to see Saturn, I said, it is a locked fainter than Jupiter.

00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:24.000
Now Malls Mars is currently rising in the East about 8 30.

00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:38.000
I saw it on Monday night myself about 9 o'clock and you could very clearly see the red even though it's so low down rising a few minutes earlier every day, which means you know it's going to be easier

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:49.000
for us to look at it, and more, you know, gonna be more exposed to it, if you like. But on December the eighth Mars will reach opposition, and what we mean by opposition.

00:22:49.000 --> 00:22:58.000
Position occurs for any planet or that's further from the sun than the earth is, and we get this exact line up again.

00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:02.000
There's the sun there's the where where there's miles.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:05.000
But say, Jupiter came to opposition about a month ago.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:23.000
I spoke, and Saturn was a opposition in august so it's a common occurrence for planets further from the some than the Yeah, But it's the best time to view a planet like this further from the Earth. Yes, Yeah, sorry further from the sun than the

00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:35.000
Earth, because essentially at all position, the planet is rising as the sunset. it's visible over all hours of darkness, and the planet will set as the sunrises.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:43.000
So the Martian opposition occurs, on december the eighth, and in the case of Mars, as you can see here, they co every sort of couple of years. or so.

00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:49.000
So that's going to be a a good one so that's the view we get at the moment.

00:23:49.000 --> 00:24:06.000
Looking east. about. Say that this would be about 9 if I suppose, Mass Miles, and if you know anything about your constellations, then just above it, you've got the plaid is the 7 sisters and how debbran

00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:20.000
i'll debbran is also an orangey star. So Mars is the red planet Al Debron is orange, and give it a few weeks when the 2 are much higher in the sky at a reasonable time for

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:26.000
observing, I can look quite good together. I think. mouse now.

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:30.000
The full moon is also going to pass across the disk of Mars.

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:36.000
On December the eighth

00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:44.000
This. you will need Those are a telescope to see this.

00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:51.000
But you know the the moon being so much closer to us than the Mars moves more quickly against the background stars.

00:24:51.000 --> 00:25:02.000
So on them december the eighth Then Mars is going to dissipate behind the moon at about yeah, and then we'll reappear about an hour later.

00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:17.000
As the moon has passed that. But again, if you were interested in that, in touch with your local astronomical society, or various astronomical websites. But I think that would be difficult to view with the make it, eye, because although mars will be

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:25.000
bright. The full moon is far brighter, and you know, being so close to the moon, Mars would be lost in the glare of it on that.

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:34.000
Just another slide there. Okay, close the public But what about mid-december.

00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:37.000
That's going to be a good time to look for mars and again.

00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:42.000
What i've done is i've just zoomed in on the area where Miles will be best malls.

00:25:42.000 --> 00:25:48.000
There there's the constellation of the bull.

00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:55.000
And this Al Deboran there and then there's the constellation of iron, which I guess a lot of people know.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:03.000
So and you've got better girls, that lovely red style there. So you've got a red star and orange star and a red planet.

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:18.000
Okay, But again, I think there may be far more about i'm just alerting you to this because technically it's in winter isn't it even I operate on the astronomical definition of winter not the

00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:24.000
met office, so I have included some events in early December, because that is still autumn.

00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:30.000
As far as I'm concerned. But yeah, Malt you know when you go out there with December, if you look up you will.

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.000
Mars will be, you know, brighter than Al Debran. and

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:40.000
You know that red color can be like a I remember a couple of years ago round about October.

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:47.000
You know the opposition. Then it was again. It was like a beacon in the sky.

00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:56.000
So you should be able to see that well what about Venus, I hear you say, Well, it's not this about my moment, but it will be back at the end of December in the evening.

00:26:56.000 --> 00:27:01.000
Sky, and then in the early months of next year it's going to put on a good show.

00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:09.000
Because you can see that in but I zoom in on that one No, I didn't know in late January.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:18.000
It's going to be we're gonna have Saturn Venus, Jupiter, and Mouse over there set the chance to spot 4 planets in one.

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:23.000
Go and Venus will be very bright then it'll be brighter than Jupiter.

00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:30.000
And at the end of February the Jupiter and Venus actually meet together in the sky.

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:39.000
So let's just zoom. in on that bit there you can see that going to be very close together. Now that's not a particularly uncommon occurrence.

00:27:39.000 --> 00:27:42.000
I mean it certainly doesn't happen every year or anything like that.

00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:53.000
But we could but all in pretty much the same plane. then, you know.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:28:00.000
Occasionally they do. appear to you know, come together and what we call an appulse, or sometimes it's called a conjunction.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:13.000
Of course. jupiter's a lot further away than Venus, but that should be very spectacular, and this was one of This was yeah.

00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:17.000
So this was June and Venus a few years back.

00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:21.000
So

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:28.000
So look out for that. Okay.

00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:32.000
Can people still hear me, Fiona? Can people still hear me?

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:38.000
Am I still Yes, Oh, good right i'm sorry it's just something strange came up at the top of my screen.

00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:45.000
I don't normally, see that's all right and suddenly again, Yeah, I mean this was a picture that my husband took from our our road.

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:51.000
Well, I think it's about 10 years ago, of venus and Jupiter, that looks like it's a lovely rural setting.

00:28:51.000 --> 00:29:04.000
It's not all There's a field at the end of our road, but down the side of that field runs the service road down to the Lester forest Day services on the m one and they're actually planning to

00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:08.000
build houses on that field now, and that is the best chance I ever get of seeing.

00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:22.000
Jupiter, and I have protested about it but I'm Not sure not not too sorry, Mercury, and I'm not. I'm not sure if the planning authorities will accept my you know mine Probably never seen

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:28.000
Mercury again as a valid reason but we'll see so that's the planet.

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:34.000
Now what about styles then? Now some styles are visible all year from around the Uk.

00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:42.000
And we call them circum polar, but some all seasonal and sorry.

00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:47.000
Sorry. Just excuse me a moment. John could just pass me that stuff over there, please. printer.

00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:59.000
Sorry summer sees. Well, okay, and what we're going to do is we just kind of have a look at a couple of what we call circum polar constellations, and i'm sure some of these will be very familiar to you

00:29:59.000 --> 00:30:09.000
and then we'll have a look at some that are seen at this particular time of year.

00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:13.000
So second, polar styles are visible all year round.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:20.000
Okay, they don't set a scene from any particular location and from the Uk.

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.000
Well-known constellations, like Ursa, Major, and Cassiopia, a certain Polar.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:29.000
We can see them on any clear night, whatever The time of year or the time of night.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:32.000
But some styles ask singers more like Orion.

00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:42.000
This is visible in the evening sky during winter, months but we can't see it during the summer months, cause it's above the horizon during the hours of daylight.

00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:56.000
Now, just before I say something about constellations I just want to use this diagram here to explain why some styles are visible all year round, and some aren't if you don't like diagrams then don't

00:30:56.000 --> 00:31:04.000
worry. that's hopefully not going to stop your enjoyment of trying to find these constellations in the sky.

00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:09.000
But now this point here Ncp. It's not a car Park.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:15.000
It's actually something called the north celestial pole and this is where the earth's polar axis.

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:31.000
The point points to in the sky and that's marked by the star we call Polaris the pole star, or pretty much it's not exact now over the course of a day due to the rotation of the earth then styles in the

00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:43.000
sky appear to rotate around the postal now you can see that if you've got a star that's say here as it goes from, because it's fairly close to the pole style.

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:52.000
You can see that over the course of a day. it never actually dips below the horizon, so that will be circum polar.

00:31:52.000 --> 00:31:58.000
Look this star here, a bit further away from the Pulse Star and

00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:05.000
You can see there will be times when it does get below the horizon, so that one would not be classed as circumpolar.

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:07.000
Okay, it would be non-ircompolar.

00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:13.000
So being one of the most seasonal ones and and just want to look at this.

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:29.000
Then there's the earth there's its polar axis and so there's it's rotating on its axis like that, and where the axis points through the sky is the north celestial poll and of course there's an equivalent one in

00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:34.000
the South, south, Celestial Poll and in the north.

00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:48.000
Then where that points to pretty much is marked by what we call the Pole Star, or polaris, and in the southern hemisphere it's a much faintest style called sigma

00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:52.000
octantis. But we're not gonna worry about that because you can't see it from here.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:33:11.000
And this you may have seen pictures like this in books of style trails, but people point that camera at the Pole Star and then over, You know, you leave the the shutter open or all these days you do lost the there.

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:15.000
I just that sort of computer to sort of admit them together.

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:27.000
But you can see the movement of the stars around the pole can't be like that over a period of time, and this is also very good, for bring out the colors of the stars as well you know, just some of blue some of white some

00:33:27.000 --> 00:33:33.000
sort of ready orange installed trails. Now, typical.

00:33:33.000 --> 00:33:39.000
Certain polar constellations are things like Ursa major.

00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:49.000
The great Fair. Probably the best known bit of that are these 7 files that make up the cloud, and we can use the plow to find the poll style.

00:33:49.000 --> 00:34:00.000
Laris, and then on the other side of that you've got Cassie up here and in fact, our word, let me talk about the Arctic Circle.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:07.000
Okay, it's it actually comes from if you like these their constellations.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:17.000
Okay. because it's from northern latitudes that these bear constellations are some major the great Bear and Ursa minor, the Little Bear.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:22.000
They never set, and that's the origin of the term arctic circle circle of the bears.

00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:27.000
Because it comes from the Greek word meaning their arctos.

00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:32.000
So use another useful bit of information along with scissors.

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:38.000
I think so. we've got some some of the styles there.

00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:44.000
Okay, Now, I guess a lot of people know the cloud, anyway, and that is really good.

00:34:44.000 --> 00:35:02.000
I mean if you don't know it then if you look no for the moment, it's you know on the it it's presenting that some get something like that on the looking looking north and sometimes people wonder

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:10.000
about distances. how far are these stars from each other in the sky, or your outstretched fist is always a good marker.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:29.000
So on This diagram here is what I like about this you've got some someone's outstretched fist just giving you some idea of the distances between styles people talk about the plow and the great there, they're not exactly

00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:44.000
the same, because the 7 stars of the plow form what we call an asterism and a masterism is just a pattern in the sky 10 miles a part of a larger group, and that's the constellation of Us.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:53.000
And Major the Great Bear, and I particularly like these these I think these were a nineteenth century constellation cards called Urania's Mirror.

00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:59.000
Again. if you Google, those who get some lovely pictures of how people represented the stars.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:02.000
So i've just i'm sorry just go back here.

00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:09.000
Then. Okay, this is 7 styles that make up the plow which i'm sure a lot of people are familiar with.

00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:13.000
But you've also got fainter stars but make up the rest of Ursa Major.

00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:29.000
The Great Bear, and that would be my challenge to you that if you were observing from you know say a fairly rural area. then, you know, just make just see if you can make it out the other styles of the

00:36:29.000 --> 00:36:33.000
The the plow, and i'll tell you Why, later on where you can get some information from that.

00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:39.000
Might help you with this just go through that old i'll miss that bit out.

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:47.000
Actually The plow, though, is very useful because we can use it as a signed post to the Pole Star like that.

00:36:47.000 --> 00:36:56.000
Okay, and you also use it. I can't see a pair if that we call that the handle of the plow.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:04.000
If you take that star there and draw the line through that and the Pole Star, then you come to and Cassie appear.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:11.000
The mythology behind the plow is or sm is quite interesting.

00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:23.000
Because, as a major in Greek mythology, was Callisto, she was a beautiful woman, who was an attendant of Artemis, the goddess of hunting and protector of girls, and Callisto took a Vow of

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:28.000
chastity, and became a favorite hunt hunting companion of Artemis.

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:37.000
But one day Zeus and king of the gods, he noticed the beautiful young collisto, and tricked her into breaking her vow of chastity.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:46.000
As a result she felt pregnant, and was banished into the world by Artemis, and gave birth to a son called Arcas and

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:53.000
But when excuse his wife and let's face it we need the mythology, she had an awful lot to put up with.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:57.000
Once you see his wife heard of her husband's and indiscretion.

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:03.000
She took vengeance on Callisto by turning her into a a bear.

00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:17.000
But one day List, though you know, comes from that's what the Great Bear comes from but one day after many years of hunting alone. Callisto accidentally encountered her long lost son, who was also a hunter.

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:28.000
Now, but he of course, didn't recognize his mother being a bear, and Arcus was about to kill Callisto, but when Sue intervened, sent them, or into the heavens

00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:32.000
As the bear and her son as as a minor.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:39.000
Okay, So mother and son are now in the heavens as the bear Cassie up here.

00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:47.000
Was the daughter of Andromeda and Oh, sorry, and I'm trying to sorry I got that when we run.

00:38:47.000 --> 00:38:53.000
Andromeda was the daughter of Cassie, appears a very vain queen.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:12.000
And her husband's cfus is also in the sky. and she boasted that both she and her daughter was so beautiful that see God what fed up with this and he bound to to he bound the

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:16.000
daughter to a rock as a prey for sea monster.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:20.000
Seat us, and then she was then rescued by her hero.

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:29.000
Perseus was also in the sky, so you can see a Perseus there, and cassia pair

00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:40.000
So this Cassie up here there's a husband king Cfius this person who rescued and from it.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:54.000
And then, and drumida myself and then seat us the sea monster, all the whale you know threatened to eta, so not an ecology in the sky if you're interested in that and there's

00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:58.000
per se coming down there. Hey, Lisa, actual photos!

00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:08.000
If you want to learn sky. A good way of doing it is perhaps to try some simple astro photography, because it will pick out a lot of stars.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:25.000
I think it does help you learn them so that's perseus coming down like that, and we've got the planades that I mentioned earlier on the 7 sisters there, which again, perhaps a lot of people know so the

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.000
plow. then we can use it to find other bright styles at this time of year.

00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:38.000
If you go out about 8 o'clock 9 o'clock you can use the handle of the plow that will curved down like that.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:43.000
A new come to a sort of bright orangey style called op tourists.

00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:48.000
So that's for now. but in a few weeks time that will have set it's not circular.

00:40:48.000 --> 00:41:01.000
Later on in the evening, and up until the spring. Use this side of the plow to find the constellation of Leo.

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:02.000
We can use the style we're gonna talk about in a minute.

00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:07.000
We can find Vega from going up what's called the bowl of the plow.

00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:12.000
The left hand side up there. and you can cut across to find Gemini.

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:24.000
That's more a sort of winter constellation so just bear in mind that although the clouds there all the time and some of the styles that it's used as a sign post for aren't i'll just

00:41:24.000 --> 00:41:33.000
miss that out of particular interest. in the the plow is the second star in the handle.

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:39.000
There, because from a dark site you can see you've actually got 2 styles there.

00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:50.000
The brought to one is called Mazar, and the fainter one is called alcohol and you can see that with the naked eye.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:57.000
Get some binoculars on it and you see it's actually sort of 2 stars.

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:02.000
So you're getting 2 for the price of one there and This is a picture that my husband took from Cornwall some years ago.

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:09.000
And again, I think you can just make out the 2 there, so have a look for that.

00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:14.000
Let's just say something about the season of styles now, now, you know, talk forever about these.

00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:24.000
But I'm just going to sort. of pick up on a couple of things once called the summer triangle and the other is the square of Pegasus.

00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:28.000
So there's the great sweat of hegas there and again.

00:42:28.000 --> 00:42:33.000
Say something about summer triangle which you might think Well, autumn.

00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:41.000
No, it's still visible, so the summer triangle is another one of these asterisms. Okay, it's not a

00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:48.000
The consolation as such it's a pattern it's made up of bright styles from 3 different constellations.

00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:56.000
Danieb Baker, and out and and you know if it's clear tonight.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:43:09.000
The next few nights go out and it gets dark you know 8 o'clock, 9 o'clock 10 o'clock, whatever look upwards, and you will see a triangle of bright stars overhead that is the summer triangle and

00:43:09.000 --> 00:43:24.000
it said that patrick moore came up with this name for this, although some people dispute that, and again, just to double check, go back to the plow and use that signpost there, and you'll get to

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:29.000
vega, which is the brightest star in the summer triangle.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:44.000
Okay, So Dennis, and so we're just gonna say something about Then Vega is in the constellation of Lyra the liar, and that's the musical instrument, not someone who's economical with the

00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:50.000
truth. our tech is in the formation of Aquila, the eagle and Sickness.

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:53.000
Sorry Dennis is in the conservation of sickness.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:57.000
The swam, or sometimes people call that the Northern Cross.

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:04.000
And again. This is an actual photo that my husband took denn the vicer.

00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:13.000
There and out here there, so you can see the the triangle, and you're also starting to see some of the other styles of sickness.

00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:23.000
The Northern Cross on this and if you use a longer exposure, then of course, you bring out more stars.

00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:37.000
So i'm not much of the las vegas and out here, and your also started to see some nebulosity, some cloudiness there that's the the milky way you're looking towards this very central regions of

00:44:37.000 --> 00:44:44.000
our galaxy there. now, just a bit about sickness.

00:44:44.000 --> 00:44:49.000
Well in mythology. He was the friend or lover over Python.

00:44:49.000 --> 00:44:58.000
He was the son of Helios. the sun God and one day Python demanded that he took his father's son chariot for a drive.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:11.000
But he lost control, and Zeus was forced to send a thunderbolt to basically destroyed the the chariot, causing it to plummet to earth and causing the death of £5 and

00:45:11.000 --> 00:45:20.000
sickness was struck down with grief, and the gods were so touched by this they turned him into a swan in the sky.

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:29.000
Okay, so that there we are now dennis is a very interesting star, because of all the styles that you can see easily with the naked eye.

00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:35.000
It's by far the most remote and how far away is it?

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:41.000
Well, maybe the light takes 1,500 years to get here so it's 1,500 light years away.

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:49.000
But other people estimate that it might be anywhere between 1,000 203,000 light years.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:00.000
I think people are coming down more towards these smaller figures now, but nevertheless it It is very remote, and it's an enormous scar, maybe about 200 times the diameter of the sun.

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:16.000
So if you put some there, then denied you know just have a little arc of it there, it's a really big star, and the fact that you know it appears to us to be so bright over such an enormous distance is telling you it's

00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:23.000
a real powerhouse of the style. so now there's another very interesting style that we need to just quickly look at.

00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:29.000
And this is the star at the bottom of the cross there that's called Alberio.

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:38.000
Okay, styles, and if you just look at it, you know your eyes.

00:46:38.000 --> 00:46:42.000
It looks like a single star. But look at it through a telescope, opinopulus.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:47.000
Then you can see 2 stars, and in fact, it's one of the loveliest sites in sky.

00:46:47.000 --> 00:46:53.000
Because the 2 different colors now it says here that the telescopes needed to show the color difference.

00:46:53.000 --> 00:47:05.000
Well, i've actually seen the color difference. with large binoculars, but one component is this sort of orangey color and the other goldie color, and the other one is a sort of bluey.

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:10.000
Green again. Get in touch with your local astronomical society. you don't have a telescope to let them.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:19.000
Yeah, let you have a look. Okay, Lyra is so the liar there vager itself.

00:47:19.000 --> 00:47:28.000
The bright star that's easy to see again. these you need somewhere fairly dark, and maybe get some binoculars on them.

00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:31.000
But this is the liar of Orpheus.

00:47:31.000 --> 00:47:37.000
Orpheus paid such sweet music, and he married a nymph called you ridiculous.

00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:41.000
She died when she sort of trod on a snake and

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:46.000
He followed her into the underworld and played his liar.

00:47:46.000 --> 00:48:00.000
And you know the music his music charmed the people in the underworld, and they said they'd let you ridiculous go back to the land of the living provided office, didn't look back But of course, he did and so

00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:14.000
you ridiculous! went back to the underworld, and Orphia spent the rest of his life wondering about playing, and refused all offers of marriage from other women, and these women got a bit fed up with this and apparently

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:23.000
they ganged up on him and through spears, and stoned him, and one of the spears hit him and when

00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:30.000
As you heard about this. you know he was killed. The lie was placed in the sky.

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:36.000
You do read different mythological stories I must admit So there's the constellation there with Vega.

00:48:36.000 --> 00:48:50.000
These much fainter stars. again, get in touch with your local Astro society, because there are some very interesting objects in there which i'm not going to go into tonight, but Vegas much closer to us than denn is

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:04.000
about 25 or 26 light years So you know the light will have left there in the late 19 nineties to get to your eyeballs tonight, and that's vega comparison with the sun so again.

00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:11.000
It's a bigger star very hot star and i'll head down the bottom here.

00:49:11.000 --> 00:49:20.000
That's the starbucks in the constellation of aquila. The eagle and aquilla represents the eagle that carried them.

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:28.000
Jupiter's uses thunderbolts and Then Lastly, i'll just say something about the square of a Pegasus.

00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:36.000
Okay, which again, is sort of quite well placed now, any 4 stars in the sky. You can draw a 4 sided figure between them.

00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:45.000
But you know, you've got pegasus if the top right Hand Star has got this sort of little triangle there.

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:56.000
Okay, and What mention that? Because of the time but what i'd like you to do if you go out and find the square. Nope.

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:06.000
The differences in colors of form. main stars there's 3 red and sorry sorry for white and one red, so which is the red one and 3 different locations.

00:50:06.000 --> 00:50:19.000
See if you can count the number of styles visible within the sides of the square, because that will give you some indication of light pollution from various re areas.

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:27.000
And what's interesting about this is that this little star done side here, which is called 51 peasy back in the 19 nineties.

00:50:27.000 --> 00:50:34.000
That was the first sunlike star around which a planet was detected. The stars

00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:39.000
About 40 to 50 light years away. it's only just visible with the naked eye.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:47.000
You really do need binoculars. and you can see on little photograph here of Ring Dick round there.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:52.000
Okay, that's what rings around the planet and that's you'd be drawn.

00:50:52.000 --> 00:51:04.000
Okay. but it's the planet is called dimidium and the discovery of this planet the discoverers were rewarded.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:51:08.000
Part of the 2019 Nobel Prize in physics.

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:14.000
So I think it tells you how important that discovery was and this planet is very much like Jupiter.

00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:30.000
It's a sort of gas giant but that's where the similarities end. Because if you look at our solar system, some Mercury, Venus Earth mars in the 51 peasy system, this enormous gas giant

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:38.000
planet is much closer into its parent star. and because of the we discovered quite a few systems like this.

00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:45.000
Now, and because of that, people have had to revise their ideas about how planetary systems form and devolve.

00:51:45.000 --> 00:51:52.000
So a lot of work going on there exoplanets as we call them, the very hot topic in a strongly at the moment.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:57.000
But obviously you can't see the planet itself but you can see the star.

00:51:57.000 --> 00:52:04.000
So this again. just remind you the summer triangle.

00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:14.000
Oh, i'll miss that now. just very briefly the International Space Station is about to start a series of pre-orned passes seen from the Uk.

00:52:14.000 --> 00:52:23.000
But all sorts of various sources of prediction i'm sure some of you your ownYes, we've got some.

00:52:23.000 --> 00:52:28.000
You can get alert. Sent your phone as it's passing over

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:40.000
I tend to use this website here. Heavens above com because you know, if you can find it useful reading classes, and on that you can get predictions in terms of times magnitudes, altitude. and direction.

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:46.000
But if you click on the date, you get a star map showing the path of the Iss.

00:52:46.000 --> 00:52:54.000
And remember when you're talking about magnitude brightness the smaller the number, the brighter the object.

00:52:54.000 --> 00:52:58.000
So, and the iss is so bright that it's magnitude is a negative number.

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:05.000
And remember that if it's magnitude minus 3 that's brighter than my

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:09.000
1.5 of a reference purpose, just save some idea.

00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:16.000
The current magnitude of Jupiter is approximately minus 3. It's actually a tiny bit faster than that.

00:53:16.000 --> 00:53:20.000
But you know, just working nice whole numbers. and so if you go on to heavens above, eg.

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:24.000
On the 20 fifth of October. The you can see here.

00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:31.000
It gives you the time. So in the morning and it gives you the track across the sky. it's gonna be quite a bright pass.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:39.000
It's going to go through orion and you'll have Mars just above it, and carrying on like that so often find that useful.

00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:56.000
But, as I said, you may very well have your own source that's a picture of the international space station sort of few second exposure on a camera that's my husband taking his pictures just put that into show you can just do things with a

00:53:56.000 --> 00:54:06.000
fairly straightforward slr don't need anything too fancy, and if you want a bit of extra help with constellation, and people

00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:10.000
Or something called a planus fair which is sort of like an eternal star map.

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:24.000
You can buy them you've got a map printed on a bottom disc, and then at the top disk there's an oval cut, and if you line up the date and time, at which you're observing then what's

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:29.000
in the oval is what you see in the sky. You can get loads of apps for your phone.

00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:35.000
You can get software for your Pc laptop or phone Eg: stillerium. and we like that because it's free.

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:40.000
Also said, Get in touch or join your local astronomical society.

00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:43.000
Now i've been through that very quickly. and i'm i'm probably overrun.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:47.000
So I I do apologize, but I hope i've given you a flavor, and you know.

00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:59.000
Just go out there and have a look if you don't know your way around I mean there's no way anyone can learn You know all the stars in one night.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:01.000
I always say that, you know, trying to find your way around.

00:55:01.000 --> 00:55:04.000
The sky is a bit like going to a strange city.

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:09.000
You learn where the main points are, where under the railway station is a box and Spencer

00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:15.000
And then, you know, the next time you go you've got those 2 reference points, and then you can hone in on that.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:19.000
So if you start off with the pile then I think that's a very good place to start.

00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:31.000
So instead. I know this is sort of a you know quite rush, but it's giving you a flavor. If it's inspired you to go out and look at the sky, because there are some remarkable events coming up then all the

00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:35.000
best, and I wish you clear skies. So thank you very much indeed.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:46.000
Thank you so much, and that was absolutely fascinating and we've all learned a new words to boots as well, and one without vowels, which is quite interesting as well.

00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:52.000
So I hope we're all gonna try and get out and have a look at that and partial eclipse next week.

00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:57.000
I've been having a little look at the weather in Edinburgh here that's going to be cloudy old D, which is not very helpful.

00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:01.000
Hopefully. some of you out there will have more more luck also.

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:08.000
Personally for me really interesting to hear about the origins of the name Arctos for some of our members in Scotland.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:17.000
You may you might be aware of this there's a Pooler bear in the highly wildlife center an upper here in Scotland called Arcto.

00:56:17.000 --> 00:56:20.000
So, Julie, and chasing to hear where that name came from.

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:24.000
So, anyhow, we've got a couple of questions here so i'm just gonna launching.

00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:29.000
So do you have a little bit of time? no! this was a question from Andrew.

00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:34.000
Let me just paint it for you practice kind of 2 questions

00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:37.000
He's asking talking about the the partial solid eclipse.

00:56:37.000 --> 00:56:43.000
How common are they in this country? they're fairly common.

00:56:43.000 --> 00:56:49.000
There was one Oh, was it last summer or the summer before that?

00:56:49.000 --> 00:56:57.000
And again that was cloudy. So a total salary clicks Many location on the earth is fairly rare.

00:56:57.000 --> 00:57:01.000
You know, since the next one from the Uk. anywhere in the Uk.

00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:16.000
What the until 2,019 but some there's over the next few years there are some reasonable partial eclipses coming up, and if you go on to that time and date com website, which I mentioned earlier on then for your

00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:23.000
location. it'll give You a list of eclipses up to 2,199, which I think should keep most people happy.

00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:30.000
Hmm. Yeah. And the second part of andrew's question was talking about the partial eclipse that's coming up on Tuesday.

00:57:30.000 --> 00:57:36.000
Is there anywhere in the globe where they will see a a sort of total eclipse?

00:57:36.000 --> 00:57:42.000
I don't believe there is this time I I don't think there is this time, but more often than not.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:51.000
There is right? Okay, interesting. And I know that John was asking about and recommendations for some good astronomical websites.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:59.000
What We'll do John is an ann and i'll put our heads together and get, and has already mentioned 2 or 3 websites.

00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:05.000
We'll pull all that information together, and We will post that information up beside the recording of the lecture on

00:58:05.000 --> 00:58:13.000
The the lecture page of the members area of the website in due course, as soon as we can.

00:58:13.000 --> 00:58:18.000
After the lecture so hopefully. that will be helpful to all.

00:58:18.000 --> 00:58:28.000
And I think that is it, unless anyone has any last minute questions

00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:13.000
Okay, good afternoon everybody.

00:00:13.000 --> 00:00:23.000
Let me, let me share my screen and put the slide set up.

00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:36.000
So hopefully you can all see the front of the slides set there which, which gives the title dodgy scales and delivering the male's, the social history of retail and retail sales.

00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:50.000
I'm sticking to what Tim Ferriss today a little bit of of Seth Godin parents but mostly wooden Ferris the older of the two villages and the agenda, just to show you where we are in the country.

00:00:50.000 --> 00:01:10.000
Then where the germ of the idea for all of this came from the objectives methodology and sources of the project about autumn Ferris itself the earliest days maps and movement, the post office, delivering the mail goings on at the for pubs.

00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:17.000
The telephone exchange and finally, a little about a shop called pilgrims and the family that run it.

00:01:17.000 --> 00:01:28.000
So, this is where we are in ethics ethics so if you know to the right of London on that map.

00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:34.000
Now, and you'll see an arrow there for wouldn't wouldn't for us as at the top of the hill.

00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:37.000
And when the railway came.

00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:54.000
The railway didn't want to climb the hill and so it stayed down on the flat land, which was south of what Emperor's. Hence, South Ward and violence, which has since become a new town under about $80,000 live here at the moment.

00:01:54.000 --> 00:02:13.000
Where did this idea come from when I, I volunteer for this record office, and what I, I used to do fairly regularly was upload recordings, and I listened to them catalog them and then upload them onto the Essex, Essex record Office website.

00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:24.000
And one of the recordings fascinates me, Ernest Paul talking in the 1960s listed every shop down the high street in Chelmsford in the 1930s.

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:38.000
And it made me think how much it's changed. I'm going to play your short extract of earners you'll have to listen carefully because it's not a very loud recording just 1020 seconds of it.

00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:44.000
Then they was password, hence the famous on the couch.

00:02:44.000 --> 00:03:00.000
Next door was drivers drivers printers they were read through arch way there, and they printed words to the bank but they bookshop, and the huge agent, they were no news agent.

00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:14.000
Stop that they're not recording is available for anyone to listen to, by the Essex record Office website and I can put a link for that if you're interested.

00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:27.000
What I wanted to do in this project, which I started with our local history society, three, four years ago was to record, who was at a shop in 1000 Salford and that was by year.

00:03:27.000 --> 00:03:32.000
And today, we have five leverage files stuffed full of information.

00:03:32.000 --> 00:03:37.000
There's a data sheet for each of the premises, hundred 33 often.

00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:53.000
There were 380 supporting hardcopy documents over 1300 index images of buildings and deeds and letters from people, a searchable spreadsheet and the book which has just been published.

00:03:53.000 --> 00:04:02.000
When I get my information from a 94 year old lady Ruth Ralston, who died unfortunately last year.

00:04:02.000 --> 00:04:21.000
She gave me a tremendous amount of information she, She wrote down every shop in order of the road, local historian john Franklin gave me a lot of help, but people whose family owned or managed shops have given me things somebody posted their needs and

00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:30.000
the second class post. To me, and people who wanted to talk about the past, and the British newspaper archive.

00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:47.000
Then someone didn't throw away event programs from the 1950s and 60s which allowed me to see when businesses were advertising. The current owners of the property, and I've seen one of the cofounders of the properties on the list of participants today.

00:04:47.000 --> 00:05:03.000
Ancestry and find my past and of course there are six record office.

00:05:03.000 --> 00:05:16.000
earliest times. And there's a book by Wendy Walker, that talks about sex markets and fairs and you can see the end the year 1234. There was a market in boredom virus.

00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:23.000
And that was interesting because there's no marketplace where was the marketplace, what we think we found the marketplace.

00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:38.000
And then 1580 to a survey of Essex, which is available there's a record office, but you need their translation not the original and said at one time there was six butchers and battling houses at the weekly market.

00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:47.000
Now the market is not happening. And there's only one butcher, and to everything houses there's great decay in the township ship.

00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:50.000
And we think we know where one of those Victorian houses was.

00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:56.000
But again, the marketplace we've identified that to.

00:05:56.000 --> 00:06:01.000
I've drawn maps, and going to a cartographer who's drawing them properly for me.

00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:05.000
This is wooden Ferris is not described or two gaps.

00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:15.000
As you can see from the north and then you come down from big naked, and then you turn left and go into what's called the street.

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:24.000
And each of the little blobs black blobs with white writing is a property I know quite a lot about.

00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:34.000
And here they are, the butcher's arms the anchor the clapper the eagle Foster's weird rights, Robert Lewin's Forge.

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:39.000
The general stores, run by Charlotte Headingley much more about her later.

00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:47.000
The grocer's and butchers, and the post office run by Charles borns and the bow. But as you can see at the top right there.

00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:54.000
There are there are businesses I can't identify where they are. john Charlie's probably work from he's from Rome.

00:06:54.000 --> 00:07:01.000
But people didn't use house numbers in the village, we all knew where john Chalice live so you didn't know to have a number.

00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:20.000
And there's a butcher's that goes right for it 4530 1900. I don't know where it was. It's a large property, and it will be good to find out, but that's how it was in 1845, in the village moved to 1921, and the watches arms are still there but the anchor

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:27.000
has become a butcher's in 1910 or thereabouts, pick up bakeries arrived.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:32.000
Robert ah so in a millennial learning are running the wheel right now.

00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:44.000
Eagle stores, was there from 1928, a fascinating story about number 66 there Sydney grub and his family at the telephone exchange.

00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:57.000
And he's talking about the Forge, and Frederick Baker was a plumber and builder, Victor comet, a local rogue was in the shop, and then Richard Simmons had it again more about that later.

00:07:57.000 --> 00:08:03.000
And then on the other side William Wolf, post office george bush and the bell is still there.

00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:16.000
1945, a few less, but some different ones, the ones with white centers are ones I don't know much about, or I haven't been able to find much about.

00:08:16.000 --> 00:08:26.000
So Brett's Reggie Alan, how the garbage, and there's no sign of that guys there now work, who was a builder and his grandson is still working as a plumber.

00:08:26.000 --> 00:08:38.000
Once is an old Kentish and Essex word it means a crossroads and as you can see the road goes North the big naked and then lodge road and clothesline across there.

00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:39.000
My African stores Maurice worker, run them Africans saws.

00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:49.000
African stores Maurice worker, random African stores. Peacock bakery, what became Tanner and wardrobe, but Harvey.

00:08:49.000 --> 00:08:59.000
He had a van, and it had. Keep smiling, I Eagle soars continued until the least correlation.

00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:09.000
And then Vincent's have moved in down their patrons have moved in the bow and Ernest Harper to move that right down into what's known locally as Happy Valley.

00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:17.000
2021. Now we are what a difference. You can't buy groceries in will impress now.

00:09:17.000 --> 00:09:29.000
You can buy plants from the garden center you can have your computer maintained by Adrian at lodge Information Systems sign there's a great plumber, and you can still get a drink at the bar.

00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:40.000
So, it has changed, and as wouldn't tell us when down the place of but south of would impose went up.

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.000
And so we shouldn't see that.

00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:50.000
I'm just going to try and move that I can't move that kind of captured anything away Yes, I can. He's hiding things on my screen.

00:09:50.000 --> 00:10:02.000
So, you can see that the railway came, and the cluster around 1901 of businesses in the railway around the railway.

00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:10.000
And here they are. Let's name them

00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:21.000
my screen icon right sorry my screen froze. I go up and hey you see the, the name so well been pub for 1832.

00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:26.000
I mentioned data sheets I have 28 pages on the well been so much happening there.

00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:39.000
Red House cottage stores are from Scotland Yard. All of these ones here were linked with the well railway newspapers were sold in 1981 on the railway platform.

00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:45.000
You could get a haircut at the crossing keepers hot, and also tomatoes.

00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:51.000
But in 1903, right down and my the way down towards the river.

00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:55.000
Cash doors open it later.

00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:58.000
It was there right until the 70s.

00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:04.000
So things are starting to happen. Now he wouldn't files in 1971.

00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:16.000
You can see that cluster that glut of stores around the railway so notice though also there are some circles with with really big edges.

00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:34.000
Now, these four stores were what you would call open all our stores, if they if they if you haven't got what you wanted, they get it. They were open from seven or eight o'clock in the morning to till the same time night or even 10 o'clock.

00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:46.000
And now what's happened was that this parade of shops was built in 1971 72 and included a supermarket, a small supermarket.

00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:52.000
But, this, this one was compulsory purchase, but the other three closed.

00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:57.000
Really because those shops in the in the parade taken over from them.

00:11:57.000 --> 00:12:08.000
Although I have been told recently that the shopkeepers the two old ladies who ran this one. Couldn't get their minds around decimal currency and so that was why they closed.

00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:11.000
Let's go to 2021.

00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:17.000
And since 1971 over to the right of this nh

00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:25.000
huge new shopping center has been built to cope for the 18,000 people who live here.

00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:42.000
And so, that's not on the plan. And on the image that you see, and there are a few reduced shops but quite a few of them have survived the butcher's for example has become East of England co-operative funeral.

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:47.000
Number 17 has become dairy court, that was a butcher's.

00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:57.000
18 is empty. At the moment, and the railway station kiosk is still there. This is this continues along here.

00:12:57.000 --> 00:13:02.000
This is another computer shop, a sign of the times.

00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:14.000
This was a lovely little mobile coffee wagon. And there's been a lot of controversy about how the Council of return Did that work and they've lost it.

00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:18.000
Let's move back to autumn Pharaohs back up the hill.

00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:21.000
This is looking up the hill.

00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:29.000
And this is around 1900 ish we're not sure exactly when this pictures is taken.

00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:35.000
Will stores is on the right there. and you can see the blinds are drawn.

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:39.000
So it's obviously a sunny day when this image is taken.

00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:47.000
Next up we have Wolf's cottages William wolf built cottages for his employees, and the bakery and then the butchering.

00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:57.000
And this is the Smithy run by three generations of Lewin's Robert low in Robert H low in, and let me low in.

00:13:57.000 --> 00:14:17.000
And then we have the eagle which we're going to hear more about later. It's the plain white building not the Capitol building is right of the hell were some more pictures, going.

00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:35.000
They don't have gone this down here. Yeah, some of the gardens have gone but again, this is the bell pub. On the right, this is the rebuilt post office and whoever's taking this picture is very kindly written for us, the date on the, I think the it's

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:38.000
a glass image that's been colored by hand.

00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:44.000
And again you can see the village in 1910.

00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:49.000
This one. This is a picture that came to me, only about three months ago.

00:14:49.000 --> 00:14:51.000
And it's not unique.

00:14:51.000 --> 00:15:05.000
You've got the bowel you've got the post office you've, you've got the eagle, but Richardson stores on the left is a bit of an enigma. When I started the project everyone said well yeah that was batches from stores they were there, but not been able to

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:11.000
find anybody alive in the village who actually use with us and stores.

00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:21.000
Victor comic pallets certainly at in the 1921 census, but a little story about that. Mrs Richardson.

00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:32.000
When chasing after us when we've gone away. There was a court case, and the judge said to the two of them. Now Mr. Richardson would you come back.

00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:45.000
And he said not whilst the logic is still there. So, I'll leave you to make your own minds, but this is one of the very, very few pictures of Richardson's.

00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:52.000
Let's think about body scales, which is the name of the presentation and the book.

00:15:52.000 --> 00:16:00.000
We're going back to 1794, when Robert roadies will tells us that he owned the shopping mall in ferrets.

00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:09.000
And before that 10 we lock it agreed to be apprenticed to him. I've seen the original documents here in the deeds.

00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:27.000
Robert left the shop to his daughter Mary Brown, and she split the ownership between her three children. So we had a shop, owned by three people rented out to William Harper, a grocer Robert King was in situ after William Harper, and then falls bones.

00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:40.000
As an under tenant from, from 1820. Now, Charles bones, is the focus, Charles bones, is the is the one who to me gave the name dodgy scales.

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:43.000
He was corrupt.

00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:53.000
In 1835 is one of the 16 voters in the village. The 1841 census gives him and his wife as the age of 50.

00:16:53.000 --> 00:16:59.000
Some of his finds by weights and measures are listed below.

00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:18.000
I use a British newspaper archive and the chance for newspapers are full of fines for this gentleman. And as you can see, I've called him up because he had a piece of lead weight attached to the scales on your side of the scales so you can't see me holding

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:30.000
my hands up and down as if they were scales, but if you went in for half pound of butter, your scales will level, but there was a piece of lead weight on the your side so you didn't get half a pound of butter.

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:38.000
And he was find two pounds two shillings and six months which I believe is about 304 pounds in today's.

00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:49.000
Before that, again, deficiency in 1854 against several incorrect weights man How difficult is it to keep weights correct.

00:17:49.000 --> 00:17:58.000
A pair of scales, out of balance, it goes on and on until he dies in test 18 1864 and his wife sales up.

00:17:58.000 --> 00:18:17.000
I wonder though if he wasn't very well liked in the village, because he was a target for themes, with Nash and Charles Soule. Now remember, Charles Soule he's going to appear again in our story stonewalling the poor poke, and they got six one's hard labor.

00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:29.000
Elijah Ramsey and 1850 and Samuel Tao set were convicted a burglary. Now, the newspaper doesn't tell us what they stole. Oh, wish it did.

00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:33.000
They got 15 years and 10 years transportation.

00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:47.000
Goodness homes what they saw.

00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:52.000
for years penal servitude.

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:57.000
After Charles bones. William pets.

00:18:57.000 --> 00:19:04.000
From Retton done, which as the crow flies is about three miles away. As the roads go it's probably five miles.

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:19.000
He buys the business and 1864 and his brother Thomas runs the shop for 38 years until mode you go to these fine once for incorrect scales, and that was after the case of neglect he didn't maintain them.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:39.000
So you can run a business for 38 years, and only have one mistake, which Weights and Measures pick up on when Thomas left the village, there was a collection and the local chapel, and it raised a large amounts of money to give to him and his wife.

00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:49.000
This is the building. Before, it was rebuilt in the 1890s I'm finished in 1904.

00:19:49.000 --> 00:20:02.000
And this may be Thomas pits and his family, but as far as I have to trace Thomas pits and William pits, neither of them had any children. So who the little girls are I don't know.

00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:13.000
But my friend Mark Curtis that comes with museum was dated, the close to the 1870s 1880s which would make Thomas Pitts.

00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:15.000
The shopkeeper at the time.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:33.000
Now the eagle on lead ones among you will have noticed that the Lady in Black is standing in front of the words, wooden Ferris out the village was known as wooden Ferris and frustratingly when you assert when I was searching the British newspaper archive.

00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:44.000
I had to search for both within various onboarding fellas. Because around 1900 who wanted to change this name, back to what Tim Ferriss, so you will see on some of these images.

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:47.000
Wouldn't Ferris.

00:20:47.000 --> 00:21:04.000
This is a document, I'm not expecting you to read it, but it's a photograph of the documents, which tells William pits that he's got his mortgage, and this has been part of the joy of this, of this process of finding documents like this.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:07.000
The document says this.

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:25.000
So we been to water, and that the spelling and punctuation is on the document, and look at the property offer by Mr. Pitts a security. It consists of a shop, joining counts outbuildings warehouses stable and garden behind the premises are commodious,

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:27.000
but in a very bad state of repair.

00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:32.000
Well, we saw that didn't really look at that roof.

00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:37.000
It really does look as it's almost going to fall down.

00:21:37.000 --> 00:21:46.000
But stay to repair it has long been the principal shop in the village. So we don't know really how long it goes back. It could have been that and 5082.

00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:53.000
They stands well for business we are of the opinion, the society can advance 220 pounds.

00:21:53.000 --> 00:21:59.000
Remember the 220 pounds for about three slides forward.

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:03.000
This is the image of 1904.

00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:11.000
Your Goodman was the postmaster, then he and his wife live there. they have four daughters.

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:15.000
Let's zoom in a little shop window.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:26.000
Now I think there's an animal for sale and the bottom right, I think there may be thermos flasks above there. There's an old oil lamp. There's plenty of crockery.

00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:35.000
And in the left hand window that's a mannequin. Now that looks like an officer but it can't be able to fit or not in 1904.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:50.000
And there were other clothes and the drapery for sale there. So again, and the again you can see it it says when Ferris post office in 1904.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:23:04.000
This is the building today, or my been 2020 minutes with the picture, and Andrew lives there, very kindly let me in. shared documents with me.

00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:16.000
And then so yes I've got bunches hooks in the kitchen, so they can see in the kitchen. No one after all these years, as wanted to take down the butchers folks at home the meetup.

00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:24.000
So, in the 1890s William raises a mortgage to rebuild the post office which he sells that you're.

00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:28.000
He sells it for 160.

00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:37.000
Now remember he paid 224, and all that. Hundred and 50 paid off all to leave in 10 pounds for him.

00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:44.000
So I think the things may have gone wrong for William pets, and Thomas pits towards the end.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:50.000
Let's look at the government's

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:52.000
in 1911.

00:23:52.000 --> 00:24:00.000
Georges 46 Mary's 38, they have four children, large building on the right, was the shop on the accommodation was a smaller building on the left.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:13.000
And the accommodation was a smaller building on the left. And there was a debate amongst some of the people some of my friends in the villages to which we've made around it was, but in the end with the help of Hollywood birth.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:26.000
We managed to to work out all the words out there to people came out the shopkeeper came out with the left hand bit through a door into the main building whether was a counter on the post office there.

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:32.000
Now, you won't know the next little bullet point how far close lane is away.

00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:36.000
I would guess that across the fields, it's probably two miles.

00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:46.000
The Goodman girls used to do deliveries as far away is called clothesline weather for cottages which have been knocked down.

00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:52.000
And one of the stories there is that a lady always gave them a piece of cake.

00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:59.000
But perhaps was so dirty, but they always do the piece of cake away in the field on the way back.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:12.000
George Goodman, again, he was there for 36 years, one prosecution by Weights and Measures. And this is for something not blog because of prejudice of the purchaser.

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:15.000
I assume it was too much water.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:24.000
But as George bought them the Lord from grace cooperative society, they were in court to find 10 shillings your journey four shillings cost.

00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:29.000
He retired in 38 1938. And there's a big sale of antiques.

00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:36.000
At the time, the mural heads with the next people to police the building.

00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:47.000
But tragedy struck flat family twice in 1940 their doctor, and was shot dead by account and john john Curtis. Sorry.

00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:53.000
One morning at the entrance to perform buckets hole.

00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:02.000
I think no one really knows what happened but and john have been walking out together, and had been seen the soldier.

00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:20.000
She may have been going to say to john, she was ending the relationship, but she was shot and then john shot himself. 1956 Waldo died 10 days after he shot himself in the head with a revolver.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:32.000
On the day his wife said they seem perfectly normal. It was early closing and he went down to the garden. And when his wife took him a cup of tea. He was down the ground.

00:26:32.000 --> 00:26:35.000
They think the role revolver had a defect.

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:46.000
One of the mysteries, join my projects has been the fact that I have documents, signed by W in your head in 1958, and 1960.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:51.000
So I went back to my friend Colin and said hey you couldn't have died in 1956.

00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:55.000
It turns out the documents were signed by his cousin.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:02.000
So, local knowledge proved correct and the time, delivering mail

00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:10.000
The village had a postman Peter right he was postponed for 22 years.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:30.000
And again, this is an extract from the Essex Herald, right from great but our daily deliver the mail.

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:37.000
day delivering the mail was in February 18 at a postal alterations and improvements.

00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:48.000
And it says how and obliging postman he was, he been the post from for 22 years. He holds the highest awards that up on a ship.

00:27:48.000 --> 00:28:01.000
And he moved to a different round, because the post office restructured and did more of the delivery direct, both the wooden barriers and to the emerging area with the South.

00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:12.000
At 96 Peter died. It looks like he had a stroke. He regularly went into a shop, sat down as normal, and then seems to have had a stroke.

00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:17.000
Most of what I've found has been amusing and interesting.

00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:23.000
This on afraid is horrific rose Stevens.

00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:37.000
A girl who left in March, in Cambridge, received parcel in the post, and it was a fully developed female charm, a label for the postmark what I'm first, so it was easy to trace way to come from.

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:56.000
And it appears that hill that Mr Moxon who was a domestic and the employee of the reference Plumtree and sent the password, and so she was arrested, baby was born, 23rd December and posts on Christmas Day by the gardener hills already had one child.

00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:07.000
There is, acres and acres of coverage of this in newspapers of this hand and give that hearing of what happened what was decided.

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:14.000
Fortunately, in the end, the court took a lenient view and charges were dropped.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:20.000
And it was agreed that hill that would go to a homosexuals looks after

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:22.000
the reasonable course I mentioned at the Father.

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:25.000
And we all know it takes to.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.000
And that's a sad story or a sad story.

00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:33.000
But I've included it.

00:29:33.000 --> 00:29:36.000
But it's a little bit of humor.

00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:49.000
Before pubs in the village then can is now in the house the bell is now the bump the butcher's arms, and the clapper later legal both demolished.

00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:57.000
Superintendent Dobson said there's more beer drunken William Ferris than in any other two parishes in the county.

00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:01.000
It seems that it was like the Wild West.

00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:06.000
A 1417 year old boy here got drunk.

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:12.000
We didn't look any more than 14, and he was charged with being drunk in the street.

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:19.000
I think they actually had to handcuff him to his own house stopping going back for more beer.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:33.000
This was at the butcher's arms, where john always was the landlord, at the time, or it was later arranged for being legless in his own pub, more about him in a minute.

00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:45.000
You find from the reports and the newspapers when, when the licenses changed and whether there was an objection to the license change angle license being continued.

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:56.000
And here we have the fact that Frederick Saunders was there and it changed john Chapman. In 1881 the census gifts the name anchor for the first time.

00:30:56.000 --> 00:31:12.000
And it's john Chapman, and it transfers to john Charles on blanks in 1892, but by the 1911 census john Healy, and his wife are shown as meats and provision dealers on its own accounts.

00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:25.000
Building was sold in 1912, and the paper states that Victor comet is actually using the building at that time as a noxious Victor is one of the lovable rogues.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:30.000
In the story, but I haven't really got time to include much about him today.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:37.000
This is anchor house, Jane who lives there has been extremely helpful

00:31:37.000 --> 00:31:40.000
in providing information for me.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:45.000
This is the bell. A bit further down the hill.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:48.000
In 1938, remember the white railings.

00:31:48.000 --> 00:32:06.000
Can we have a satisfied customer drinking is and you can see in his right hand he's got the chalk on the left hand has to have a look at these wonderful beard, so satisfied customer

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:19.000
goings on at the bell, right now, 1849 and there was a newspaper report that the landlord john Headingley took Elizabeth Sydney, David to court. She was a servant, he said.

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:22.000
And she wouldn't quit about.

00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:25.000
You take these luxury pull these ads you tried to bite him.

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.000
He puts out a window and she came back for the other.

00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:32.000
I was thinking immediately a Brian Rick's when I read that.

00:32:32.000 --> 00:32:40.000
But all is not as it seems, and you might guess, john was some of Charlotte hedging late.

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:41.000
It was a grocer.

00:32:41.000 --> 00:33:02.000
In 1844 you married Hannah Taylor. How long was the daughter of the landlord about a daughter was born the year after, and the year after that I'm afraid Hannah died in 1849 john Edmund Hey Julie baby was born was baptized, at some memories.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:10.000
shown his mother. No father is shown on the certificate, depending on who you believe him or her.

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:18.000
She was offered marriage or she was offered the job of a servant. But certainly, They had a child together.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:30.000
And the other side of the story of hair of kicking and biting him is that he was pulling her down the stairs with the baby in her arms.

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.000
And, and it seems that he just simply wants to get rid of her.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:40.000
Later on she took him to court for maintenance and got maintenance from him.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.000
By 1851, he was back in his mother's shop.

00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:50.000
1853 john died at the age of 32.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:56.000
Hmm, some story with that family and the bell, but there's more.

00:33:56.000 --> 00:34:07.000
An 1848 john sister Harriet married. William straight from turning in 1851, William is the landlord of the bell.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:10.000
But William dies in 1856.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:15.000
And so poor old. Hurry. It is a widow.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:33.000
And she lives in 1861 with another Charlotte who at 66 is still a grocer living a little further up from the Val Charlotte died at age 18 1874 internally, which is about 20 miles away from here.

00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:40.000
I presume she was living with her daughter, Eliza because they're on that census record at the time.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:52.000
Now the butcher's arms and john Morris This is a picture from around about 1907 I could argue from other information about that date but I won't.

00:34:52.000 --> 00:34:56.000
But, Herbert Broadway is the landlord.

00:34:56.000 --> 00:35:12.000
Now, in 1890 jewelry supplied to have his license when you know that less than the Chief Constable of Essex proposed the renewal oppose the renewal on free grounds, or this was not a fit person.

00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:15.000
He struck his customers he stuck his wife, and he was a drunk.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:32.000
The House have not been conducted an orderly manner. Anyway, long before the licensed Columbia houses in the parish. That includes one that's now not in the parish but still there are is of course got a testimonial signed by 50 inhabitants of the district

00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:44.000
to say what a jolly good chap he was also the newspaper records that the police constable from what in Paris spoke on his behalf, at the hearing.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:50.000
Now that tells you that the police constable was more afraid of journalists than it was the chief constable.

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:59.000
Anyway, the license was continued the clapper legal.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:06.000
There is a 1944 picture of where the eagle is at the top there.

00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:11.000
And what he was has supplied this image of the building.

00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:15.000
And please note that some are two doors there.

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:25.000
And again, thanks to john company for the help and supply of documents that felt the project.

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:30.000
This is the eagle system the deeds of the eagle.

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:36.000
This is waste ground, always referred to as waste ground.

00:36:36.000 --> 00:36:49.000
This is the most likely site for the marketplace in Berlin Paris, because it was just opened ground telephone exchanges built here. The will rights was here.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:36:58.000
And we know that certain people were here, certain time so Thomas but being Jonathan beard. The frontage is 57 feet.

00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:02.000
So, each time the eagle is sold.

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:23.000
This list is recited. This is a 1900 document that I've, I've typed up here and see exactly what three sided every time the brick tile dwelling can sustain all the weather boarded tile Bakehouse all of that, just to prove that that's what's being passed

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:26.000
on from one person to another.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:31.000
Again, let's look at this drawing of the eagle.

00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:35.000
That part was the brewery, or it was owned by shelf so brewery that was the pub.

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:40.000
This part was owned by William foster senior.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:47.000
He was a wheel right and he died at 48 and his wife continue to this is with some William.

00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:53.000
They suffer a theft of tools in ninth in 1849 and it's our old friend.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:58.000
Charles Soule, and this time he gets nine months of labor.

00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:14.000
By 1851 Records tell us that William is actually in the pub ruling the pub, the clapper be a house with his wife Sarah, and it appears that the yellow part may have been at that stage.

00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:17.000
Because the will rise business is finished.

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:36.000
This tells us that the man left clapper on Tuesday night went out the back door slipped into a hole, it was 15 foot deep and broke he thought, I can't imagine why there was a 15 foot hole out there, but he wasn't expected to survive a wife and child.

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:48.000
This is one of the funniest stories landlord of the bell visited the clapper 15 minutes after the 8pm closing, and he took a local PC because he was convinced that they were opening.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:39:04.000
After hours, but the case was dismissed, because no one saw beer be involved or consumed. The band that apparently was in front of the two men have been left by two of them and you just left, but no one could remember their names and the men with a beer

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:09.000
before them swore, they were waiting for the Bible studies to start.

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:18.000
It's like a last like an excuse from some of the villains in ron paul of the Old Bailey that no one ever believed Weights and Measures.

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:24.000
Again came to the eagle, and you can see the figures in brackets and read that.

00:39:24.000 --> 00:39:36.000
The best water, the highest one is Thomas Jocelyn you run a 30 gallons still with all the operators, and he was find 30 pounds, 4000, pounds in today's money.

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:45.000
But again, look at this short wait on just scales earthenware measures that were two and a half ounces or an ounce deficient.

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:46.000
But just didn't bother.

00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:51.000
and they got fined, and they got caught.

00:39:51.000 --> 00:40:11.000
This is a different sort of story Henry Stephens the baker there, and successfully bed for providing lows so there were counselors but look at the crisis in 1881 he was a five and a half pencil of a bite in 85 he come down 30% to 23 quarter pens.

00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:16.000
That was the agricultural depression, and the whole country.

00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:21.000
You tried to sell the business late Yeah, you too, but no one will buy.

00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:23.000
Because this to the pikes.

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:26.000
The license transferred to Samuel Cooper.

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:37.000
In 1898, the eagle is unlicensed the brewery wanted to open a pub down south in central empowers the licensing arthritis and you have to give another one up.

00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:41.000
So they gave up the eagle.

00:40:41.000 --> 00:40:48.000
And the land is bought from law greatly by the brewery. Some your Cooper then buys the land.

00:40:48.000 --> 00:40:54.000
And then he sells it to Mrs Barlow, but notice that the waste on this excluded.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:40:59.000
So the wasteland is, is fenced, and they build it into other properties.

00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:03.000
Mrs Barlow sells it to the comments, we've met him before.

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:11.000
And Mrs pipe, then runs the jungle souls, and Bollywood with Mrs pike grandson has been a great help here to.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:14.000
This is a photograph of the pikes.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:19.000
This is Ernest Pike, who fought in World War One.

00:41:19.000 --> 00:41:34.000
This is slums funny pine is his wife and she was the power in this she signed all the documents to rent the eagle Messer her mother, and this is what he witness.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:38.000
Mom, France may pipe.

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:43.000
Earnest help turn the Goose Club wherever he saved up for those.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:50.000
And these words are from Bali with that his grandmother Captain menagerie of goats and hands on rabbits and all sorts.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:42:01.000
He made lots of jams and preserves and listen if it was modeled on the top of the jam you scrape the model throw it away anyway so so the gym.

00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:12.000
She made the Christmas party for next year this December, and left it to soak up they'll call that she took Molly down the bus for meetings with vector.

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:18.000
Now, a dramatic part of their story is that in.

00:42:18.000 --> 00:42:29.000
In 1945 while his father was a coward. He stepped outside of the count bond to relieve himself behind a pilot done.

00:42:29.000 --> 00:42:34.000
And the v2 landed on the farm and killed his colleague.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:43.000
So, there were three or four v2 landed on the two villages and World War Two, telephone exchange.

00:42:43.000 --> 00:42:52.000
Again, it was here. It was built here, and blame your Lillian had a house built in 1912. I'm conscious of the time so I'm going to go.

00:42:52.000 --> 00:42:58.000
This is the building, as it is today you can see the telephone pole spoiling the picture of the building.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:03.000
This image from 1921 1922.

00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:10.000
We let recently found the Sydney grub least the building of the state.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:16.000
And we traced the adverts in the building now to motor cars and he ran a motor car business.

00:43:16.000 --> 00:43:23.000
Apparently, Postmaster General no less rented and lived apparently.

00:43:23.000 --> 00:43:26.000
In this part which was the telephone exchange.

00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:36.000
Set separate shop area is excluded. This is where the shop was, again there are huge gaps in our knowledge of who had this shop. After the grubs.

00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:40.000
The door was taken away, apparently.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:42.000
This is anecdotal evidence.

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:51.000
No one's confirmed it for definite but it is said that the machine gun was set up in those doors which would take the way to control the hill.

00:43:51.000 --> 00:44:02.000
During the Second World War, and interesting the public green. Alec who lives there at the moment maintains this land although its public land.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:10.000
Okay, my last subject is pilgrims. And I said, two or three times one privacy is on a hill.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:16.000
This is the shop in 19. So, in 2022 years ago.

00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:23.000
It opened in 1925, and this was Leonard patrons first delivery vehicle.

00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:28.000
Like other businesses. If I didn't have what the customer wanted they get it.

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:36.000
There's also enough license shop was open from eight to 1830, and then they commenced deliveries.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:41.000
This is lenders first motor vehicle.

00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:58.000
And on the right. His son and his wife, Jeanne when they retired in 1997. There was a big party at the bell that even when they retired as a celebration.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:04.000
Last year, the sons of Frankenstein let me in.

00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:14.000
And this is the inside of the shop, and as you can see top right, but still assign this and cooked all the was a year ago. cook ham.

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:17.000
At 3pm quarter and that's been changed at least twice.

00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:20.000
And they've sold the building now.

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:28.000
And but you can see that shop is still laid out as a shop, it was never actually sort of reclaimed to be a lounge on it.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:36.000
You could go down the stairs and down the stairs, they were very proud to show me the slab of slate.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:42.000
They put the meat on the slate, to keep it cool in the cell.

00:45:42.000 --> 00:45:46.000
This is my penultimate side.

00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:50.000
No, it's my final slide, sorry.

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:53.000
I've said several times it's on the hill.

00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:54.000
Mrs.

00:45:54.000 --> 00:46:08.000
Pegram versus the weights and measures inspector he came in rather pompously apparently and said to her, I've come to check your store in the fireworks in a proper locked metal covenant.

00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:10.000
She said, Yes, we are.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:15.000
But before you, I tell you to show you them clasp your question, yes by them you can.

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.000
And she's a happy girl in a blue car. He said yes.

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:23.000
And she said, it's just disappeared down the hill.

00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:28.000
He flew out of the door, I was never seen again.

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:32.000
So, Thank you for listening to me.

00:46:32.000 --> 00:46:41.000
This slide gives you the information about the book, which I got from the printers this week, I'm very pleased with.

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:45.000
If you'd like a copy of the book you're most welcome.

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:48.000
piano I finished you can take back if you want.

00:46:48.000 --> 00:47:04.000
Thank you very much. Nice and quiet eventful, and within fetters through the years I think we can say, I'm a huge amount of fascinating work make, and I'm sure we're all thinking about our own local areas, and maybe there are some parallels and similar

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:20.000
stories and and it is for if I can just add one thing I did want to say was, I would love to encourage you to do something similar in your villages, because the information you find it absolutely amazing.

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:32.000
And, um, I have enough for six presentations like this, and the other is so much out there, and your village will be the same as, as our villages one.

00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:44.000
And this was the same things going on nationally, and big things going on in history that have shaped how the social history of of the country has changed, and okay we've got a couple of questions here.

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:49.000
And we heard the sad story about the baby.

00:47:49.000 --> 00:47:51.000
And in the post.

00:47:51.000 --> 00:48:01.000
Do we know why that happened. was there anything in your research that, that, that sort of highlighted five horrible situation that happened.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:08.000
The doctor said that the child, probably only live for an hour so.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:22.000
And that's really all I know about that i mean i presume that those inspection of by Dr and but the childhood, have been born and lived an hour and then died.

00:48:22.000 --> 00:48:23.000
Okay.

00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:35.000
And with a question from dawn about what is the healer, and that we actually got the answer for one of our other participants and an itinerant trader especially when dealing and data processing pulsing what they used to do was, was by a rabbit from one

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:50.000
So, what they used to do was, was by a rabbit from one person, and then gone to an expedition so back lobbies or exchange that rabbit for eggs or, or tomatoes or whatever and go around.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.000
Being a hickey you have to be licensed to be a healer.

00:48:54.000 --> 00:49:06.000
But it's a funny, funny term but if you look it up in any Wikipedia I think there are definitions of regular, and it's quite interesting.

00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:16.000
And question here from Jackie, and she's asking Have you registered all your hard work as a one please study.

00:49:16.000 --> 00:49:31.000
I don't know what a one place study is a link here in the chat for you so you'll be able to look at that, I'll make sure to get that mic and. Okay, now let's see what else we have got and.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:38.000
No, actually, I've got a question for you. If not, it means me asking a question for a little change.

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:48.000
And what's been your favourite part of actually, you know, undertaking this project so obviously been a huge, huge amount of work, what have you enjoyed most about it.

00:49:48.000 --> 00:50:00.000
I think the redemption of Victor comet. Now, I've mentioned Victor a couple of times and it appears that he was a horrid man.

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:05.000
He was drunk and disorderly, he drove cars after he was banned.

00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:12.000
He inverted commas liberated army stores in 1945 and went to prison.

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:24.000
He bought 11 gross of x. 11 doesn't have xR Johnson market illegally sold them, and he couldn't remember we born from couldn't remember who eats all winter.

00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:28.000
So not a nice man you might think.

00:50:28.000 --> 00:50:47.000
But his grandson, a shared a lot of information about him, and it appears to in the First World War. He was in in the in the sonic or in the Dardanelles where the Turks came over and he was in trench warfare with the Turks, and he would wake up in the

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:49.000
middle of the night.

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:54.000
And this is in the 1940s 1950s, and he would shout the Turks are coming.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:51:13.000
Now he's his grandson says that's why he drank to get to sleep, that are also stories Where is his son with Glenn his grandson met somebody in the village, and the village, the shops at all, we would never as children have had any sweets, without, Victor.

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:18.000
And it's a merger of that vector us to give the children a bag.

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:26.000
And they would fill them with acorns which he could give to his pigs and the deal was, if you feel a bag of acorns you got a penny.

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:36.000
And this loud said, Well, me and my brother filled the acorns, but my sister and he got four or five, and so did my little sister, they all got the penny.

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:51.000
Each Victoria, leave rabbits on your doorstep. If you weren't went off. If you weren't when awfully went to his shop he would move the chopper along so you've got more meat.

00:51:51.000 --> 00:51:54.000
So, um, yeah.

00:51:54.000 --> 00:52:11.000
He was not like, perhaps, different bad things but he did have a soft center and so that, I mean, there was so much about Victor, and again that this, the data sheet has 3530 pages about him.

00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:26.000
That that was that was my favourite but ok now actually we got a lot of comments here from Susie, and she's saying she'll see Woodham Ferrers through very different eyes when she next drives through and hoping they have just had the first meeting to do

00:52:26.000 --> 00:52:29.000
a similar project.

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:40.000
Well if you want any help, please get in touch via Fiona, and I will share with you the one I did things, and you can copy or not copy I'm happy to share.

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:54.000
I'm happy to another way or you're living if you're too far away from getting my documents and stuff in shape, I think you all but I mean I'm thinking about the village where I moved to him but a dog sure Westham when we first got my history there really

00:52:54.000 --> 00:53:01.000
should be going into I want people in future generations to be able to see what it was like.

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:05.000
And get Yeah, I'm sure you could do that, too.

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:10.000
And just insane that, you know, another question that, that I was gonna ask you actually is.

00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:29.000
What would you say has been the most useful source of information, sort of during during your research in this project what's what's been most useful Do you think all sorts of sources lots of all sorts of sources but, again, people have wanted to help

00:53:29.000 --> 00:53:32.000
people with their deeds.

00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:40.000
One of them who will remain nameless said to me, Well, can I have your phone number if I'm given the dates and the address in case you don't go back with them.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:47.000
But somebody else said to me, Well, here's the stuff. I live in Spain, most of the time I'm coming back.

00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:51.000
Coming back in July I've gotten from from you then.

00:53:51.000 --> 00:54:19.000
And it's just been marvellous how people have opened up and wanted to share, because I'm an incomer I've only been here for two years.

00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:27.000
Good evening, everyone. Thank you for that introduction.

00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:32.000
Fiona. I hope you enjoy the lecture tonight.

00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:37.000
Thanks for asking me to give this lecture as well.

00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:52.000
Fiona So i'm gonna share my screen with you now if everything goes okay

00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:57.000
Can everybody show you that. Okay, yes, I think we can, Jack.

00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:05.000
Okay, right. I mean, this is for black history months.

00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:22.000
Obviously i'll i'll crack on Now most people think that black footballers, my their first appearance in English football following the wind rush generation you Can't Britain in the early 1950 s from the

00:01:22.000 --> 00:01:31.000
Caribbean but that isn't the case there's a relatively small number of black footballers, who might an impression on the English kind.

00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:42.000
Not really other than that this isn't working now, oh, there we go!

00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:49.000
This is also in 1,997.

00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:56.000
He became the first black person footballer in England as well as the 100 Yards World record holder.

00:01:56.000 --> 00:02:01.000
He was from Ghana, and you came to Breton in the 1980 S.

00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:11.000
It's seen as a missionary that became a professional sportsman instead applying football for Preston North End and Robin

00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:25.000
But while he was beaten, the best on the tracks and fields of Britain, the people's the continent of his birth, we're being recast as lesser than human beings, the tool garn ion

00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:37.000
irritated white supremacist, because his education and sporting triumph with viewed their theories in the late Victorian era.

00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:53.000
When britain's economic and political power reached its peak, and when the dominant ideas of the age labeled all blacks as inferior, it was perhaps not expedient to proclaim the exploits of an

00:02:53.000 --> 00:03:12.000
Africans sportsman. I explain that because I think this is the why that Won't and other black the fat black footballers were forgotten, because, as his sporting powers, wind so did he find an earning power Walton died a

00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:18.000
penniless coal miner and his grave remained unmarked until 1990.

00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:31.000
7. How do we know about what? and other black footballers around that time?

00:03:31.000 --> 00:03:50.000
In Well, in 1991 Phil Vasily essential historian, had uncovered some old photographs and decided to trace the early history of a relatively small number of black footballers in quit before world war

00:03:50.000 --> 00:04:02.000
2 that had been forgotten, and also have I would discriminate against this encouraged other social historians to do the same.

00:04:02.000 --> 00:04:22.000
And as a consequence, of that ashley's book has become somewhat dating, because, although it was discovered that Bolton was indeed the first black professional report he wasn't the first black footballer current knowledge.

00:04:22.000 --> 00:04:41.000
I guess that this man was Andrew watson Watson was the first British black player we called it, who played for the Edinburgh Club Queens Park in the 18 seventies.

00:04:41.000 --> 00:04:52.000
Although Queens part were then, and until 2,019 actually an Emma to club.

00:04:52.000 --> 00:05:05.000
Nevertheless, he also played for Scotland against England. But probably the most famous of the early black players was this man walk to town?

00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:15.000
Oh, was born in Foxton in *, and grew up in the East end of London towels fold.

00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:30.000
Huh! was the son of a slave. We would come from Barbadius in 1,876. after serving an apprenticeship as a printer, Tau play professional football.

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:34.000
The Tottenham, Hotspur, and Northampton Town.

00:05:34.000 --> 00:05:52.000
19 is debut for spurs in 99 9 tell me, was often horrified at the racist treatment that you received from football fans, but he also had his defendants, not only amongst supporters, but also in the

00:05:52.000 --> 00:06:00.000
establishment, including in the press, who were also disgusted at the treatment he often received.

00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:11.000
After one game against Bristol City in 19 o 9, the Northampton Echo reported.

00:06:11.000 --> 00:06:17.000
A section of the spectators made a cowardly attack upon him in language lower than Billings Gate.

00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:34.000
Let me tell these Bristol hooligans. There were a few of them in the crowd of 20,000 that tally so clean in mind and method as to be a model for all white men who play, for or whether they be amateur

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:50.000
or a fashion Toll was about the sign for Glasgow Rangers when the First World War broke out, and he volunteered for the British Army

00:06:50.000 --> 00:07:01.000
So dedicated and popular, was tall. He was quickly promoted to sergeant, and then recommended for officer training.

00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:11.000
Now, despite military regulations forbidding in the inverted commas, any negro or person of color.

00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:24.000
Being an officer commanding white soldiers, he received his commission in 1917, so, besides being the only only the second.

00:07:24.000 --> 00:07:31.000
But professional football in England. He was also the first black officer in the British army.

00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:37.000
He was renowned as a very brave officer who led from the front.

00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:42.000
In 1918 toll was shot in the head on the front line.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:58.000
His men risk their own lives to save Tal, giving him first aid, whilst under heavy fire, despite great efforts to save him. So Tel died at the age of just 29, Northampton.

00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:05.000
Who remember he applied for Northampton Town proudly, shall, with a pub named after him.

00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:17.000
Outside the ground on water Towel Y, and a statue of him in the center of the town.

00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:31.000
In the 1920 S. and 19 thirties. there were quite a few other black players, and and one well known black file was the parish.

00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:40.000
I was play for bad food part. I have a new bomb of Luton Town and Northampton town, and he was the first black professional planer.

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:52.000
Apply for one of the home countries implied for Wales in 1931 a contemporary of Paris.

00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:56.000
Oh, he played both with and against was Jack Leslie.

00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:00.000
Leslie was born in the East End of London.

00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:04.000
The sound of a Jamaican father and a mother from Islam.

00:09:04.000 --> 00:09:13.000
Now, let's see, was a prolific goals score applied first for Barking town in the East End, and then for Plymouth.

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:19.000
Our guile in the 1,900 twentys and 1930 s.

00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:31.000
He scored so many goals that in 1,925 he was told by his manager that his manager had been informed that license have been picked for England.

00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:39.000
It became the talk of Plymouth. No Plymouth, our goal player had ever been picked for England before.

00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:45.000
Now, at that point pliers were picked for England by an F.

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:53.000
A committee, not by a manager, and apparently they had picked him on his reputation.

00:09:53.000 --> 00:10:11.000
There were no television cameras in those days and pictures of him Hadn't reached Hafi headquarters, but I went to walk him a few days after that, and when the team was eventually announced, Billy Walker of Aston Villa

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:23.000
was picked as center forward, involved with them. Jack leslie Jack Leslie Lighter said I didn't ask out why I hadn't been.

00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:30.000
I could see by their faces that it was awkward, and then, speaking in 1978.

00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:40.000
We went on to say, I did hear that Efi had come to have another look at me, not at me football, but at me face.

00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:47.000
They asked and found that made a record found out about me, Daddy, and that was it.

00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:52.000
No one ever told me officially that had to be the reason I must have forgotten.

00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:58.000
I was a colored boy. I found out I was a darky, and I suppose that was like finding out.

00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:10.000
I was following, he added, I used to get a lot of abuse in matches here, Darky, i'm gonna break your leg dead.

00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:21.000
Shout. There was nothing wicked about it. They were just trying to get under my skin.

00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:26.000
References, often derogatory, were frequently made in the media to his race.

00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:34.000
Ethnicity or color. These are some of the less racist comments that he had.

00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:44.000
When When he finished his playing career in 1934, he returned to the East End.

00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:52.000
The workers of boil America and play amateur football for barking again in the 19 sixties.

00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:59.000
The West Hand manager, Ron Greenwood gave him a job as a boot boy over 15 years.

00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:13.000
He claimed the boots of the likes of Bobby Moore, carry rednap, and have a booking until the age of 80, when he retired, and he died in 1819 80.

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:19.000
8, there will be a statue of him in Pllymouth.

00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:24.000
Actually tomorrow, it's being erected but until a couple of years ago.

00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:29.000
There was nothing up West hand now. fiango already told you that I'm.

00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:45.000
A West hands older. Okay. couple of years ago, me and a couple of my West Hand nights launched a campaign for the club to recognize his contribution to the club in some way or other, and consequently there's now a plaque

00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:53.000
in reception at the club dedicated Yeah, as well as noon council, putting up a blue plaque.

00:12:53.000 --> 00:13:15.000
These former address in the East End, moving on from those times in the post-war era. as I said, with the influx of black people of the Wind rush generation, we started to say more and more black violence.

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:22.000
In the 19 sixtys and 1,900 seventys black bias started to make a greater impact on Polish football.

00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:38.000
Hi, just like Clyde, best for example now i'm not just signed that this, because on the West Hampshire client best was the mutant, and he was an extremely popular player at last time until the next generation

00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:56.000
of black pliers who came through. He was a role model Pollen, the black player, Paul Links, who like to be kind England cap bye bash simply as the legend.

00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:03.000
There were other black players around in the 19 sixties and 19 seventies.

00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:16.000
Black players, such as Albert Yo hansen for example, Johansson didn't come from the Caribbean, though you came from South Africa to play for lead in 1,961.

00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:28.000
He was on the second black player to play for leads, and he was the first black footballer in the post-war era to make a big impact on the guy.

00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:41.000
Yeah, Handsome was a clever winger applied for ye lead for 9 years, making a 197 appearances, and scoring 67 goals with them.

00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:55.000
Memorable hat tricks in European guines. Unfortunately, after leaving football, Johansson became an alcoholic, and lived much of the rest of his life in squalor.

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:11.000
In 1,995 at just 53, he was found dead in his flat and a tower blocking lanes. Now, like many black footballers. During his career he had taken a lot of racist abuse from

00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:19.000
opposing pliers and supporters alive. Now, whether this had anything to do with his lights of problems.

00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:42.000
He's very hard to sign Huh! as the same photo shows The problem that black players faced was that as often the only black player in the team they felt and were isolated and often lacked the support a fellow clients who

00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:48.000
didn't know what it was like to be racially abused.

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:53.000
They were also easy to targets for the races.

00:15:53.000 --> 00:15:59.000
By the late seventies. They were still only about 50 black professional planners.

00:15:59.000 --> 00:16:08.000
In the whole of the 92 link clubs, first team squads that was less than one attain.

00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:15.000
But things were changing.

00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:28.000
Now sure popular misconception that West Bombage, albeit Manager Ron Atkinson, was the first manager to to play in the top flight with 3 black wires in his team.

00:16:28.000 --> 00:16:35.000
Ron Greenwood, manager of West Hand, was the first first when in April, 1972.

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:43.000
He included these 3 suppliers in his chain.

00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:59.000
I to apply topman potsper, which was a local which was, and he is a local Darby that Atkinson's inclusion, all 3 black clients in his highly successful West Pomager albion team in The 1,900 and

00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:09.000
seventys is probably more remember, dubbed them the 3 degrees, and they were Laurie, counting them still wages, and Brendan Batson.

00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:21.000
Laurie Countingham was a very gifted winger, who later went on to play for real Madrid, but he died in a car crash at a very young age.

00:17:21.000 --> 00:17:27.000
So wages whose brother John went on to become a successful winter

00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:40.000
And so went on to play for England. Brendan Batson, who, when he retired, rose to become the deputy chief executive of the players.

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:56.000
Union the professional football associate that's for will not Well, what happened to to him ironically Atkinson was later sacked as a Tv commentator for my team races.

00:17:56.000 --> 00:18:18.000
3. Now, when he thought the mic was off he called the former Chelsea and French international player marcel dese and I won't use the term they used, but it included the f word and the n word and what

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:23.000
The black footballer said that he was stunned.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:34.000
After all, the actions are done for black pliers. So even after Atkinson have broke the wrong, it was still not easy for black clients.

00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:45.000
None but I had ever been picked for England, being English, for a lot of people meant being white.

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:50.000
For example, apply i'm going to talk a little bit more about later on.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:19:04.000
John Bones As a 20 year old John Barnes scored the greatest individual goal ever seen at the spiritual home of the beautiful game.

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:11.000
The Mac, now now a kind of stadium in Brazil, and actually against Brazil.

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:16.000
But on the point back to England if you've never seen the go look it up.

00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:38.000
It's a fantastic job on the plane back to England phones was abused by a group of English fans told him that his goal didn't count as a goal for England because he was black not English

00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:49.000
Sounds wasn't the first to be picked for the England squad, West Bond strike a several regions who have already mentioned what he was picked for the squad.

00:19:49.000 --> 00:20:04.000
He later received the letter from the post. Inside was a live bullet, with a note saying that if he ever played for England he would get one of these through his leak cap.

00:20:04.000 --> 00:20:09.000
But in the event we just wasn't the first black part to fly for England.

00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:25.000
It was this man Dv. Anderson. Riva Anderson was a very accomplished fallback, who played for Nottingham Forest under brine cloth, and was picked by Bobby Robson, who was England manager.

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:38.000
At the time, but to that for the under 21 European championship qualifier against Denmark in 1982 Watson had

00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:56.000
We say you type mile for including black pliers with Anderson, Wiki Hill, John Barnes, still regis all Davis and Chris White in his squad, the first black player to Captain England, which wasn't in significant because there

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:04.000
was a stereotype at that time always the stereotype was always that black pliers might be very creative fires.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:19.000
That they're not really leaders, are the first black wire The Captain England was this man, and Paul Lynn in a match against the United States in 1,994.

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:24.000
The race is stereotype and legacy of colonial attitudes.

00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:30.000
A previously prevented black fires from captain in England.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:41.000
In the late seventies and early eighties there had been an explosion of black talent onto the professional football pitches of England.

00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:55.000
What did this happen? One reason is that pioneers, like the 3 degrees, had become well models for black children who would follow in their footsteps.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:22:11.000
People like you might right started off in Sunday League football, and I played on some of the same pitches that him right did and was picked up by Crystal Palace when he was 22 years of

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:23.000
age. He is always said that the early pioneers, such as best cunning on Regis and bats, were a great inspiration to him.

00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:36.000
I think this shows the importance of well models, and this is demonstrated by Alice Kashmir in his 1990 studying of black sportsmen.

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:44.000
And what is known as self-fulfilling prophecies.

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:54.000
And it goes something like this. The teachers and parents think that black children are not very academic, especially in math.

00:22:54.000 --> 00:23:02.000
But it good at sports, so they encourage them in schools football and other sports, and don't bother too much with them.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:10.000
In the classroom, I mean, this is this has changed since the nineties, but this was the the stereotype.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:24.000
Then, consequently, black parents encouraged their children by most oops, and encouraged by the positive label in sports, especially as you know the spheres of life.

00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:32.000
They are usually labeled negative bye, reject the academic world.

00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:47.000
But participate enthusiastically in football, at school and elsewhere, as they believe teachers and parents, when they tell them that this is the most likely route to success in life, and that leads to success because a disproportionate

00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:52.000
number of black children make it to the top in football.

00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:55.000
As a result, and so the prophecy is confirmed.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:58.000
Teachers and payments. Take this as agitants. Good night.

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:03.000
People proved right all along. The black kids are good at football.

00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:12.000
This encourages teachers and parents to you know encourage black built children to play for even more.

00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:29.000
If you've noticed on other black children and as minorities, black people are noticed much more by children parents and teachers alike when they do well at such high profile, at least like flying professional football and this leads to emulation.

00:24:29.000 --> 00:24:48.000
and encouragement Children want to emulate their heroes on football as seen as something that they can succeed at parents, see football, something to encourage their children, and teachers believe that black people are naturally good at football.

00:24:48.000 --> 00:25:06.000
I'm. not a mess on the evidence, However, there is a more structural approach to explaining the explosion of black footballers in the 1,900 eightys.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:14.000
Now this is provided by Steve Copper, who was next Manchester United Winner.

00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:21.000
Hmm. became Crystal Palace manager, and he has a more structural theory.

00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:27.000
When he was Crystal Palace manager. When I got to the cup final in the early nineteenth he was off.

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:43.000
Why there were so many black players in his team, and in 1993 Crystal Palace fielded 8 black pliers for the whole game against Lester City, including the now very famous Mark Bryant Don't Sell our colony

00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:56.000
invite, as we apply to that question, was that most of the best pliers that had always come from poor world-class area in Britain.

00:25:56.000 --> 00:26:08.000
These areas, he said, are now mostly black, also structures as of disadvantaged closed doors for young black men.

00:26:08.000 --> 00:26:27.000
In other more confidential attitude to success Now this argument of Steve Couples is expressed academically by James Wellvin, who is author of the People's Game I've met James a few times and You know he's a

00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:33.000
great social historian, and if you never read the people's game you should read it so great.

00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:46.000
And this is what James Welding said. Young blacks in Britain grew up in communities which are often already influenced by the attackments and loyalty to local football teams.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:59.000
The oldest idiot in zoom But we're close to those industrial complexes, and they're working class communities which are traditionally give such a little support throughout the century It was then perfectly natural

00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:06.000
that many young blacks should gravitate for supporting their local teams in the major cities.

00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:18.000
It was also predictive. mend you these use would seeking for all the challenges and success which seemed elusive in other walks of life.

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:38.000
Then this success wasn't easily one yeah there was a long history of stereotyping, of black clients by managers and countries, and research is consistently shown that these stereotypes still existed until until

00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:45.000
relatively recently. and the stereo charts were were like this.

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Well, they've got plenty of flare huh? you know they're all like Peli, Huh!

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:54.000
You know they're not consistent they're not good in the map.

00:27:54.000 --> 00:28:01.000
They carry chips on their shoulders. they have no stamina or determination.

00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:09.000
They don't like the cold weather. Hi have a natural lack of discipline by lack bottle.

00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:24.000
When the going gets tough they can't stick It However, this kind of led to a self-fulfilling prophecy regarding the positions that most black buyers fighting.

00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:33.000
For a long time, however, a number of black players helped to dispel these none more so than this map.

00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:39.000
Homeograph. Mcguff is the sound of an Irish mother and a Nigerian father.

00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:53.000
It was a tough tackling, no nonsense center back who played for Manchester, United Aston, Villa Darby County, and shuffled, united as well as web, representing

00:28:53.000 --> 00:29:06.000
Ireland. On 83 occasions he won the professional football as association player of the year, award in 1,993.

00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:17.000
But despite players like the graphs stereotyping, continue. Now, a good example of this stereotyping was provided by this man.

00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:22.000
Ronnode. One note was chairman at the Crystal Palace.

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:35.000
When they were very successful in the early nineties when you've couple, was manager, but unlike is more much more progressive manager, Steve Pop.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:45.000
When Black Bios, he and Lights Mark Bright and John Shalakon played in the Crystal Palace team in the early 1990 S.

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:53.000
One nodes actually said this the black wires at this cloud, then the side a lot of skill and flare.

00:29:53.000 --> 00:30:03.000
But you also need white players to balance things up. Give the take some brains in common sense.

00:30:03.000 --> 00:30:12.000
Thanks. Steve Couple must have had his head in his hands, and once they had got past these barriers in the 1970 S.

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:24.000
And 19 eighties players had to tolerate torrents of abuse from the terraces, which included chance phones and the boeing of black players.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:38.000
Monkey noises when a black player had the bowl assaults on black pliers and supporters, and throwing the known as and peanuts and black players.

00:30:38.000 --> 00:30:43.000
Not of this was orchestrated by the extreme right, but not all of it.

00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:49.000
With regard to the following of bananas are black players.

00:30:49.000 --> 00:31:00.000
Dave, He'll wrote this book about the experiences of the England player, John Bonds, when he became the first blackpire to play for Liverpool.

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:09.000
Well, well, strictly speaking, I mean Dave Hill describes him as the first black in red.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:23.000
But Strictly speaking, he Wasn't the first Black part apply for Liverpool's guy called Howard Gail in 1977, but that was always on the periphery you're not only ever played a

00:31:23.000 --> 00:31:28.000
handful 13 games, as you can see from Dave Hills book.

00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:33.000
Cover regularly. hypnotist from in from the palaces.

00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:55.000
He was subjected terrible abuse week in, week out, not least so everton phones in the low darling, who chanted very loudly, so that it could be heard on match of the time Everton White Bombs also got very little

00:31:55.000 --> 00:32:13.000
support from within the guine. When asked about the significance of signing the first black football off a little pool, his manager said he didn't see a black portfolio just a foot formula and the attitude of all levels

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:31.000
of the guine was this kind of color blindness, the color blindness, denied the achievements of black pliers against you know what they faced week in, week out, and also it masked an institutional race.

00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:41.000
System. So do you. Despite racism, being endemic in football, nobody in the game ever talked about it publicly.

00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:50.000
Match of the day didn't even mention the terrorist abuse of Barnes, even though it could be very clearly home.

00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:57.000
The attitude of journalists, radio and television, commentators.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:04.000
The Football association, and the club Managers was don't dignify with a response.

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:13.000
Black pliers were encouraged to suffer in silence and off answer the abuse on a plane better.

00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:21.000
In the end some block pliers could take no more, and spoke out very publicly about it.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:26.000
You right, was the most high prof profile player to do so.

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:39.000
Also it was left to decent football fans, of which there were, and are many to do, something about it.

00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:58.000
In the 1990 S. racism was confronted head-on by fans tridunions, anti-fascist organizations, fansings, and the football Support association took action that's the fi and clubs, had in ignored it

00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:07.000
For years years the Fans took the initiative off with the help of organizations like the anti-racist alliance.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:10.000
The Anti-nazi League, and so on.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:29.000
One of the most successful groups was leads united against racism and fascism, which included supported Scotes; that they each trace council, and they, even the police and some abilities united pliers.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:36.000
However, the football authorities were ambivalent, or sometimes even hostile.

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:43.000
So, for example, the group against the Nazis were threatened with legal action by the club.

00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:52.000
They continued using the Club's logo there had been years of a conspiracy of about the problems.

00:34:52.000 --> 00:35:04.000
And the attitude was, This is our business not yours or we don't have a problem, or if we ignore it might go away.

00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:18.000
This was an attitude adopted by the media as well or we won't, dignify it by talking about it, and give races the oxygen of publicity.

00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:25.000
However, the pressure deep bring about change. Racist chanting, was outlawed.

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:31.000
The first law was in 1991 and there've been several updating of the law.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:40.000
Since then. The Commission for Racial Equality inspired Kick it out.

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:47.000
Campaign, and this was eventually and only gradually supported by the Professional Footballers Association.

00:35:47.000 --> 00:35:59.000
The Football Association. The Premier league and the Football League, as well as by most of clubs and the Government's football task force.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:12.000
Report made recommendations that were taken up with the establishment of of the Let's kick racism out of football organization.

00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:20.000
To sign up to this Clubs had to agree to issue a statement of policy.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:34.000
That action will be taken against fans involved in in decent and racist chanting, and this must be printed in the program and displayed permanently and prominently over the ground.

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:44.000
I must make announcements on match dies. These must condemn races chanting a warm That action will be taken.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:52.000
They must make it a condition of getting a season ticket not to take part in basis behavior.

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:58.000
Clubs have to agree to type action to prevent racist literature.

00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:06.000
That must type discipline, reaction against offending pliers.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:10.000
In other words, players who shout racist, abuse, or other players.

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:15.000
2 times. I must sell visiting clubs with their policy.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:20.000
They must have a common strategy for Stewart and police.

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:25.000
So you know how on how to deal with offenders.

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.000
They must remove racist graffiti at their grounds.

00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:39.000
And they must agree to do this as a matter of urgency, if and when it years, and they must adopt equal opportunities.

00:37:39.000 --> 00:37:46.000
Policies with regard to employment, and this provision there will also be dedicated.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:58.000
Kick it out by use. That, for all this is a Blackburn Rovers, as we one was agreed that the situation became much better.

00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:17.000
When I wish we shouldn't have been so complacent it didn't go away because it's scary to where it's ugly head again in 2,012 we had the incident where the

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:33.000
Chelsea in England. Captain John Terry, with his hand covering his mouth, was aeged to have race alleged to have racially abused. Queensland is defender, and Tom Ferdinand, by calling him a

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:43.000
black. see? Terry denied this. He said that he actually called in a blind.

00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:52.000
Okay, it ended up. We've the cps unsuccessfully prosecuting Terry.

00:38:52.000 --> 00:39:06.000
But the F. A. finding him £220,000, and bang it, banning him for 4 matches, the using insulting words which included a reference and time.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:16.000
Ferdinand power or race how we continued to deny racism. But we tied from international football as a result of the case.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:27.000
Now whilst it wasn't proven conclusively. This was followed the following week by Chelsea fans counting Anton third in.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:36.000
And you know what you are at a champion so they've done, but not only that also in the same game.

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:45.000
It was reported. but when Chelsea bought on their substitute backual storage, one fan shouted out, Look!

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:56.000
They're bringing on the monkeys now it wasn't so much this comment by one neanderthal. you know a racist idiot that was so shocking.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:03.000
It was the reaction of the crowd, many of whom thought that it was hilarious.

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:09.000
But it will be unfair to pick out Chelsea, especially as the club themselves totally condemned.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:21.000
The fans involved in both incidents and up the mount. to eliminate racism from their club and form.

00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:28.000
Yeah terrorists. In any case, these attitudes were still to be found throughout football.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:38.000
Kick it out, changed its 9 to one game, one community, and it in its annual week of action, highlighted.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:51.000
The need for continued vigilance. Indeed, there continued to be numerous incidents of racial abuse on the pitch at the highest level.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:10.000
The most scandalous remarks, however, came from the very top set blatant when he was question of faithful the world governing body. Firstly, climbing the racism didn't exist in fall i'm then when he

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:18.000
was shouted down, said that racial abuse on the pitch could be settled by a handshake between the pliers.

00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:26.000
The end of the guy, faced with a barrier of complaints and condemnations from around the world.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:36.000
Latter was forced to apologize, admitting, using unfortunate words that he deeply regretted.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:50.000
However, he refused to resign black is flatter's comments on race system use, or a furious reaction from many pliers with David Beckham.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:57.000
Only a press press conference to call his remarks appalling I'm.

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:04.000
Real third demand 22 very strongly worded condemnation.

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:08.000
But

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:16.000
But Ferdinand, from then on refused to wear a kick it out on the kick.

00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:23.000
It out, though longed home, and Osley insisted it was ridiculous. applies to not way of t shells.

00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:27.000
It's ridiculous to say that by not wearing a T.

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:32.000
Share or by not supporting kick it out you're actually going to change things.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:49.000
39 response was you know it's token It's a token gesture We need to do something more substantive about racism.

00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:58.000
Over the years. The next few years the resurgence of far white groups like written first.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:06.000
The English Defense League, New kept fueled, arising racism in general society, and football in particular.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:14.000
You know Rahim Sterling was one that was abused and laughed about it on the pitch.

00:43:14.000 --> 00:43:21.000
He lighter said, regarding what was said at the Chelsea game.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:34.000
As you can see by my reaction I just had to laugh because I don't expect no, no back to abandoned yang arsenal was regularly abused.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:46.000
Dandy rose the top, who was planning at top them at the time when he played for England, suffered so much abuse that he said he couldn't wait to hang up his boots couldn't wait to retire from

00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:57.000
football and in data international level in the euro, 2220 qualifier between Bulgaria and England.

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:02.000
It was whole ticket twice because of nicest chanting and racist abuse.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:06.000
Nazi Salutes and Monkey Chance directed at England.

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:21.000
Pliers. I'm garrett's south Guy to his credit confronted the referee and asking what you intend to do about it, and he later said that if he's pliers decided at any time in

00:44:21.000 --> 00:44:25.000
the future to walk off the pitch because of graces.

00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:39.000
He will give them his phone support. back at home we had Rudy go, for example.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:51.000
Was had monkey gestures made to him from the spur, so called supporter, and he gestured the referee about the abuse he had received.

00:44:51.000 --> 00:45:00.000
The referee stop the game after being made away with the abuse, and 3 announcements were made in the spading.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:08.000
Also in in December, 2,019 at the Manchester Darby Guy.

00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:13.000
This Manchester City so-called. Sir Walter made monkey noises.

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:19.000
The Black Manchester united by Fred Every time he got the ball.

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:26.000
However, things were and are changing because the other Manchester City support was around him.

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:33.000
All reported his behavior to the referee, and he was some subsequently banned for life.

00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:41.000
Decent supporters, who are the vast majority, are now standing up to these vile races.

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:53.000
Indeed! the checklist player antonio rudiga got a huge number of messages of support from opposition spaghetti.

00:45:53.000 --> 00:46:04.000
I'm coming to the end very shortly on sky sport. Very nephew who is a pandit, and probably 4, is a former Manchester.

00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:10.000
You might apply probably one of the best pundits on television blind.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:27.000
The racist rhetoric we were seeing an upset of in football on politicians, and he singled out Boris Johnson for creating an atmosphere where some people think that this behavior is acceptable both in

00:46:27.000 --> 00:46:33.000
society and the football we meant. Boris Johnson had called Black people in Africa.

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:47.000
Picking in is with Walter Melon, smiles, and that the Queen has come to love the commonwealth, partly because it's the applies her with regular cheering clouds of flight, flag waving waving picking

00:46:47.000 --> 00:46:51.000
in his use the word Nigerian as an insult.

00:46:51.000 --> 00:47:01.000
He said that black people made him feel uncomfortable, and that parts would be anti, race, anti-racism, industry should be dismantled.

00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:10.000
He described the look person with phones in the white of the killing of Stephen Lawrence as Orwellian stuff from the Pc.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:25.000
Brigade, so never was Spot, On pointing out the effect that this races rhetoric has on society and internal football when it comes from the Prime Minister himself.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:33.000
Following the resurgence of racism and the racist mode of George Floyd in the United States

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:43.000
Premier League parties through their union. took the collective decision to take the need before every premier link down

00:47:43.000 --> 00:47:53.000
But that it's hard to just suspend that this reason i'm only doing on special occasions, because they say it's having less effect.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:05.000
Now and some plus, and some black players were refusing to do it because they said it was just a token gesture, but something more substantial should be done.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:20.000
There were other incidents where, when Milwaukee took the that applies to the knee, and Milwaukee fans booed, the players decided not to type the name anymore, because they didn't want to give them

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:25.000
the opportunity to boom I I I think they're wrong.

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:37.000
But anyway, So finally you know, I just want to say that racism is endemic in society, and this is reflected throughout the game of football.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:47.000
Not just at the elite level. don't run the idea that racism just happened or happens in the hypothesis.

00:48:47.000 --> 00:49:02.000
Professional guide. Thousands of amateur pliers you play week in, week out, just for the love of the game were, and are regularly and systematically used and discriminated against far more than in the professional guide.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:16.000
Now things have greatly improved since those stop phases, but we should be have a feature, and and continue to fight against all forms of racial prejudice on discrimination.

00:49:16.000 --> 00:49:22.000
And finally, racism is not just manifested in individual acts of race system.

00:49:22.000 --> 00:49:35.000
Use and discrimination as might be suggested by some of what I've had to say. it's institutionalized in football, as it is in society in general, So, for example, of the 92 premier

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:46.000
league and football. League clubs only a handful. Have black manages, despite the number of footballers that we've had black.

00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:54.000
Now you know when it comes to managerial roles they're still seems to be institutionalized in football.

00:49:54.000 --> 00:50:05.000
The whole idea that you know Black X players are not intelligent enough to hold top positions in management.

00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:10.000
Thank you very much for listening, and not kind of run over a little bit. but I hope not so.

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:16.000
Time. Thanks with much for that, Jack, and we've got some questions. I don't know if you want to take your slides down.

00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:22.000
That's great and I shall just move quickly onto some questions, and for everybody.

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:29.000
Now. We were just talking about ticking the knee there just at the end.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:35.000
No, we have a question from Andrew. if I can just find it.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:40.000
He's asking? I guess this Will be a personal opinion from you?

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:46.000
What do you think of the minority of fans who do boot players taking the knee?

00:50:46.000 --> 00:50:55.000
Is it racism put in simply, or Is this some misunderstanding of what Black lives matter is actually about?

00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:00.000
That's a good question because some of the posts that i've seen on Facebook.

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:07.000
I've suggested that black lives latteries matter is some sort of Marxist organization.

00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:17.000
It was started in a America because some of those who started the Black Lives matter movement in America also declare themselves as Marxists.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:29.000
The players are always denied that that doesn't seem to have had an effect on some support is who I suspect.

00:51:29.000 --> 00:51:44.000
You know one fit to be the case but you know it's very difficult to sign, but i'll have to say that games that I've been at since they started taking the name that the overwhelming majority do a pull

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:51.000
get okay. thank you, Jack, No let's have another question here.

00:51:51.000 --> 00:51:57.000
Yeah, this is a question from Helen actually this came in while the goal.

00:51:57.000 --> 00:52:14.000
Let's have a look do you have a view about by almost no Asian footballers, perhaps with the exception of one or 2 from South Korea and Japan have made any progress whatsoever in the particular game I don't know

00:52:14.000 --> 00:52:17.000
if you have any thoughts around that. Oh, I have a lot of folks about that.

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:25.000
I used to do a lecture on it so there there's a lot that can be said about it.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:37.000
And I i've also written book chapters there's a a book called finishes in football by Dan Bird, c.

00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:44.000
That I have a tractor in in Why, Why, there are very few items at West Hand.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:56.000
But there, there's other chapters in that book and there's other books that Dan Bird see is a good song, Denver.

00:52:56.000 --> 00:53:02.000
She is an academic at Brighton University, and Dan has written a number of books about Asian football.

00:53:02.000 --> 00:53:24.000
It was also a series of reports one is called Asians don't play football and the second one in the series, I think, was called Asian still don't play football, and what the what

00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:28.000
the authors are saying is that that there is this kind of belief.

00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:37.000
And it extends to coaches and scouts and so on in the game that well I usually don't like football.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:43.000
They play cricket but you know if you if you actually look at

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:53.000
What's going on you find that asians play football in huge numbers, and just don't make it to the top.

00:53:53.000 --> 00:54:03.000
Now one of the reasons for that. is that When scouts go out looking for pliers, they don't.

00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:10.000
They go to familiar hunting grounds. I don't go to the places where Asians play football.

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:23.000
So, for example, I used to live in leach for a while and in and around the Leach area there is an Asian football lake. There's an Asian football league in London as well They get very few

00:54:23.000 --> 00:54:28.000
scouts coming to watch the clients and that's one reason

00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:48.000
Another reason is that I shouldn't families although I shouldn't do play football and I mean the the evidence suggests from the service that have been done that the vast you know just to percentage of asians by

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:56.000
football as those in the White Cup population, and also support for all, as in the white population.

00:54:56.000 --> 00:55:04.000
But you know, in terms of playing they they play for fun.

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:11.000
And their parents discouraged them for thinking about it as a career in some incertation.

00:55:11.000 --> 00:55:29.000
Groups, not not inalization groups. also there are you know why? Why, there aren't Asians, you know, a large proportion of ages of football crowns, and maybe type my club West hand until recently, I

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:50.000
mean the the East End of London. At the 9, 2,000 11 census and 59% of the Eastern population came from minority ethnic groups, and something like 33% of Bangladesh of

00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:54.000
the eastern population the band of Bangladeshi origin.

00:55:54.000 --> 00:56:07.000
Yet the number, or at that time the number of supporters of Bangladeshi origin at Upton Park, where West time used to play, was not percent.

00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:13.000
And why is that? and there's a whole host of reasons as they are I'm.

00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:27.000
Sure there are many other clubs. first of all the club didn't do much to encourage I should So, for example, before you know, you you've got your season ticket online.

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:34.000
They used to send out a phone and on the phone it says 7 9 question 9.

00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:40.000
Of course, you know the the majority of Asians in the East End of London are not Christians at all.

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:48.000
They're Muslims i'm also offering apply and a point as a prize for getting the

00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:58.000
The questions you want in a quiz and of course I don't think no Muslims don't drink by and large.

00:56:58.000 --> 00:57:19.000
Also there are other reasons like, for example, some clubs like Blackburn Rovers were the first to install a prayer room for Asians Asian fans to come to guns who kind to gang West hat my club

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:34.000
appointed to both members of staff for for the Faith communities, and both of them are Church of England.

00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:44.000
Vickers so I mean there's there's a whole host of reasons why I don't go as support is.

00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:51.000
The sites which you know the racism that they suffered on the terraces as far as football as a concerned.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:55.000
You know as I say there's a whole host of reasons why they don't.

00:57:55.000 --> 00:58:08.000
But it's. Not that they don't like football or they don't play football because they do like football, and they do play football, and I just don't like it to the top.

00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:14.000
Okay, thank you, Jack, No, we've got a question here from Sue?

00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:29.000
Where's our black woman players and when women's football was as popular as men's before it was banned It's it's a question I thought about before I did this lecture and I don't know

00:58:29.000 --> 00:58:51.000
the answer, because all of the black footballers in the early years that I've uncovered I have have been male footballers, and when I look at all of the pictures of women's teens you know in that early part of the

00:58:51.000 --> 00:59:01.000
twentieth century, when women's football was very popular. I can't find a picture of the single black woman player that they probably are.

00:59:01.000 --> 00:59:06.000
Some, and someone might may be able to supply me with some. I hope so.

00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:13.000
But you know the the the most successful ladies teams in that period.

00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:20.000
I can't see that any of them had black plants. Okay, right?

00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:25.000
We're pretty much out of time folks I think but it just wanted to to meet 1 point.

00:59:25.000 --> 00:59:34.000
We had a comment. it's not so much a question but a comment. from Tulsa, which is the credit reports, suggest that racism is not institutionalized.

00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:40.000
So she finds it really interesting that you recognize that point. right?

00:59:40.000 --> 00:59:50.000
Okay, Yep. So So I think that's probably us for today, folks, and thank you very much for Jet for that, Jack.

00:59:50.000 --> 00:59:53.000
That was really really eye-opening, and I hope everybody out there enjoyed that.

00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:10.000
Thank you very much. this is Mike Grundy.

00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:25.000
I'm very glad to see some of the students that I've worked with over the past years, so either but hi to everybody and i'm looking forward to going through today this this talk on the Moscow Metro

00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:31.000
which, like London and the session, I did a few months ago.

00:00:31.000 --> 00:00:47.000
The Russians have covered the walls of the Metro with artwork and decor, which extoles the the greatness of the Russian or Soviet state the the history of it, and the great people within it so without further Ado

00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:55.000
I will try and get some of those visuals to you, but we will have a quick introduction to Moscow itself.

00:00:55.000 --> 00:01:14.000
Before we dive down underground. So I will look to bring up my images, which so what a 1,000 words says, Of course

00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:28.000
That doesn't look like it's on fill screen mike. Actually, if it's a bit odd, I don't know whether that's just on my screen, or everybody else's just I think that might just be mine. i've just changed mine and it seems to be okay, so

00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:35.000
that's okay. i'm just moving things around to make it.

00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:50.000
Easier for me to control the system and so hopefully you now have a full image that i'm presenting

00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:57.000
So I will commence do shout to fear in particular if there's anything I miss.

00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:09.000
So art and decor Moscow metro one can only define it as or classified as sumptuous, as we will see.

00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:18.000
I've gotta still do some maneuvering on this right?

00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:23.000
Okay, So let's look at moscow itself the very center of Moscow.

00:02:23.000 --> 00:02:28.000
This picture shows the approach from the south into Red Square.

00:02:28.000 --> 00:02:41.000
So on the left we have the Kremlin, the towers of the Kremlin, which dot the walls, and then on the in the center we see gum, the spires of gun, the great departmental store.

00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:52.000
Which these days looks like any Western shopping mile, with all so small shops and many international trade months.

00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:57.000
On the right we have some basels. this fairy tale,

00:02:57.000 --> 00:03:04.000
Of Russian vernacular architecture all of those onion domes and the glorious colors.

00:03:04.000 --> 00:03:22.000
You'll only see one example of that in some Petersburg, which is the one time capital developed in the Western style in Moscow. we'll see this kind of architecture in many places looking at a map and this is my

00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:29.000
very simple map of Moscow, just to orient you in terms of finding the metro, how the metro serves the city.

00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:47.000
We have here the very center with the Kremlin, which is a triangular fortified space with not many of the government buildings within it, but also cathedrals and other institutions, and on the right of the Kremlin you see

00:03:47.000 --> 00:04:03.000
the red square, and on the other side of the square gun of the Yellow Arrow is the view that we looked at in that first slide, and various small amounts of green space to to rise to the grandeur and the overall

00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:11.000
scenario of Central Moscow, with the Moscow River and a canal at the bottom of the chart.

00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:22.000
There in blue, and if we look at one or 2 of the major buildings that mark that area central area moscow, we see on the right some basels.

00:04:22.000 --> 00:04:27.000
We've already seen it on the left we see the Cathedral of Russia.

00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:40.000
The Russian authorities Church, which star in blue to pieces, so that he could put a a monumental piece of architecture, lording the state of himself in its place.

00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:49.000
And then in the 99 she's in the recovery from the Communist Era. it was rebuilt exactly as was at the top.

00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:57.000
We have the famous Bullshorey Theater, and at the bottom we see one of those anachronisms that we find in Russia.

00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:09.000
This is a statue of a sailing ship with dials, peach of the Great, the great naval pioneer of where he built the Russian navy.

00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:24.000
Actually the statue was built to commemorate Christopher Columbus, but the spish, and in particular the those people are revealed did not want such a statue, and so it was acquired by the Mayor of

00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:30.000
Moscow, and renamed the statue of Peter the Great.

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:44.000
Strange. Moscow, in fact, has expanded, like most cities, in a very even manner, and successive city walls to defend the city as it grew,

00:05:44.000 --> 00:05:51.000
Were built from the 3 inner ones are here. The central squares ring, the boulevard ring, the garden ring.

00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:57.000
As in most cities, those walls, areas of the walls have now become ring roads.

00:05:57.000 --> 00:06:09.000
And so the best way to get around Moscow, if you are wanting to get from one side to the other, is no doubt the garden ring or one of the inner rings.

00:06:09.000 --> 00:06:15.000
The garden ring is the most capacious I, and probably the most congestive of all of them.

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:20.000
Sadly. We shall see that. And this is what this d diagram shows.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:34.000
What the metro has to serve from the inside out. So the Russian of Moscow I talked about the garden ring being very congested.

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:39.000
This is a typical picture in Moscow of one of their major roads.

00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:55.000
Absolutely jammed with traffic fortunately they have recognized this problem of basically gridlock in the city the Moscow Metro is one of the great solutions to that.

00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:12.000
But that's been in place in large for some time what they decided to do as part of the solutions of this problem is to actually narrow the roads and to make the whole place a greener, more environmental space and essentially force

00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:28.000
people onto public transport. But you can see how you feel like breathing the air more now that we've got that that development across Moscow of the urban fabric

00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:35.000
And then we come to the Metro itself, and this is the classical metro map. hey?

00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:54.000
Didn't look like this until recently, but they looked around to find a better way of representing and navigating around a complex network, and, as you can see, they've adopted the London underground Harry Beck designed method of illustrating

00:07:54.000 --> 00:08:10.000
the geography of a metro system all the lines are either vertical or horizontal, or at 45 degree as many straight lines as you can get, and gentle curves where necessary.

00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:20.000
So at least we've talked, to the russians or contributed something to the development of their great network

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:29.000
So what was Stalin trying to achieve when he set off this grand project in the early 1930 S.

00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:41.000
He basically wanted to use this both clearly as a as an effective city transit system, but also with the art and the decor to get the message across Russia's grandeur.

00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:53.000
Its culture, its sophistication with the very engineering of the metro, even though it was much much of it, was designed by engineers in London underground.

00:08:53.000 --> 00:09:00.000
When it came to us at the end of the day it was all about Russia's prowess in engineering and design.

00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:12.000
The art is very much extolling. the happy healthy peoples of the Soviet Union that's Russia and all the Soviet Republics across the world.

00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:19.000
And

00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:40.000
Okay, And basically talking about Mother Russia and the dependence of all of these countries on the great generosity and support and protection of their country on Russia. a few quotes The Russian name for a station is

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:46.000
voxel. Well, that's a main line station or whether it's an underground station.

00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:56.000
Why, Voxel? Well, it's much argued what the derivation of that to mean is, I could refer to the whole of the people.

00:09:56.000 --> 00:10:15.000
There is a very large body of opinion, including in Russia, that says it comes from Box All Station in South London, where a deputation of engineers and managers and politicians from Russia came to look at our early royal

00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:19.000
system as to get ideas about the design of their oil system.

00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:26.000
And did they interpret all these signs on this station as meaning station?

00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:30.000
Or did they understand? Voxel was just the name of the local.

00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:49.000
Who knows but it makes an interesting topic. And here help for you. If you get on to the Metro and want to get around in the center, at least there will be these 2 panels above the portals of the rail lines deep down

00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:55.000
underground, and It shut me a little while to work out, being rather thick.

00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:01.000
But the left hand side, 17, 4,600, and one clearly means 546.

00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:06.000
In the evening. The 1 18, you might think, is the time. 1 min 18 s to the next.

00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:14.000
Trains will arrive in fact, it's the time since the last train left.

00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:20.000
Why that should be felt to be useful, although generally certainly on the main lines.

00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:28.000
The should be trains at least every 3 min. But so it seems a strange quirk, but they don't actually give you the information user.

00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:34.000
What you want. How long do I have to wait

00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:39.000
These are the names and the dates of the opening of all of the lines on the Metro.

00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:52.000
So you can see. So 3 lines developed in the 19 thirtys and operating, and then a whole succession every 18 years can continue building.

00:11:52.000 --> 00:12:00.000
Not the occasional development of a new line, as in London, with great gaps of 2050 years.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:06.000
But no, this is a continual investment program, continual development of the metro.

00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:11.000
I will usually refer to lines by their number you might prefer.

00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:20.000
I use the names, but I think it'll be a lot quicker if we use line numbers rather than the line names which have referred to parts.

00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:29.000
But the locales being served by the role. So what what was the approach?

00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:35.000
Taken finish in terms of style and design of the Metro itself.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:42.000
Well, it all stems from the overarching governance of the Metro, and and the style of government.

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:59.000
So Joe Stalin definitely wanted to make his metro glossy, functional and modern, and by the time he got post war, Then suddenly he wanted to get really over the top lavish what we call Empire Russian Empire

00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:15.000
style. Nikita khrushchev comes along. He's more concerned about effectiveness for the people that the users and he basically wants to develop deliver as many stations and lines as he can without worrying too

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:34.000
much about exotic day, or and that was the style through the sixties, through to the eighties, and it was only with the death of the Soviet Union that thinks got a little bit more exciting post

00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:46.000
parasitica. anything goes, and by the time we get to 2,000, and beyond we're into the high tech that we see in most metro systems.

00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:59.000
But now De vladimir putin in his mature. Yes, we're seeing a revived focus on design and decor and a little more exotic decor interesting how people.

00:13:59.000 --> 00:14:16.000
Change. So that was the pattern of development and we'll mainly be looking at these early stages when the core of the central Moscow Metro was built

00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:20.000
So we're going to start at the beginning 1,935 line.

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:35.000
One opens it goes out to the northeast and here's the end of the line, so called Nicky a very plain station that you might see in any of the Soviet republics, or even in the Central Europe

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:41.000
It's 30 is modernism, but what I want to point out to something in particular.

00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:51.000
Interest is In the entrance archway to the building you may see a freeze at the top of the wall.

00:14:51.000 --> 00:15:09.000
Let's have a closer look at that we've gone inside that entrance hallway, and we see people seemingly working in the freeze in that dark freeze below that that's all fairly kind of

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:21.000
somber. But although we see 2 torches in very classical style, very exotic style, these are electric lights, but interesting design.

00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:37.000
The freeze, hey? Ready close up and this is the best picture i've seen of workers digging the metro in the 1930 s there wasn't a lot of heavy plants being used a lot of it is spades and

00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:49.000
wheelbarrows and pick axes, working in mud in the dark underground

00:15:49.000 --> 00:15:54.000
Down below now, and when it opened this was the picture.

00:15:54.000 --> 00:16:01.000
This is so called Nicky, the same station we see the the marble, we see, the tiles.

00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:07.000
We see a coffin ceiling it's rather the plane but it's a lot grander than best more green.

00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:16.000
May I use a typical example of a London station of the period

00:16:16.000 --> 00:16:25.000
Oh, around have it on i've done done a lot of investigation, and just walking around to see what's actually decorating these stations.

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:35.000
And here a couple of stations down the line, we have this beautiful depiction of a young lady who is a construction worker on the Metro.

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:40.000
She was part of the youth movement called Kansasimol, and

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:58.000
She was actually selected to be on the platform with Stalin in Red Square, when he announced the opening of the Metro and pointed at her and asked her to speak as one of the workers, how Everybody was contributing.

00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:13.000
To the bill of this fantastic new Metro this is a view you don't want to see looking back because this is the entrance to the metro for the Lubianca.

00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:32.000
The head of the securities in internal security in Russia. Every station it's different on the Moscow Metro, the on the London underground you can find 50 stations built at the turn of the century, which all have the

00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:43.000
same style are they branded as an underground? Essentially we have different architects, different architectural teams on every individual metro station in Moscow.

00:17:43.000 --> 00:17:54.000
So this is a unique station. It was very much Mars by one of those explosions, no doubt, from a Chechen protester at the time.

00:17:54.000 --> 00:18:06.000
But if you come out of here, your view across the road is the famed, feared Lubianca, where you can see the building here, but it's like an iceberg.

00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:14.000
There are many floors below ground and you don't want to go down there

00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:30.000
We're still in the first second year, of the development of the make make sure the opening of the Metro and here's our but skier, which is very close to the Kremlin leading to it and here, the whole station building has been

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:47.000
designed as a red star. If you get a drone, or a helicopter and look down on this that's building, it is a red star. so they go through a lot of trouble. add some symbolism and characterization of each of those

00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:51.000
stations.

00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:56.000
Yeah, we have a Greek temple in all but name this.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:07.000
Okay, then, this is the Doric freeze. behind the columns is a bit simplified and modernized, but everything else, including the the the columns all around the building.

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:12.000
And you see that those Greek features right on top of the roof.

00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:24.000
This web, borrowing from the classical era to aggrandize the Moscow metro

00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:40.000
We're modernizing as well and adding a bit of style. So here in 1,938 with 3 years in, we're starting to get a bit stylish and here we have a different structure of a station is created

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:59.000
by boring 2 channels, and then the royal lines that you can't quite see are I in either channel, and the platform is always an island platform in the center, and these domes between the columns it's all very stylish and

00:19:59.000 --> 00:20:16.000
attractive if a little bit bright. So we see a gradual development in style as we go along. and then in 1938 we're We're only 3 years into the metro, and we see what was still to this day

00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:26.000
the exemplar the primary station, the most well-known station, probably the largest in terms of these particular platforms.

00:20:26.000 --> 00:20:32.000
Michael Skier, named after a famous Russian poet and writer.

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:38.000
And here this is for the largest stations. Now the standard builds.

00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:46.000
We have a central concourse, and I the sun in one channel tube and either side in 2 separate.

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:51.000
But Doug tubes. We have the 2 railway lines and the 2 platforms.

00:20:51.000 --> 00:21:07.000
Why is this so famous? Well, this is so large and so central, that Stalin used this space for most of his great more speeches, and he would get thousands of people to come down to this concourse.

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:15.000
And they would have the pleasure of listening to him droning on for 3, 4, 5 h.

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:23.000
Well, now, what you can't see all of the riches that are available in the design of this station?

00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:36.000
Let's just have a look at one or 2 other angles. So here, if you look up into the ceiling into these stones, you find mosaics in every one of them different unique existence.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:56.000
Mosaics, and these were all created by, and Alexander Danika, who was the most famous the most popular of all of the realist social Realist artists, stalling decree that the artist style in the thirties

00:21:56.000 --> 00:22:02.000
and onwards for the rest of his life, they should actually should all work in the Social Realist style.

00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:15.000
And these are very good examples for proclaiming the wonderful social structure of Russia in these days, and this and various other Russian works.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:29.000
One great prizes in the 1,938 World Fair in New York, when Russia was very much a part of the of the of the world of nations.

00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:36.000
Here you have to actually cast some reflection on what does social realism mean?

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:44.000
And, in fact, so I think a more accurate view would be to say, This is all about Imperial factory. As usual.

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:51.000
The title of a subject of of anything in this days of autocratic supervision.

00:22:51.000 --> 00:22:57.000
Really country. the title is almost always the opposite of what it really means.

00:22:57.000 --> 00:23:07.000
So. so no doubt you wanted to me to show you a lot of the more detail on these mosaics and interpret them.

00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:16.000
Well, I walked all the way down this concourse, photographing straight above me the images within each dome.

00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:20.000
We have here. A select example was: I ended up with a lot of stiff neck.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:27.000
By the end of this exercise. So what we see remember, this is not in the main this is 1938.

00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:38.000
We see the power of Russia. We We see the power in the air and it's flying over one of those towers on the walls of the Kremlin.

00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:55.000
Yeah, we see the same power flying over the beauty, Russia, the beauty of the countryside, and the agriculture

00:23:55.000 --> 00:24:00.000
Yeah, we see the beauty, if you will, of the Navy.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:10.000
Here is a navy signal signaling to the fleet, and a flying mode circling above

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.000
Hey? we see an airship on the left above the Kremlin.

00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:20.000
Still, when airships were just about usable way after the Hindenburg here.

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:37.000
But the Russians were still using airships, and on the right power troopers, very much a modern element of modern world, and stalling at the time was very keen on on promoting the the healthy nation of the

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:52.000
Russian population. So here, to 2 people having dived off the high boards in an open, and assuming for leaping through the air as if they're flying.

00:24:52.000 --> 00:25:03.000
The beauty of the countryside, the fruitfulness of Russia, and in so many of the pictures of workers it's always female workers doing all of the work. Hi.

00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:14.000
Jason in this great corporate spirit, Communist spirit, with the red flag flying

00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:27.000
More athleticism. It seems difficult not to be sarcastic i'll try and restrain myself, but it seems as though everybody's having a great time in this country

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:46.000
And on the left we see the industry. They were proud of the degree to which, in the Communist area, they take in Russia, forward into being a modern industrial power. On the right hand side we have to add some re-engineering of one

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:50.000
or 2 of these mosaics in more modern times.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:26:01.000
If this is a satellite coming back to Earth from the great Russian satellite and space program

00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:07.000
Moving on from my across sky, and if you go to Moscow at any stage you must go to my call.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:15.000
Sky, just to appreciate the scale and the beauty of of the decor of that station and the history.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:33.000
Can you feel Stalin in your bones? but moving on again in 1938 revolutionary Square, one of the main junctions in central Moscow, and down in the depths of the station we see these wonderful statues of

00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:51.000
50 typical Russian soldiers workers students, pioneers which are decorating each of these passageways going through to the platforms either side of the central concourse which we're standing on.

00:26:51.000 --> 00:27:02.000
So here we have the armed forces. we have the army, the navy, the Air Force, in that order.

00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:09.000
These are just less than life, size, sporting prowess.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:20.000
So the footballer on the left hand side, and the disk is thrown on the right hand side

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:25.000
Again an emphasis on the female contribution to Soviet Russia.

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:39.000
And here we have 3 of the roles of women in Russia, childbearing, looking after the supply of food on the small holding or farm on the right hand side.

00:27:39.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Yes, study research, knowledge, teaching you name it each of those each of those statues.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:57.000
Of were cast about 6 times. to make a total of over.

00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:09.000
Oh, about 70 or 90 of actual statues on the on those platforms moving forward, we come into the heart of the Second World War.

00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:15.000
Remembering in 1943, that the Russians sorry the Germans.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:25.000
The Nazis have been at the gates of Russia in December 1941, and they are still an absolute threat.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:33.000
Yeah. So so, Moscow. But we are continuing. Darling is continuing to invest time, resources, manpower.

00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:41.000
To continue to develop the Moscow Metro, and we have a new, another different kind of architecture.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:46.000
Here we have a drum shape to building for the Metro.

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:55.000
So a train which was followed or was following, a trained in the Uk.

00:28:55.000 --> 00:29:03.000
Where, for instance, South Gate Station, and yeah, they

00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:14.000
The 3 other examples of round stations in London. How are you, La comes to my mind Inside that station in 1943.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:25.000
We still have Alexander Danica contributing mosaics to be enduring symbols of the art and culture of Russia.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.000
So this is as fresh today as it was many moons ago.

00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:42.000
So here Athleticism? Yeah. and and as usual, I, A lady sent a stage on the top of that drum being held up by those athletes.

00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:51.000
Been just massive tractors tracked vehicles to field to harvest.

00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:58.000
The great nourishment of of Russia

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:16.000
Looks a bit sci-fi here, with what looks like a mono rail, speeding Ouvon a scale, and above a modern airplane shape of things to come

00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:20.000
Well, now, it's like a post war stalin is getting on in years.

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:33.000
He wants to leave a legacy. He does so in Moscow, both above ground, as you see here and below, ground in the real taking off as a metro.

00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:37.000
So here this is one of the so-called 7 sisters.

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:42.000
These exotic palatial buildings on a huge scale.

00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:55.000
This is still the main building of the Moscow State University of Monsoon University, and it looks down for high hills down onto the center of Russia.

00:30:55.000 --> 00:31:00.000
There are 6 other buildings with this exotic style, which it around.

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:05.000
The the city hotels, ministries

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:19.000
And that they are mark of moscow? so that's what happens happening above ground below ground at last? They decide Okay, only after about so.

00:31:19.000 --> 00:31:34.000
Who's 15 years to build a Circle line to link all of these other lines, and to make it easy to transit across Moscow without having to go through the center of Moscow itself.

00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:39.000
So in 3 phases, 1951,954.

00:31:39.000 --> 00:31:52.000
This stage, this set of immense stations, all constructed to link together the rest of them network 9, 5,

00:31:52.000 --> 00:32:04.000
And here, if we add to the line, the color of the lines which cross the the the radial lines, then you see, we're getting a pretty good coverage by now.

00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:23.000
If you're anywhere within line. 5 then you're gonna be a walking distance to the Metro station, and here you see some of the names a lot of them take their names from mainline rail stations which bitter the this ring within moscow

00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:30.000
so let's take a look at that

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:52.000
So here's that metro matt we've seen before, and you can see the brown circle linking everything together line 5. and, unlike the circle line in in London, this circle line is effectively a circle

00:32:52.000 --> 00:33:07.000
And here you see the real geography. If you go away from the rather stylized map, the to is peculiar to the London underground and Moscow, and so forth, and see the real geography, the red line here the

00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:24.000
outside ring that is metro line 5, and that since just usually just outside of the Garden Ring Road, and here the great big red rectangles littered around the the metro line 5 ring.

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:37.000
They are the main line stations. No station, no railway line, was allowed to intrude into Moscow City Center, beyond the garden Ring, which is exactly the same as our circle line.

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:57.000
So anybody who comes in to moscow would then if that's traveling around to some other part not the center would get on their line 5 station and then use this 9 5 to get where they want to go

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:14.000
Let's look at those stations. on this circle line, and first, probably the most celebrated, is the building on the left is right next to a very strange aren't, new though style, main line, station which is the endpoint for the trans

00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:29.000
Siberian express. So people from Vladivostok can arrive in Moscow on on the right, and then enter the Metro system on the left, although the reason underground industry change as well.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:36.000
So here you see some of the on the left, the monumental style of those metro stations built by Stalin.

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:40.000
So we have the the columns, the classical facade.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:53.000
We have the Og shape over the central concourse of that dome, with the star shape on that then needle spire, very much a trademark of, or a symbol of Russia.

00:34:53.000 --> 00:35:00.000
The needle spire, with the red star on top

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:12.000
And you go inside that station, and you find this huge dome with all of that delicate plaster works in typical classical Russian style.

00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:23.000
And at the bottom of that picture, on the left and the right, you see the entrances to the escalators, while sescal age is taking down into the depths below.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:30.000
This station actually says 3 main line stations. So you can imagine the football through this station in the morning.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:49.000
In the evening, and it is built to code with this i'm Here we see one of our first glimpses the great chandeliers which have illuminate much of the stations of these this line when you get down below

00:35:49.000 --> 00:36:02.000
and even bigger than my cost. Skies station. you see the central concourse here that comes some of sky, and with with enormous mosaics on top of the ceiling on the sides.

00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:11.000
And they basically celebrate russia's fight for independence and Russia's struggle against invaders.

00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:26.000
You look even just over the last, just over 200 years, and the invasions of Napoleon and the French forces, and then hit them and the Nazi forces the Russians are very wary of invaders and their

00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:39.000
need to repuls them. Commissonal sky means the stations of the station of the console, and the comes from all is the Russian youth movement.

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:45.000
All the Stalin youth movement, and it was mainly the workers.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:50.000
The work is one mainly from the youth movement. We dug out this station.

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:55.000
Absolutely.

00:36:55.000 --> 00:37:00.000
Tag on just going on Here you see a variation on the theme.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:06.000
This does not serve one of the main line stations therefore it doesn't have to be so capacious.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:16.000
But you can see how much investment has gone in to exotic chandeliers or light fittings and exotic decorations.

00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:23.000
Between the peers or on the peers, but between the tunnels, free to the platforms.

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:34.000
Either side of this concourse heroes being celebrated heroes of armed conflict.

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:41.000
Hey? I've Scott, I this is very much sitting below the main line station.

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:48.000
For the rail line to care in the Ukraine. and along the side of this central concourse.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:38:02.000
All of these concourse is a way down deep at the Royal Line Level, not as we would have on the surface level, and you can catch a glimpse of some of the mosaics on both sides of this concord

00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:16.000
those we talk about the peoples all. In this case the Ukraine and the receipt of Russian soldiers freeing them from the Nazi yoke.

00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:38.000
So here you're Ukrainians waiting with the the dove of peace on the body right hand side, welcoming the Russians, who seems to be liberators from Nazi regime

00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:48.000
This is Belarus sky. This is the stage This is below the station, the main line station to go to Bella Russia.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:39:08.000
And so here again we have pictures of Russian soldiers on the right, and people in native costume on the left hand side, flowers being exchanged, gratitude being applied

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:19.000
Another line. 5 station. Yeah. Another example of copying the classical tropes in the architecture of this next station.

00:39:19.000 --> 00:39:25.000
What just what would this remind you of if you're a student of Roman classical architecture?

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:33.000
This is the Pantheon, the oldest one of the oldest buildings in the world, still in productive use.

00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:39.000
The Pantheon in Rome, built in the first century Ad.

00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:55.000
And still there here are exactly the same as his this we have a drum of a building at the rear, and we have that portico at the front, and this all looks very fabulous, except I had a good look around because I couldn't

00:39:55.000 --> 00:40:13.000
quite see how they fitted the needs of a Metro station into this structure, and sure enough, I walked around the back of this drum and to fit the sloping escalator tunnel into the back. of this station.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:18.000
They happen to add this rather strange excursions onto the back.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:27.000
So. Fortunately, most people don't see that would see it as being a much cleaner design.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:36.000
Almost looks like an afterthought of any engineer who suddenly realized you'd miss them

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:41.000
More again on this same station with the Pantheon design.

00:40:41.000 --> 00:40:46.000
When we at the surface level, we have this peace in the whole world.

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:59.000
Mosaic, and down below, they stole the the great, more cultural glories and activities of Russia.

00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:07.000
So their expertise and music, and how many great composers come from Russia?

00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:12.000
Clearly it's so something for which they are rightly proud on the right hand side.

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:25.000
Geography, explorers, researchers, a whole range of their activities, and the cultural and scientific field are celebrated in this style.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:33.000
And they all of these all these images are backlit in the con course of the station.

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:40.000
So it's very much thrust in in front of your eyes.

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:48.000
Here we come to a rather more standard message yeah we're celebrating the revolutions.

00:41:48.000 --> 00:42:03.000
Some people don't realize there was a revolution on the left by the people in 19 o 5 to try to get alleviated from the harsh conditions and the subjugation of the Russian people and the

00:42:03.000 --> 00:42:20.000
Russian that was successful in getting various concessions from the zars on Nicholas at the time concessions which were made verbalized from promoted, but never really implemented so on the right hand, side.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:37.000
We have a rather better arms, better organized revolution. 1917, as depicted here on the station, has many, many based relief images of these 2 stages of the revolutionary process.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:44.000
A real history lesson, but clearly following the line that Stalin wanted to promote.

00:42:44.000 --> 00:42:53.000
No, exactly. Yeah. and i'm biased supervisor of these images.

00:42:53.000 --> 00:43:02.000
Yeah, you see a picture I found of our back sky another station built at this time, but not online 5 line.

00:43:02.000 --> 00:43:13.000
3. we're, looking beyond the circle line now and this clearly is a glorious like the icing on a cake, a glorious picture.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:22.000
All the design of one of the stuff, one of the more typical designs of the underground realm in the Moscow Metro.

00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:30.000
The truth actually is rather difference of that this is this is my picture.

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:39.000
So it's not usually as quite as well later, as portrayed, which is the lower concourse and you can see all the elements there.

00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:45.000
And then you can see well, what about i'm showing you the platforms at all.

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:48.000
But this is typical of the design of the platforms.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:58.000
How the concourse design is carried through into the adjoining tunnels for the platform, so no penny pinching here.

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:05.000
We even have chandeliers above the platforms

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:18.000
This station we were taken by an insurist guide and given a bit of an insight into these blank panels, or this one in particular, where I have a big question mark it's on the top of the

00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:24.000
escalator shaft. it's the upper level concourse bunch.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:38.000
Why was there anything there? I think you can imagine what used to be there? A picture of Stalin, Joseph Stalin's images were all over the Metro together with some of Lenin.

00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:49.000
They were removed in the later If this is after He's done clearly in the era of Krishov.

00:44:49.000 --> 00:45:01.000
We're khrushchev eventually denounced I mean. and so you will not find an image of starring on the metro

00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:13.000
More exotic concourses. Here, with marble, with plaster work, with majority everything to decorate a dawn.

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:17.000
The central stations. Hey up! This is another line going through Kf sky.

00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:31.000
We've already seen one of the sets of platforms so you can understand, perhaps, just how huge this old network and these stations are.

00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:36.000
Just look at one or 2 others as we get near the end of this exposition.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:40.000
We won't just celebrate the picture is in wars and revolutions.

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:57.000
We're a civilized country check off the great playwright is celebrated in the station checkouts, clients check on sky, with scenes on the tiles from his plans

00:45:57.000 --> 00:46:03.000
Yeah, a station right next to the Kremlin we have on the wall, on the brick of the wall.

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:16.000
The tree of friendship of Soviet nations. So we see representative people in their stylized national dress or national custom of dress, in all of the various republics.

00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:24.000
In the Empire, and you may realize the overall shape of this this tree or the the leaves of it.

00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:29.000
The overall shape is the shape of Russia on the back.

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:35.000
Even down to Sakolin, an island bottom right a very slim island, vertical.

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:41.000
On this projection suckling which is there devil's Island.

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:55.000
It's where they put used to put the worst of their prisoners, especially political prisoners, at the opposite end of Russia, 5 to 6 time zones, or more away from the heart of Russia.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:47:01.000
The west.

00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:06.000
And then let's take a leap forward into this century 2,003.

00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:11.000
They extended the line under Victory Park aren't comedy.

00:47:11.000 --> 00:47:26.000
They are massive park on a hot, very high rise area, within Moscow, celebrating the great victory, especially in what they call the great patriotic war, right in the Second World War.

00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:37.000
And here's the typical victory. arch within Russia you're always in your horses, and a chariot which we all use to adorn our great victory.

00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:41.000
Arches. The The Russians always have a hexagon, ie.

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:59.000
6 horses pulling the chariots in paris You'll find similar styles which have 4 horses, as we do at High Park Corner on the Constitution Arch as you walk up the hill from the Victory Arch to the

00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:12.000
top. you pause these amazing examples of major statuary and then we come to the station itself. it's 74 meters down.

00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:15.000
So get into the platforms. It takes single escalations.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:21.000
It takes you all the way down, but it takes 3 min, 20 s.

00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:38.000
Take a good book to read. if you want to go to Park poverty and leave or rise by by the Metro, and when you get down to the bottom you can see the heroes of that victory in particular the victory over

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:45.000
Napoleon. The central figure here is General K. Tooth, the hero of the Russian army, who catch it alive.

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:53.000
You catch it in tact, even in the defeat of all streets, and then ground Napoleon's army to a standstill.

00:48:53.000 --> 00:48:58.000
But Virginia

00:48:58.000 --> 00:49:11.000
Modern times call for modern treatments here. This, the designs of a new stations can be very lean and mean, but still stylish and exotic, and full of marble.

00:49:11.000 --> 00:49:25.000
So here's a typical example still with the same core design. the 3 channels interlinked Yeah, getting more colorful, all very bright.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:32.000
They keep the Metro sparkling clean. This 199 station on the Metro.

00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:38.000
We have 270 for stations on our system.

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:52.000
But you can see most of those stations are and that is where we need to conclude this session as we're running out of time.

00:49:52.000 --> 00:50:02.000
You can see how much this system is expanding Well, We've been slaving a lot, getting a few news stations with cross rail.

00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:10.000
They've opened 76 new stations between 2010, and 2020, including a new circle line.

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:22.000
Way way way out further than line 5 I trust that it's giving you a flavor all that we can achieve within this time scale.

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:33.000
But it's some Metro System much to be admired, although many people would say some of the money could have been better spent on the people's in the Soviet Union.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:39.000
So with that I conclude, Thank you for your own. Thank you very much, Mike.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:45.000
That was all rather fabulous wasn't it let's go straight into some questions.

00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:54.000
Shall we? and Mike? I don't know if you want to take your your your presentation down, and we'll we'll go into some questions Perfect.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:51:01.000
Okay, No, Let's i'm just gonna start from the top out. So we've got a few questions here.

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:09.000
So question from Diana, and she's asking is it true that a lot of the workers were slave labor from the camps.

00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:26.000
Yes, that is true. At peak times, I think some 60,000 workers were employed on the on the Metro on digging the metro, especially in the thirties, and I talked about the youth movement being deployed for some

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:35.000
stations. But yes, there was a lot of forced labor there There's a lot of imprisoned like labor political prisoners in particular.

00:51:35.000 --> 00:51:48.000
So stalin deployed and there was a lot of military deployment there until we came to wartime so I don't know the percentages don't know if they those figures are available but

00:51:48.000 --> 00:51:53.000
Yes, everybody who could be deployed was deployed.

00:51:53.000 --> 00:51:58.000
Okay. Excellent hope that answers your question. and Diana and another question from Sue.

00:51:58.000 --> 00:52:02.000
And you kind of touched on this very slightly at the end.

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:18.000
There are the stations as clean as they appeared in the photos, because they look absolutely pristine, and she also asks if the trains are electric the the trains are certainly electric always have been at the station

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:27.000
so Well, i've always found that should be tremendously clean although by the end of the rush hour in the evening.

00:52:27.000 --> 00:52:37.000
There may be some some literature around, but they do seem to have a very intensive program for both, cleaning them up and polishing them up.

00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:43.000
So I think it is exemplary compared to most of the major systems.

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:50.000
I've been on yeah Okay, No another question here from holiday.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:56.000
This is quite an interesting one. he's asking where the names of the station, always the same.

00:52:56.000 --> 00:53:06.000
She has a memory of being confused by different names above and below ground.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:20.000
Well, it's it's not so much the name changing Sometimes it's gonna be the type in which it is in which of the notices are set, whether it's Syria Russia and original or whether

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:27.000
it's a Russian translation of the all the English translation of the Russian

00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:45.000
What is for sure is in many stations where lines intersect, even though we would see him as one coherent station, like, for instance, kings cause some pancreas is one tube station, where whereas they would give

00:53:45.000 --> 00:53:50.000
each element, each line, each couple of platforms, a different name.

00:53:50.000 --> 00:54:01.000
So you think you're in this one station, and you go through a chat a passenger channel to a different platform, and it is a different name.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:04.000
So they do divide up into different names. these different lines.

00:54:04.000 --> 00:54:20.000
Right, interesting, So you can see that on the the tube map, on the on the metro map, because it gives you the 3 lanes and 3 names in many cases of the central station complexes.

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:30.000
Interesting. Okay, No question from teresa and we didn't really see any.

00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:37.000
Is there any posted advertising on the metro Because you Don't you see lots of that in London?

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:42.000
How's a good question I I haven't seen any no,

00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:48.000
The may well be at the surface level. but even so, I I would.

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:57.000
We think no i I haven't seen it whether I wasn't looking for it, so I don't know, and I will.

00:54:57.000 --> 00:55:07.000
I would emphasize that we do have a number of stations without adverts in London, not Charing Cross, for example.

00:55:07.000 --> 00:55:12.000
No, I'm not aware of advertising within the Metro Hmm.

00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:18.000
Interesting. Okay. No. Another question from risk. Was there a particular reason?

00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:25.000
We saw lots and lots of music. Was there a particular reason that Mozart was used?

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:37.000
I think the main reason was longevity really it's you know, the Stalin was definitely building for the long term here, even though he must have known his time was limited.

00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:43.000
And he wanted to build everything as as hard and as rigorously as possible.

00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:58.000
It might be of interest that You always see pictures of Khrushchev in the early stages of the development of the Metro because he was the mayor of Moscow one stage in his

00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:04.000
career development, and he was also given responsibilities in terms of the construction of the Metro.

00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:15.000
But so that's completely irrelevant to the question you just asked and Okay, so we've got a couple of other questions.

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:21.000
Let's just run through the and then we'll see where we get to

00:56:21.000 --> 00:56:27.000
No, what is more of a comment than a question but i'm sure you'll probably have some thoughts on it. none of the stations.

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:36.000
See to have any places to sit and rest, probably a reason for that.

00:56:36.000 --> 00:56:52.000
Yes, there was one in particular I should have pointed it out where in this very heavy marbles concourse there were some benches either side, but they are stone benches, so they don't give a an awful lot of

00:56:52.000 --> 00:56:56.000
relief. really. no, they I think the theory was if you're running a frequent enough service.

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:00.000
Why would anybody want to sit down? So in general?

00:57:00.000 --> 00:57:07.000
And they are meant to cater for vast numbers of people going through them.

00:57:07.000 --> 00:57:11.000
So in general there aren't there isn't any way to sit down.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:19.000
Certainly within the underground realm. Okay, And another question from piece.

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:29.000
Now this is talking about maybe some other cities, and he assumes that there are metro systems and other kind of former Soviet cities.

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:33.000
Do they use a similar decor, or is it Moscow really?

00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:45.000
Quite unique. Yes, there are. I have a wonderful book with which is the the metro systems of of the

00:57:45.000 --> 00:57:57.000
I guess the Eastern block, the East European countries in particular, all of the Soviet countries, including including Kiev, has its own metro system.

00:57:57.000 --> 00:58:02.000
And they are all a very similar design from an engineering point of view.

00:58:02.000 --> 00:58:08.000
But they in general are very meagre in their decor.

00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:16.000
Very functional. i'm trying to think well I think some of the stones.

00:58:16.000 --> 00:58:28.000
I do have amazing Stay cool but in General it's It's nothing like the level of the Moscow Metro.

00:58:28.000 --> 00:58:36.000
Okay, right. I think that's our Scott through all the questions I think thanks very much for that.

00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:44.000
How impressive was that everybody quite remarkable in pictures, and I'm sure even more fabulous in real life.

00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:53.000
And I hope you all enjoyed that little journey around the the Metro.

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:30.000
And welcome to the story of writing from hieroglyphs to hypertext.

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This is international literature today, and what are the main components of literacy is writing, and with that comes reading.

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So it's a little bit of extra relevance today. But i'm hoping it's gonna be a really really enjoyable story as well.

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The main aim of today's lecture is just to give a very brief overview of some of the major developments in the history of writing, and, of course, like any overview what I choose to look at which they're quite

00:03:01.000 --> 00:03:19.000
subjective it's broadly speaking, what scholars and linguist agree is some of the major developments in in history of of writing and the initial diagram that I've got on

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the screen there just shows that we have a very what I might call literate world there a lot of different writing scripts all over the world.

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So that just provides a little bit of a little bit of context.

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The first thing we're going to do is just define what writing is and so I've got a couple of definitions which I like for particular reasons.

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The first definition comes from the his, the Encyclopedia Britannica, and it says that writing is a form of human communication by means of a set of visible marks that are related by convention to some

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particular strict structural level of language, and I like this because it tells us that writing relates to language at a particular level, by the level of sound, or such as an alphabet at work on the level of syllables or the level

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of words, all of ideas. the other The definition is that writing is a method of representing language in a visual or tech tactile form.

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So this definition shows us that you know writing can be something like braille that doesn't have to be writing on paper.

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It can be something you feel as well, and that would go to come.

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Have a look at i'll discuss where and when writing started, and there's a lot of debate about this amongst historians and the most linguists.

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But it is a very new practice in the history of human development, because humans have been around to this planet for about 300,000 years.

00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:08.000
But writing on, emerged to our knowledge or writing systems, only emerged about 5,000 P. 500 years ago.

00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:18.000
So it only is 6 times would be No, this planet 6 times longer than we have sort of be writing.

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So most of human history was what we might call preliterate.

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An information was transmitted already all through other needs, as it is today as well.

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There are lots of cultures who are primarily oral, and in which the stories of the cultures important information is transmitted without writing. No.

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When it comes to where right he started. there has been 2 main strands of debate.

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At one time it was thought that writing began in Mesopotamia, in that cradle of civilization between the Tigers and Ufoys, about 5,500 years ago, and then through cultural diffusion through contact

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with other people, and through trade writing spread, all over the world and That's a theory called Modogenesis of one source from origin, but good is there.

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It doesn't explain why writing also started around about the same time, or maybe even as we were in China.

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Throughout the fertile present which is the that sort of present from the Nile Valley right it to the Mediterranean. and for in Missouri, America, with the lion civilizations, and that's a theory of

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:44.000
poly Genesis. So there were lots of different places where started, and it started in response to the emergence of city states.

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So a lot of people began to gather, and we needed some permanent records.

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Permanent way of recording transactions between the people of writing laws down to keep order in that society.

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I mean that's in that city state and we can go right back to Moses and the tablet of stones.

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You know they They He came out from the Mount Sinai with inscribed by the figure of gold with nose on it.

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So it We needed some system by which we could record things and have permanent rules that nobody could debate. and that's why, like he started. There are also different systems of writing or different types of writing system and of course, here, in

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brackets that the the evolution doesn't be replacement so, as we move from one type of writing system, it doesn't actually replace another.

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But lots of different systems can coexist and just run through a few very quickly.

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Here. there's a pictographic writing system and that is where the character, or a Glyf.

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Represents a thing with a picture. and with that comes Idiographs were, for example, in a pitographic system.

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A picture of a tree represents a tree. it means tree.

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But if you want to represent something like rest, you might have a man a picture of a man leaning on a tree, and that represents rests.

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That's the idea of rest. so that becomes idiographic Then there's a logographic system so that's where symbols are glyphs.

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They use. They used to represent a complete word or unit of meaning.

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Then a syllabic system goes down to the sound.

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So they celebrate. System represents a a character, represents a syllable of the language, and in an alphabetic system the character or letter represents a separate sound, and we can simply make the distinction between objects abigail and

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alphabets and abjuds, a type of alphabet in which Arabic, for example, is Nabjad where the characters the consonants are represented, but not so much the vowels, and Abu

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Ghetto are where the goals are represented by diacritic Max, an alphabet.

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So we're both the constants and the bells are represented by full solar characters.

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The final system is a P. journal system, a picture, a writing system is on which symbols, including letters and called phonological system features.

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So, for example, the difference between the sound cut and some good will be that good is voiced, and in a feature system it that would show when a particular sound or particular a feature of that language is voiced, so those are just

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some some terms that might be be used i've got a timeline here just to put provide some context to some of the things that i'm going to be talking about.

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Because we've got to cover a large large expanse of history, and we need to know what was going on around about the time that the things that we're going to focus on were happening.

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So we'll go to Ncat what happened with proto writing when right?

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What happened before writing actually emerged then, we've got to Take a brief look at some clay tokens that are uses counting systems in the Middle East because before writing came it was counting

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Then we move on to Punya, form or jump in a few 1,000 years.

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Here and onto hypothesis. inscriptions so but there's a lot of other things going on around about the through these thousands of years as well.

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So this is proto writing. No, the proto writing is a form of it, so it's not the picture of the deer here.

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But rather what we're looking at when we look at a proto.

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Right is this little side these little characters or symbols that were found alongside the cave pit paintings or cave pictures.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:24.000
And these occur during the ice age. and Paleothropologists have cataloged about 32 to 40 separate singles, and they believe that these signs in this world exhibit rectangular block but there's also

00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:33.000
some little dots and things there beneath these signs that symbols had some meaning to the people who put them there.

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They might have been directions to a place, restrictions to a ritual.

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Or there might have been a naming system. but they didn't occur with such regularity that it was a a system in itself, but they did really mean something to the people who wrote them, but we just don't know what

00:11:52.000 --> 00:12:00.000
It's what what is meant and these are some of the geometric signs that have been found on ice age, cave paintings.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:10.000
So we've got asterisk circles cross hatches. There's probably the use of the hashtag all those years ago.

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This one here the petty form i've had really really interesting, because that pitiful little little thing that looks like the leaf of the apple there.

00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.000
Is something that occurs again in Mesopotamia.

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Cudia form, and it means sort of grain or plants.

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So maybe it meant the same. Then we we don't know it could have done.

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They're really interesting, and show that people are using signs and characters.

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We attach a meeting a long time before right assistance.

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As such we developed. This is the an example of some clay tokens.

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Now these clay tokens were were found. they the data back to about 8,000 Bc.

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And were found widely over Mesopotamia.

00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:13.000
So modern day, rocky man, or that area. This is an example from SU.S.A. in Iran, from about 3,300 Bc.

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And at first people would these little tokens, and would think nothing of them.

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You know people not in a people they even just told them the way they go that it's a nice nicely shaped piece of stone, but the they didn't really know the value of them.

00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:40.000
And then they began to be found in in these clay envelopes, and it became obvious that these tokens were some sort of accounting system.

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And And so through looking at Cuda form which came later the sort of ricy system cuneiform.

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There's a correspondence between peculiar form and some of these counties systems, and so as I say, archaeologists and English have noted that these disks, these little round disks and represent a sheep or goats

00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:09.000
a flock of animals. Because the ancient Mesopotamians Yeah.

00:14:09.000 --> 00:14:26.000
Use the county system in base 10, and in base 60. They could think that the small disks so small costs represented about 10 of these objects, and the larger ones represented about 60, and the the initial cones represented measures

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:41.000
of rain, and it. These were used as such, but maybe taps, collection accounting system, some sort of bartering system. and you can imagine that the person who was kinding these tokens might have ended up with a big draw full of

00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:55.000
all different types of tokens all rusty about so there'd be there'd have to be some way of keeping the tokens together and saying who those twokens were from, or who they belonged to what they represented

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:09.000
So they came up with the idea of putting little sets of tokens into these envelopes, these clay envelopes, and the great thing about clay is that you can impress shapes onto the claim when it drives it

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:15.000
becomes a permanent South America. And so they impressed the tokens onto the clay.

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:30.000
They put them inside the clay ball, and they had an empty loop which told you exactly what was inside that envelope, and they might have had them after as well to say who it belonged to, or whatever as well, so that became a very

00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:41.000
good system of keeping things together, and and of accounting, and this believe it or not, but developed into cunning form.

00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:53.000
Now puniform comes from the word cunus, which means wedge in Latin, and you can see from the this illustration a lot of these characters.

00:15:53.000 --> 00:16:00.000
These cute. Your phone characters are like wedges, and but it become very abstract from the picture grams.

00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:07.000
So uniform. it's a system of communication written communication which was developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia.

00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:12.000
But the Assyrians, the Babylonians. They they use this as well.

00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:17.000
It was developed in about 3,500 to 3,000. Bc.

00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:24.000
Proto cunia form the system that came before cuneiform, and then early uniform was largely pictographic.

00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:29.000
So the that we used would represent what they represented.

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:43.000
So assigned that, like a sheep or a king or a temple, but later cuniform represented word concepts, using what we call the rebus principle, which we've got to look at in the next slide and and

00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:47.000
therefore Cuniform was able to represent emotions, abstract concepts.

00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:59.000
Some of the other types of linguistic Phenomena, and there's a huge a great epic you might be familiar with it, called the Epic of gilgamesh which was written about about 2,000 Bc.

00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:07.000
And it tells tale of the hero gilgamesh who goes in search of immortality, and I think he's quite disappointed.

00:17:07.000 --> 00:17:14.000
And he was with a need cuneiform, and that is widely believed to be one of the earliest pieces of literature.

00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:24.000
Because written language now now is not only just the a recording system but it's a system whereby we're telling so and so.

00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:31.000
Storm is used to be transmitted orally, and many of the features that we associate with literary text.

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:41.000
They'll be sort of right alliteration puns often come from the the oral tradition as ways of memorizing text.

00:17:41.000 --> 00:17:55.000
So. we've got now not only a a more abstract system, but a system that we call stories and fiction and history as well.

00:17:55.000 --> 00:18:02.000
Now the repus principle is it's a linguistic term.

00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:08.000
We should first using a symbol such as a picture ground purely for its sound.

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:12.000
And I think this is explained best. by By illustration.

00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:18.000
We use the Lebis principle an awful lot today in our text messaging.

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:34.000
So, for example, when we say I can't believe it We're, using the picture of the B not to represent the B, which represent the sound of the word be and the picture of the deer just is represented that sound of the

00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:51.000
word there. And so, for example, in peculiar form, in the hieroglyphic system of ancient Egypt as well, I started to use the Mebis principle to why didn't the meetings of things so

00:18:51.000 --> 00:19:00.000
for example, this type of bird here, which just bit like a duck was called sa, and that's also the word that means sun.

00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:16.000
So what they've done with this hybrid if is to say, Well, in this context, means sun And so we now have a huge leap forward where pictograms are no longer just representing the thing.

00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:23.000
They look like on the thing they represent but they're representing things for the sound, and representing homophones and

00:19:23.000 --> 00:19:28.000
So they, The use of the written script is wide and enormously now.

00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:33.000
In fact.

00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:38.000
Going to next, we can see ancient Egyptian, we think of.

00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:47.000
It has been a largely pictographic having. this has been a larger picture, graphic sort of writing system.

00:19:47.000 --> 00:19:56.000
But it became incredibly complex, became a combination of pictographs and local graphs which are, you know, size that mean refer to words?

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:00.000
Well, the just the things and syllabic system.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:06.000
So the the little markers to refer to a syllable, and you can express everything.

00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:15.000
So this is a an account of the building of a temple which is written in hieroglyphics.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:28.000
It's just transcribed on on the left there so when we were now coming into some really sort of complex sophisticated writing systems.

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:34.000
Go ahead and let know at how we got from highway Glyphs 2.

00:20:34.000 --> 00:20:44.000
Oh, alphabets! and also good. Have a look at a little piece of propaganda from the battle of Kadesh as well.

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:48.000
But through these centuries we've got all sorts of things happened.

00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:53.000
So alphabetic cuneiform is happening.

00:20:53.000 --> 00:21:04.000
So that the systems are changing optical bone, and she's considered to be one of the earliest Examples of the Chinese characters has been discovered.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:15.000
This sort of thing, and so yes, greek alphabet descriptions beginning about some 30 Pc. But we've got a look at these early hours.

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:24.000
So this is a story behind what is largely considered to be the earliest example of an alphabet.

00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:39.000
So 19 o 5, Hilda P. Tree and her wonderfully named husband Flinders were. There were Egyptologists, and they were searching around the old turquoise maes, and so a bit of Al

00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:43.000
Karine in the in Sinai I should notice this stone.

00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:55.000
It was actually a statue of a sphinx, and it had what she called a an ugly script on it rather than the ancient hieroglyphics of ancient sort of Egypt.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:22:09.000
And the pieces took this back to England. The new is an important thing, but they couldn't quite grasp what it was and a a linguist called Alan Gardiner deciphered is in 1925

00:22:09.000 --> 00:22:14.000
probably took him all those years to decipher it and It was a script that used an alphabet.

00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:18.000
There's a Semitic Script used by the casual workforce.

00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:30.000
The the Kenanite miners who came to Maine the turquoise for the Egyptians, and it's sometimes called called protocol night.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:43.000
And what they did is they took hieroglyph, for example, the ox head head of a knocks which might have been called fee in ancient Egyptian and they use this to represent alf the They ox.

00:22:43.000 --> 00:22:47.000
In in the one language, but it wasn't just a representing Alf.

00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:51.000
It was representing the suffer sound of our life.

00:22:51.000 --> 00:23:06.000
So we then start to get the beginning of an alphabet, and I think the first description was something like in honor of ballet which was one of the gods, that the and at least sort of Kaya Nights

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:23.000
worshiped at that time, so that's where we got the first alphabet alphabets were appearing, you know the the the context as well at that time. But that was one of the sort of great

00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:32.000
historical moments in the development of writing, and it happened through casual workers who might have been barely literate.

00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:35.000
So the Treaty of Kadesh I apply this one.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:43.000
This is quite interesting. it's interesting from the functions of writing rather than writing itself.

00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:58.000
So in 1269, Bc. there was a battle There was a battle between like farewell roses and his Egyptians and King at a series, and the Hittites and i'm not quite sure who who won that should

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:08.000
they? but according to the 2 scripts, one which was written in a Acadian uniform uniform, and the other which was written in Egyptian high with glyphs.

00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:18.000
They both won each one of them one. So the Hittites claimed great victory for their king, and the Egyptians claimed great victory for fairy Ramies.

00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:24.000
They were written in different scripts, different, and they each had a different claim.

00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:36.000
But they both vowed and pledged to piece so it's the earliest piece of treaty, and also one of the earliest pieces of propaganda, and it shows that there are these different scripts, about at the

00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:45.000
time. But certainly yeah, yeah. an interesting, interesting piece of archaeology

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:50.000
Lots of other things we're happening. the Cliff Inscriptions are Pierre Mesoamerican force.

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:55.000
You can look with a look very much about these really interesting main hieroglyphs.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:04.000
But if you are interested in them that the there is a lot of information in that they're very, very complex.

00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:12.000
Person. In fact, at one time people thought that the Mayans were a group of astronomers and stargazers and very peaceful people.

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:17.000
But when they began we began to sort of transliterate and transcribe the Hi.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:24.000
With this she found out that that was not so, and they were very much like many people were at that time is still.

00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:29.000
Are you capable of laws of bits and all sorts of things?

00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:46.000
The second century Bc. paper was invented in China. that was also invented But papyrus was used in in in Egypt around about the same time and paper that material gives way to a huge it sort of

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:52.000
revolutionizes how scripts and how writing can be sort of transmitted.

00:25:52.000 --> 00:26:05.000
We can. We can put things out quickly. And a mobile E on paper in China paper was absolutely fantastic for writing these wonderful Chinese characters.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:18.000
You know, on ink with brushes even, and it also invented, gave way to a wonderful Chinese invention of printing impact in ancient Egypt.

00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:24.000
The invention of papyrus, or the way way to use the papers made that the made it possible.

00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:40.000
Probably wonderful Book of the Dead, which was a sort of hieroglyphs which are written round tools and on coffin, something called the Coffin Text, and gave instructions to the soul of the daily department barrel or whoever's been

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:45.000
buried getting him restrictions in how to get to the underworld safely.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:51.000
These could now be written on a book with a pirate book, and you could have it alongside him.

00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:59.000
So yeah, So paper very great invention. So writing materials gave way to

00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:07.000
Must literacy in many ways so we're thinking about we'd be thinking about what's happening Mesopotamia.

00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:14.000
What's happening in Egypt. if You've given a nod to China, and to even to Miss America.

00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:22.000
But what was happening in Northern Europe around you know before that that's interesting.

00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:27.000
If it have a look here at rooms, and they started about the second century.

00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:38.000
Ad: Yeah. basic, roughly based on the old wrote on the Roman alphabet, And you can see that when do this composer in the roughly based on that.

00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:42.000
But they have up 33 rooms rather than 26.

00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:47.000
Oh, this is the alphabet because of what you represent.

00:27:47.000 --> 00:27:50.000
Sounds that are not represented by the Roman alphabet.

00:27:50.000 --> 00:28:06.000
So the performance. But the great thing about the rooms is that they not only have a relationship between the sound and the symbol, but there's a relationship between the the symbol and mystical meanings or symbolic meanings.

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:15.000
So this is an example of for fog, which is the first 5 letters of the Anglo-saxon.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:20.000
So we have a few phone calls rud.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:29.000
No, I can. so you can so that we have that's how good word for talk.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:38.000
But they also have not only they sound for sounds but they also stand, for they have meanings such as wealth boxing at the phone.

00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:54.000
And and and God, and that sort of thing, and one of the interesting things about rooms is that, if you look at the shape of them, They're all sort of very angular, or most of them are very very angular, because they had

00:28:54.000 --> 00:29:06.000
to be cut into wood or on chiseled on to stone, so that the marks are very easy to do with the with the with a sharp instrument onto a hard surface.

00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:16.000
And incidentally one of the rooms I think it was ashamed in ash tree, which also made strength, was found on the hilt of the salt sword of King.

00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:22.000
I think it's King Ravel who was buried at sisters, and who, in the sixth century Ad.

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:31.000
Or some sometime around there. and ash, meaning meaning strength, was a good thing to have on the sold.

00:29:31.000 --> 00:29:38.000
This shows the correspondence between rooms and the Roman.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:43.000
Nothing alphabet. There there's a straight one to one correspond to some.

00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:49.000
We can see if they turn them up. that this correspondence there.

00:29:49.000 --> 00:30:02.000
One of the interesting things is there's a link between the word spell to put the rooms down and it's certain that sort of order to create a certain charm and spelled to put letters on the certain order to

00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:08.000
create a certain word, and I was really and right who also connected to rooms.

00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:13.000
So we sent to Cavals, and are writing to interpret the rooms.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:17.000
So a lot about things to do with literacy, or to, you know.

00:30:17.000 --> 00:30:22.000
Go way way back to to was using this to go way back to rooms.

00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:30.000
There was such a stone is often used as a metaphor for learning languages.

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:36.000
But it's actually a really good piece of transliteration as well.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:40.000
So we we learn how different scripts we can decide to different scripts.

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:46.000
If we know one of the scripts, and then we can see how it matches to another one that says the same thing.

00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:58.000
So the resistor stone was found by one of Napoleon soldiers in the at the end of the eighteenth century, and the message is written in 3 different scripts in Egyptian hieroglyphs

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:03.000
the Demotic square, which is another ancient Egyptian script and ancient Greek.

00:31:03.000 --> 00:31:15.000
Now the soldiers saw the people knew ancient Greek, they would taught it as the classics in school, and so they could tell that these were much in script, saying the same thing, but in different different sort of languages, using different

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:26.000
scripts, and so that was a that's how they found out about how to un code or decipher some of the ancient scripts.

00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:43.000
There was also the the Houston inscription, which was recent by King Darius in Persian, but also included some of the old cuneiform and and languages represented by cuneiform so people

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:53.000
could then decipher peculiar form by looking at the the history script inscription, and working out from old Persian.

00:31:53.000 --> 00:32:02.000
What cuneiform meant. So there was another example of something similar to the Rosetta Stone which was to do with deciphering.

00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:06.000
Cune your phone

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:11.000
In the fifties. I do some other things as Well, we've got the handle alphabet.

00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:17.000
We're not looking too much oriental alphabets but they extremely interesting.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:24.000
And also alphabets. were invented. you know.

00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:39.000
In the the mind civilizations as Well, So we've now got to have a look at movable type of the influence that had one of the things about movable type.

00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:47.000
Is that it was very, very easy to use the Roman alphabet in type Cust, but very, very difficult to use.

00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:52.000
Things like the Arabic ab jobs in in the text.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:32:59.000
So this is one of the reasons why the Renaissance took off in countries that use the Roman.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:02.000
The Latin alphabet when printing came along but that's very simplified.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:12.000
So in 1,456 you're not good, and printed the Bible, using the printer bidding press, and then pamphlets arrived.

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:18.000
After that, and this she began to be printed, and the impact of the printing press was phenomenal.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:24.000
So books were mass produced, and so what we could afford. Then public libraries open the world libraries.

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:29.000
Before that one of the great ones was the library in Alexandria.

00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:34.000
The turn of the first millennia tells us a proprietor schools are still there.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:45.000
But now public libraries were there, you know. good, good, open up. In most most major cities literacy rates increase, although not evenly quality.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:57.000
Gender in class, and got rapidly in some areas. ideas about science, poetry, philosophy, were also disseminated. so the whole sort of European Renaissance started to, you know.

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:03.000
Take take motion, and people could make their living from writing no way back in Mesopotamia.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:08.000
There were schools for scribes, scribble schools.

00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:11.000
So people have been making that living provider for many, many centuries.

00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:25.000
But now a greater number of people, and how to be also a sort of a standardization of the of the written language.

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:30.000
So, and people had to decide if it if it was going.

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:33.000
A lot of people go to read and write things.

00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:41.000
They had to decide how to spell things, and which was meant, which, if it was a an interesting story,

00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:50.000
From William Kxton, who was famous for the printing, being in the printing press to Britain, and he was

00:34:50.000 --> 00:35:00.000
So one of his he went to collecting words and finding out how, if it was reused, and which was, should be used in his books to me which things?

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:06.000
And what if the fellas who was with Capstan on his trip around England collecting words?

00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:11.000
I think he came from Yorkshire. He was a chat by the name of Sheffield, so he might have done.

00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:23.000
And he went to ask for eggies or eggs from a lady in Kent, and the the lady in case said, Well, no idea what what egg is.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:35.000
I don't speak French, and this chat is getting really irritated. but someone said, Well, no, he he means Aaron. we haven't So there was a different word for eggs between yorkshire and kent so they

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:43.000
had to find out the way of, you know, standardizing the language, and therefore, and what it was in writing it.

00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:49.000
It. it became much more standardized, and people would read that, and that was the that was a standard version.

00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:52.000
Obviously did. She just came after that, and all sorts of things.

00:35:52.000 --> 00:36:12.000
Okay, So we're now going to have a look we've we've come a few 1,000 years, but some of the things here the oracle boom in 1,899 was discovered in 1,999 and it's widely believed to

00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:18.000
be the earliest example of Chinese characters being used.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:35.000
So they found some scratchings on the I think it was a cowboy that had survived for many, many, many years, and they looked like the earliest descriptions of of Chinese, and this was was discovered by chapcode

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.000
Evans who identified creating linear A and in your B.

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:58.000
And it was, and India a was the text that the wasn't wasn't has not yet been sort of deciphered because I don't know the language it was spoken and the in the civilizations were

00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:06.000
discovered, and we haven't looked at some of the great regist systems of Sanskrit and and the in this valley this sort of thing.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:14.000
But they are fantastic sort of things to look at. and yes, so.

00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:22.000
And and pinions spelling. Now we were thinking about because obviously, we've got to look at the way.

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:33.000
That there are politics in script and the sort of in chat that was a little bit of a debate.

00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:42.000
Under Chairman Mal, about whether they should adopt modernize the Chinese writing system and adopt the Dr.

00:37:42.000 --> 00:37:49.000
Roman characters. and they decided in the end not to

00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:52.000
They. They had a few, some runs that they decided not to.

00:37:52.000 --> 00:38:00.000
They also had a sort of go at trying to adopt the semic alphabet as well, and deciding the end not to with opinion.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:09.000
Spelling we just use Roman of is is now is sort of in in operation.

00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:27.000
Now, and it's become very really useful for Chinese people when using the the Internet as well, or for people who are using Chinese who are not used to Chinese language on Chinese characters in the 19 nineties.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:48.000
A worldwide web was introduced and this revolutionized information retrieval. and I think it's important to think about the the the the Internet as being a huge huge repository for getting lots and lots of information and disseminating

00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:52.000
lots of some information. So we'll just have a quick look at that.

00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:58.000
A brief history of the Internet which showed that you know, way back in the depths of the cold.

00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:09.000
While we were sort of thinking about global communication So 90 50 cm satellite since let's put need them out out there.

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:16.000
The first Internet service provider was born in 1974, which surprised me a little bit.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:27.000
But if you get up to 1,989, Tim burnlessly invents the worldwide web, and this is a first called an Information Super Highway.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:38.000
So it was a really great way of getting information. across best areas, really, really quickly, and by 2022 there's been a huge role out of by a broadband.

00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:44.000
Just take a look at the impact of this. Oh, 1,982!

00:39:44.000 --> 00:39:50.000
The American is born, the Smiley and i'm good how to look at that as well.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:55.000
Hi hypertext So this talk is called from hieroglyphs to Hypertext.

00:39:55.000 --> 00:40:02.000
So we've reached hypertext Now, hypertext is a text that links to other information.

00:40:02.000 --> 00:40:10.000
So you click on the link and you can jump quickly to another document, or on the website, or usually one that's related.

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:20.000
It goes way back to the 1960 s and there's a program, I think, called the the Mother of old Communication.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:35.000
I think it's on it's still on the on on Youtube which sort of goes through hypertext And even though and software programs that they could use in encyclopedias, and they've used and definitions as

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.000
Well, most people will have Http there to get hypotheses.

00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:45.000
So this is another sort of revolutionary way of retrieving Richard Information

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:57.000
Under the multi mobile phones, with also with sort of technology, increasing mobile phones.

00:40:57.000 --> 00:41:01.000
Have been really instrumental in making the written text.

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:05.000
No just mobile, but sort of instant and mobile.

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:11.000
So in 1994 text messaging was introduced the first mobile phone.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:14.000
So that came back in early Seventys. But take messaging.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:26.000
Must introduce by 2,003. So in less than 10 years, the number of text messages that were sent in the Uk.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:39.000
Pass 20 billion. So so really ready to call. And up until the early 2,000 people were restricted to a bit by short messaging systems.

00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:46.000
Sms. and and so it was emitting the early eighties but it became pop, and it's published in 2,000 and Sms.

00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:51.000
Really I can remember this quite, quite so. quite sort of clearly.

00:41:51.000 --> 00:41:59.000
You. you were restricted in the number of characters you could use, so you could use 167 big characters in the message.

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:09.000
And so people began to develop ways of making language, making vision language which more condensed.

00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:12.000
So this there would some terms, such as dissem bowling.

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:19.000
We take the out vowels out of the message, so your text speak, which shortens the cavity.

00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:25.000
She needs to make out to get the bells or using numbers for sound. So M.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:34.000
8 is made today plans for that sort of thing I think that's also called lead, and what's called neat language, and it was more often so.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:47.000
I see it. I can't. remember place now and then telegraphic language, where all the redundant words taken out, and all the not. We don't know but the their function works and you just left with the content words there like many

00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:55.000
portraits. So we started to do things with with with language, and make it more condensed.

00:42:55.000 --> 00:43:00.000
Because we were restricted in the number of characters that we could use.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:08.000
Danny Mojis came up. because people you you when you send a written message It's very easily misinterpreted.

00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:14.000
We need to say No, we didn't really we met that as a Joe call you know that was meant to you know.

00:43:14.000 --> 00:43:24.000
Be sentimental. So we just come from is interesting Japanese, which is a language which is largely pit, graphic in its characters.

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:28.000
So Emoji is a Japanese loan, word, meaning picture and image.

00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:37.000
We sometimes use a port material word a similar, which which of a multi-conscious in motion and Icon put together.

00:43:37.000 --> 00:43:51.000
They first began. A first came out in about 2,011, but by 2,024% of the online population were using emojis in their written and text messages, and in 2,015 they most popular.

00:43:51.000 --> 00:43:57.000
Emoji! was this no laughing so much?

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:03.000
I cried emoji and hi it's a yeah it's still very popular, emoji.

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:10.000
But i've worked with people who find it hard to they send this as meeting.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:17.000
I'm sad or that was a self message so They you know if you can't meet the emergent property can be a bit confusing.

00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:35.000
But we've also, and and this is where we can pull circle from the from sort of the picture graphs, and that we use when we started to make signs of cave walls and then hired lifts and that sort of

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.000
thing right it's the modern day so some emojis are picked to ground.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:45.000
So symbols that represent objects on a picture and a picture of reference they basis.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:53.000
So picture refers to the thing. and there's an idiotograms.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:44:58.000
So the face with with the tears of joy represents an emotion

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:03.000
And it's used to express the idea that you're sort of uncontrollably happy.

00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:09.000
But it's symbols can be both so this cup kind of coffee or tea, or whatever you can read a cup of beverage.

00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:20.000
Let's go out for a cup, of tea Oh, it can represent the idea of taking a break so just as a man messing on a tree can can represent, you know, is a mountain within the tree.

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:26.000
Or it can represent a rest, an idiogram. So come back to cup of tea there.

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:36.000
So we come full circle in many ways from our pictographs to the way we use language on on the Internet.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:45.000
We can also emerges, can also be writing systems in, and I know that people have, transliterated many.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:55.000
Shakespeare texts into maybe for fun into emojis, and it's quite interesting to see how these come out and become quite a you know.

00:45:55.000 --> 00:46:10.000
Some of the tragedies we could quite comical when you do this, so you can make sudden mushrooms by merging, emerges into each other, all putting different images in in strings as well.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:16.000
And Professor believe Evans in the article we got the bathroom ugly.

00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:23.000
Why motives are taken up. World says it, but as aual language, Emoji has already very eclipse hieroglyphics.

00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:33.000
Its ancient Egyptian precursor so she's showing the link there between what we're doing today, and what the Egyptians and others were doing thousands of thousands of years ago.

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:42.000
And this is Davis Well, says let's Send 2% of Uk systemization between 18 to 25.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:46.000
Find it easier to communicate in motions using emerges rather than texts.

00:46:46.000 --> 00:47:02.000
And as a teacher, and I have found that getting people to its, you know, young people to express their emotions using what can be difficult, but whether that's the thing due to use in this period or all.

00:47:02.000 --> 00:47:05.000
To do with the fact that we use it I Don't know.

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:13.000
Leave it to ponder, so I would just sort of conclude here.

00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:21.000
And leaving a little bit of time for some discussion. So right here systems they may change.

00:47:21.000 --> 00:47:25.000
But the systems are actually big. They are modalities of writing.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:28.000
They coexist. For example, picture grams, local grounds.

00:47:28.000 --> 00:47:36.000
Alphabets often exist together and what's more writing systems might be intricately connected to communities. culture.

00:47:36.000 --> 00:47:53.000
Religion language and identity. So you know, like Chinese characters, you know, being Chinese, might be, you know, you intricately connected with using Chinese characters, or and that might be that using thing that like Pinjin might be the opinion might

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:10.000
be a challenging to that identity. Writing has since earliest development in the in the city states of bold Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica, and China has allowed us to have permanent or long lasting

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:16.000
records of ideas, of art and history and general life of communities over millennia.

00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:24.000
So a whole idea of of history is really informed through writing systems.

00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:28.000
Otherwise we'd be looking at paintings and artifacts and not knowing what they were like.

00:48:28.000 --> 00:48:35.000
We do with the the cave paintings at a cooling. to neuroscientists our reading brain circuitry is plastic.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:41.000
I will adapt to the characteristics we read written words of papers simple.

00:48:41.000 --> 00:48:51.000
Let's see, therefore, having many different modes, of forms, of bit materials for having ideograms, idiograms, and logograms, pictograms, alphabets, etc.

00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:59.000
Allows us to maximize our cognitive potential, So we can, you know, Read something on the screen and that's great

00:48:59.000 --> 00:49:09.000
We can read something on a book that's great but we're using different types about different neuro centers in that way. And that's from the Bbc navigating modern life series.

00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:17.000
What does reading on screen due to your brain? Okay, the I was. Have you?

00:49:17.000 --> 00:49:25.000
Have any any questions at the moment we do we do, Janet. I don't know if you want to stop shaving.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:31.000
Stop sharing absolutely stop sharing and we'll go into some questions. Now we've got some here.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:51.000
Let me just find the best place to start no one seconds so i've got a few comments I can't guarantee that I can also left now, because there's so much mystery. we'll give it a goal right we had a question from pat and

00:49:51.000 --> 00:50:09.000
i'm trying to find it Oh, it's very strange it was basically around If earlier humans had rating you're talking about, you know, writing having really kind of kicked off from about 5 and a half 1,000 years ago.

00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:12.000
If earlier humans had rating, I guess we would only know.

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:27.000
If example, survived with I would absolutely agree with this and so we don't know if they wrote on his about, for example, or even tattooed on their skin, and they had a writing, system, but they used materials that were

00:50:27.000 --> 00:50:38.000
perishable Then obviously we wouldn't we wouldn't know and that's one of the mysteries so it's possible they did have a rating system that had a language they could have a rating system always possible

00:50:38.000 --> 00:50:46.000
but they didn't and that this is something developed as the theories go developed with the debate with the rise of city States.

00:50:46.000 --> 00:50:51.000
But yes, it is it's something we we we is prehistoric.

00:50:51.000 --> 00:50:56.000
So it's before the story of each but yeah It's A very interesting question.

00:50:56.000 --> 00:51:15.000
Thank you. Okay, Now we've got a question from 1 s a question from Sue talking about ancient scripts? are they red right to left or left to right? what's the difference this is a really really interesting?

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:17.000
Question. It came up in a in a tutorial.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:37.000
I was given yesterday, and you know so obviously with and then from left to right and summation Greek scripts they left went from, I think, left to right and then right to left, and that and to me that seems like a wonderful practical way

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:50.000
of doing things. Some do columns and it's been suggested that, for example, Chinese columns are because you had a strict the So paper I put them down here strips like that?

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:54.000
So why we? Why, some coaches read from left to right, and others from right to left.

00:51:54.000 --> 00:52:07.000
Another thing, columns and others, maybe even from down to up, is really to do with the conventions that love that culture. Sometimes it's got a practical base, such as stricts.

00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:14.000
We put down together. others other times it's just the way things have started to be got done, and have continued to be done.

00:52:14.000 --> 00:52:23.000
But if anybody has any more ideas, if anybody knows a bit more about that than me, it bad be really, really interested to to, you know.

00:52:23.000 --> 00:52:29.000
Talk about. Okay? Great. Thank you. no, we have a question for Philip.

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:37.000
No, he's asking no forgive me a fact to know system. and correctly talking about You talked about North European rating systems, you know.

00:52:37.000 --> 00:52:48.000
Happening in in mesopotamia and and all of these kinds of places he's asking, Where does all come fit into the North European writing system.

00:52:48.000 --> 00:53:03.000
This is somebody else mentioned this as well it's an island isn't it I mean in some of the Celtic countries, and it's it's amazing to do with a sort of the cracks certainly

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:07.000
on on rocks and things in the writings on on there and it's.

00:53:07.000 --> 00:53:12.000
It is a really ancient system that is not is very and not looked at at all.

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:18.000
In fact, we don't know much about the ancient celtic writing systems, all the systems that came before them as well.

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:30.000
But yes, it does. It would pit in as a separate sort of system, and I'm not sure how old it is whether it predates Rooms probably does what it probably does.

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:36.000
But incidentally the Irish were writing long before the English as well.

00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:48.000
So it's a th this interesting interesting sort of question there but yes, yes, it's it. my asset that would be. I don't know I know a little, bit but I don't know a lot about that.

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:54.000
One right. what we got now now, we've got a question from June.

00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:06.000
No, she's saying the thorn character no I think that was in ruins wasn't It it was during character, seems to have disappeared from a from Arab alphabet about the time that printing started where

00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:13.000
the 2 connected a lot of things happened when printing started.

00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:29.000
For example, let us start it to appear like that that got her in it appeared, and forgotten ghost, you know, and perhaps it represented how the word was pronounced like sort of sound.

00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:33.000
There. or perhaps it was Flemish printers. that put an extra letter in because they were paid per letter.

00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:48.000
We we don't really know the phone thing There is a link, I think, between when we say ye old the old starring that that yeah was really some sort of deviation of phone.

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:54.000
It was really the sound but yes, I would say that it had.

00:54:54.000 --> 00:54:58.000
It would be, it would be difficult to represent on on the because it part.

00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:05.000
It wasn't. really part of the room in alphabet and that's the alpha that's used in in sort of printing.

00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:10.000
Yeah, interesting, though. Yeah, Okay, we've got another question and from Helen.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:14.000
Now this is quite a long question. So bear with me.

00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:18.000
Given the all elements of Lexus within any language evolve.

00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:29.000
How does this reflect your view that grammatical correctness is, unless there is a confusion about the meaning, a meaningless concept?

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:31.000
We might thrown on John and me went to the park.

00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:47.000
But is that disapproval? Not absurd here. we come to prescriptive this a a descriptive approach just to language. And the natural first, you know, you guess it's a Germanic language basically basically means it's got a lot of influences from roma

00:55:47.000 --> 00:55:51.000
languages, but, you see, and so, if I was saying that I put my coat on.

00:55:51.000 --> 00:55:56.000
That's absolutely correct. But some prescriptivists might say no.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:01.000
You if you have any with preposition. I put on my coat that's how you should say it.

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:06.000
But it doesn't come naturally so yes, yet grammatically.

00:56:06.000 --> 00:56:10.000
Correct correctness. there is a prescriptive sort of approach to grammar.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:16.000
It came with standardization. People were saying, No, this is the correct way to do it.

00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:26.000
The way you say things in your your your dialect or your grammar is not the right way, or not the way that we're going to standardize.

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:36.000
So. Yes, there's a whole whole whole bunch of social linguistics devoted to grammar and ideas about what he's right?

00:56:36.000 --> 00:56:39.000
What is wrong with stigma and all this sort of thing?

00:56:39.000 --> 00:56:47.000
I'll hope that on a partly on to share your question, Helen.

00:56:47.000 --> 00:56:53.000
No, we've got a question here. no it is interesting how we kind of you know.

00:56:53.000 --> 00:56:58.000
That full circle that you've talked about What a constant Emojis!

00:56:58.000 --> 00:57:04.000
Now we've got a question here from christine and we've had some comments from other people as to what they think of it. this.

00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:10.000
But what do you think? do you think in more? Gs are a bit of a regressive step?

00:57:10.000 --> 00:57:17.000
My own opinion is, no, I left them. I absolutely love them.

00:57:17.000 --> 00:57:25.000
Many in a ambiguous sentence one that could could maybe be misunderstood, because I haven't you know.

00:57:25.000 --> 00:57:29.000
It seems a bit curt when you read it but I haven't meant it.

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:44.000
The way has been diffused by a Smiley, but I also think that we can, as as I said, sort of implied in the at the end of the lecture, that we can.

00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:51.000
We we do need to use words as well. We do need to be able to express our feelings without drawing a smiley face.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:58:00.000
And i've worked with people with with autism, and who find it difficult sometimes to both express them emotions.

00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:09.000
I'm talking very general terms here. everyone's different and also maybe to misinterpret facial expressions, and that's emotion with the Ts coming down.

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:15.000
But one person, you know. He had a message saying, you know, his friend said, Oh, my cats just died.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:20.000
And so he said that say no i'm i'm really really unhappy and crying.

00:58:20.000 --> 00:58:26.000
But it was like lucky. so much i'm you know crying. And so, yeah, they can be misunderstood, just like language can be misunderstood.

00:58:26.000 --> 00:58:34.000
I love emojis, but i'm aware that be dependent on one mode or one system.

00:58:34.000 --> 00:58:43.000
Too too much can be about thing, and another strong feelings about him, which is this sort of thing in the articles and text language to build that sort of thing.

00:58:43.000 --> 00:58:53.000
I see It's been medically creative the Sippy with that so tired of it which people get back to writing normally. Okay, right? we've got practical question here.

00:58:53.000 --> 00:59:02.000
I'm Caroline how does a computer keyboard deal with languages that use pictograms for example Chinese.

00:59:02.000 --> 00:59:10.000
I wish that I had the more time to discuss that, because that was something that has done for one of my other courses, and it was a huge barrier.

00:59:10.000 --> 00:59:26.000
That you know the the Internet was invented by people who met in in America, and when i'm great by people who use the Roman alphabet and English is a dominant very very dominant on the

00:59:26.000 --> 00:59:39.000
Internet And So there are things like I think it's called our faculty, which is a an arabic script that's got users Roman alphabet for the Arabic words and pione is

00:59:39.000 --> 00:59:43.000
a a Chinese outfit which uses Romanova for Chinese words.

00:59:43.000 --> 00:59:48.000
But there are software programs now that are really, really good at.

00:59:48.000 --> 00:59:50.000
So you could have a keyboard in Chinese, and it could.

00:59:50.000 --> 00:59:55.000
You could type it. you could either in Chinese or it could go in the Roman alphabet using Indian.

00:59:55.000 --> 01:00:01.000
So it's not nowadays we it's transliteration is quite it?

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:11.000
It can be done, but it is. It is quite a dominance of The Roman script and English language on the Internet.

01:00:11.000 --> 01:00:16.000
Well, thank you for that. I think that is I think we've got through all the questions.

01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:25.000
That was absolutely fascinating and certainly a subject that I didn't know an awful lot about I have to say, and that whole full circle thing fascinates me.

01:00:25.000 --> 01:00:29.000
So. Thank you very much for that, Janet.

01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:37.000
I hope everybody out there enjoyed that.

00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:22.000
Thanks and yeah it's awfully lovely to see so many people here today.

00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:33.000
The story of the unknown warrior. Well, I guess a lot of you will have seen the tomb of the unknown warrior in Westminster Abbey.

00:00:33.000 --> 00:00:38.000
It said to be the most frequently visited War Grave.

00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:54.000
Now I can't prove i'll disprove that but that is often the quote that's given and the story of the unknown warrior, and how an unknown warrior from the first world war came to be buried in

00:00:54.000 --> 00:01:12.000
Westminster Abbey. amongst the famous, the Great and the Good, is a very interesting story, and it begins in a garden in a volunteers in France, in 1,916.

00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:28.000
But perhaps more of that. a little bit lifetime I will be showing slides, and because i'll be doing a lot of talking as well, i'll try and remember to tell you when i'm about to change slides, because just

00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:33.000
so you don't think i've got stuck on one particular slide.

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So I'm going to share my screen now with everyone hopefully

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And I hope I hope that everyone is going to be able to see this right Second, try

00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:27.000
Okay, So that's the title of our talk every mother's son. The story of the unknown warrior Well, the expression every month the sound comes from one of the newspapers off the time 1920 being the time when the body

00:02:27.000 --> 00:02:39.000
of the unknown warrior was actually rebied, having been consumed in France, was re buried in Westminster Abbey, and this was

00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:49.000
From a story in the Daily Express. Lots of newspapers obviously took up the story and in the dilemma.

00:02:49.000 --> 00:02:54.000
First it was mentioned that this burial was symbolic of F.

00:02:54.000 --> 00:03:02.000
For every mother who had lost a son fighting in the military during the First World War.

00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:08.000
Of course we know it's more much more than just somebody's son.

00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:16.000
We we know that it wasn't only sons that were killed in the First World War.

00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:21.000
It was father, it was husbands, it was brothers, it was sweethearts.

00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:30.000
And but of course, every month of some was just a phrase that called Tom at the time.

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So. I'm now going to change my side the guy I hope

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Right. picture of the First World War. If we are asked what we know about the First World War, I guess this sly in encapsulates some of the conditions.

00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:12.000
The men fault in impossible virtually impossible conditions. you can see they're practically up to their knees in mud, and this picture was taken on the Western front.

00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:25.000
It was taken in France, and I shall see it's a group of soldiers bringing back a wounded comrade, probably initially to a military dressing station.

00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:48.000
So some fact. Some figures often bandage around about the First World War, 6 point, 5 million British servicemen in the First World War, 2.5 million servicemen full on the Allies side from the British dominions.

00:04:48.000 --> 00:05:03.000
abroad. The average age of a soldier was 24, and the chances of that soldier being killed during the conflict was one in 10.

00:05:03.000 --> 00:05:18.000
It was avoa very much more sophisticated as far as armaments on weapons than any war that had happened before. And of course it was on a worldwide scale.

00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:25.000
So Yeah, this is a sad story, but I think it's also an inspiring story.

00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:38.000
In so many ways, because the story of the barrier of the unknown warrior was a victory for public opinion, and the white of public opinion.

00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:52.000
I'm people power, if you like so yeah it said but that's that's also positive sides to it as well.

00:05:52.000 --> 00:06:00.000
But first, before we go to that garden in arm and tears in France come back with me to 19 twenties.

00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:06.000
Britain. 1920 is Britain resonated with grief.

00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:21.000
A morning. it's estimated that there was hardly a family throughout the length and breadth of Britain that was untouched by bereavement of a servicemen in the first world.

00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:27.000
War, and i've already mentioned sons husbands fathers sweethearts.

00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:42.000
Other relatives people have experienced regular instances of hearing of someone's death, even if it was your next door, neighbor son, rather than your son.

00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:51.000
Death was closer than it had been in any previous war.

00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:58.000
How First World War. So 1,920 Oh, for a 1 million.

00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:05.000
So now we're dead service personnel were dead i'm going to change my slide.

00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:10.000
Now, could I just interrupt for that quick seconds, Margaret: Yeah.

00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:15.000
For some reason we're seeing your toolbar across the top of the screen.

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I'm not quite sure why

00:07:21.000 --> 00:07:29.000
Hmm. Hmm! You just check that you're certain fill screen Yeah, it should pay.

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Need should be. I don't know why that is showing

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Of the sides actually appearing. Okay, yes, they all but I this toolbar.

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I don't know why

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Nope. Nope: Okay, Well, let's just leave it I'm. i'm so sorry about that.

00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:11.000
I don't know why it's doing it I can't seem to get rid of it.

00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:25.000
So post World war one over 1 million service people service month are dead.

00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:37.000
500,000 Service personnel have no known brave 8 it's death, as I mentioned, on an unknown scale.

00:08:37.000 --> 00:09:01.000
A most dead buried close to where they fell. Very early in the war the British Government made the decision that no bodies would be routinely repatriated, so so they would be buried where they felt and that was the decision so they

00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:09.000
were either buried very close to the battlefield or in the nearest war cemetery.

00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:25.000
Also 225,000 people had died in the early years of the post war, and that was due to an outbreak of a pandemic.

00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:42.000
In this case Spanish flow that had killed 225,000 people in Great Britain alone, and links there with our own times, with the Covid pandemic.

00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:51.000
Of course, I think how just to bear was father's husband sons, brothers, and sweethearts.

00:09:51.000 --> 00:10:15.000
Oh, had no known Brave! they have just disappeared. The nature of this war with the power of the armaments, the power of the weapons that were available meant that often bodies just simply disappeared, or where bodies were discovered by what they could

00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:21.000
not be identified, they were unable to identify them.

00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:31.000
So the wall was quite horrifying, and it sheer intensity, and obviously I don't need to dwell on that.

00:10:31.000 --> 00:10:54.000
And Obviously, if no 9 was given to a body, then that body had to be buried anonymously, killing a soft cell on an industrial scale, it would take an army chat claim serving on the Western front by name the

00:10:54.000 --> 00:11:01.000
Reverend David Rilton, and on this side, hopefully, you can see him on the right hand side.

00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:07.000
On the left hand side is a very high ranking officer.

00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:12.000
During the First World War Brigadier General Louis John Wyatt, and he was G.

00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:16.000
Oc. in France and Florida Gioc.

00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:23.000
General officer commanding. So he was top military brass, really.

00:11:23.000 --> 00:11:41.000
Yeah, and Davey Rile 10 it was who came up with the idea of a focal point for those back home in Britain who had been bereaved, and not only a focal point for those who had been

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:50.000
breathed but a focal point for the grief and the morning of the whole British nation.

00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:58.000
Let me tell you a little bit about rilton I won't go into a long biography of him because we haven't got time.

00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:12.000
He was the son of a Salvation Army commissioner only in 1884 in 1911 he became Chaplin to the British forces.

00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:17.000
He served as a coachman in lots of places in England.

00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:21.000
He served in folks then in Margate, in Westminster.

00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:38.000
Oh! so in Yorkshire he eventually settled in Scotland, in in Venezuela and In 1911 he becomes Chaplin to the army, and

00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:46.000
He would be to play involved on the Western Front. He was actually out there with the troops.

00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:55.000
He was conducting services. he was burying, taking barrier services and

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:14.000
He did this throughout most of the First World War. Unfortunately he died in 2, 95 in a full, an accidental fall from a trying for William railway station.

00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:33.000
He left behind him a widow, one son, and 4 daughters; and if you move in the world of music, you will be know that one of his daughters was Ruth Rilton founded the national youth, Orchestra.

00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:41.000
So what happened in this garden in Armand tears France in 1916.

00:13:41.000 --> 00:14:05.000
Well, there is an official account, the National Army Music, and the account was written with obviously first time testimony from Rilton himself, and it tells how, in August, of 1,916, Ralton was on the western front in

00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:12.000
connection with his normal military duties, and he was on his way back to a billet.

00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:24.000
He just participated in the burial of one of the soldiers, who had fallen in a race and battle and arm and tears.

00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:37.000
In this garden he's walking along and he passes a front garden of an un normal, everyday house, belonging presumably to a French family.

00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:56.000
And he sees in the front garden a very roughly made wooden cross, just tied together, as often happened in in the First World War, with a piece of string or binder something of that ilk to make a cross

00:14:56.000 --> 00:15:15.000
so 2 long narrow pacy support, bound together to make a wooden cross, and it marks a brave, and it's in the front garden of this house and scrolled in rough pencil on the wooden cross is an unknown

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:36.000
British soldier of the Black Watch. So we have an unidentified, anonymous British soldier, like so many of them in the First World War, and we know that he was identified as being from the Black Watch regiment Scottish

00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:45.000
regimen. The soldier, had been buried in someone's frontal So Ralton stops from a moment.

00:15:45.000 --> 00:16:06.000
And he it really does set him thinking. Hey realizes that this drive of this soldier of the Black Watch symbolizes all the other unknowns who are buried all over France.

00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:20.000
But although the idea type shannon while 10 doesn't tell anybody, he tapes it very quiet, and like on people, would say, Well, that was his first mistake.

00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:40.000
He should have told somebody. he's idea the top shape was that one of these unknown soldiers should perhaps be selected to be consumed from amongst the many of our other.

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:46.000
No, they mostly buried men. i'm return to England to be buried with you.

00:16:46.000 --> 00:17:00.000
Ceremony and Westminster, abbe amongst the Bright, the and the famous a humble soldier in a setting like what's the now?

00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:18.000
It's almost at the same time as this idea opposed to Ralton. The it's set to have a code to afraid to a Frenchman, a Frenchman called Fraswell Simon, and he was the President back in France of a

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:32.000
remembrance society and This plan was completely different in that it was publicized throughout the length, the breadth of France.

00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:39.000
So frustrated. Simone was. Simon was not a tall, frightened of publicity.

00:17:39.000 --> 00:17:45.000
Royalton kept the idea to himself, and this would light fuel.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:53.000
A very first debate who thought of the idea first. Was it a Frenchman?

00:17:53.000 --> 00:18:01.000
Was it Rile? 10 I can't give you the answer to that fried right?

00:18:01.000 --> 00:18:09.000
I'm going to change slides again

00:18:09.000 --> 00:18:17.000
This is Ralton's own words this is him describing what was going through his mind.

00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:26.000
How that grave calls me to think what's hey? were they and he's talking about the soldiers family.

00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:35.000
He spoke back home. Was he just a lucky? Well, we all know how young some of these soldiers were.

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:42.000
We all know that some of them joined up below the age they should have joined up anyway.

00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:50.000
18 was the age. Now, if you've done any family history and i'm guessing a lot of you have like me.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:58.000
You're probably identified people in your family that served in the First World War.

00:18:58.000 --> 00:19:06.000
Was I 18 and over, or was they younger? I know in my case my great uncle was 17.

00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:13.000
That was no answer to these questions, he went on, nor have there ever been yet.

00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:19.000
So I felt and thought i'm wrestled in thought what can I do to ease the pain?

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:26.000
A father, mother, brother, sister, sweetheart, wife, and friend.

00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:34.000
Quietly, and gradually they came out of the mist of full answer, clear and strong.

00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:42.000
Let this body, this symbol of him, be courage reverently over the sea to his native land.

00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:48.000
And I was happy for about 5 min. Well, I tell the thing I need to.

00:19:48.000 --> 00:20:02.000
I have sad that last sentences in the midst of this carnage, this total worldfare, this horror of explosions, a mad and filth and dead bodies.

00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:13.000
He was happy for 5 min, so brouton's idea is beginning to take me.

00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:21.000
We come now to the end of the war, and the dialing express newspaper gets to hear of this idea.

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:32.000
How how did I hear of it? was it was it for Rilton?

00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:36.000
I don't know I can't give you an answer to that.

00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:39.000
But the public seized on this idea of a newspapers.

00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:48.000
Take it up. I like. a little campaign begins, and public opinion is overwhelmingly for it.

00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:53.000
Out comrades associations overwhelmingly for it.

00:20:53.000 --> 00:21:01.000
The top brass of the military. well. Most of them were for it, and the top brass of the military.

00:21:01.000 --> 00:21:06.000
During the First World War. Well, we all know their filings.

00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:19.000
But apparently they were very much keen on the idea, and and very key that it should go ahead as was Lloyd George, David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister, hey?

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:27.000
We're told embraced the idea so what's that I need one who, Dick think it was a good idea?

00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:41.000
The answer is, Yes, Memphis of the Government. There were certain members of the government, not all of them by any means certain members of the government, for this was a bad idea.

00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:53.000
King chose the fifth, so it was a bad idea, and he has had a very bad price from some biographers before, because of it.

00:21:53.000 --> 00:21:59.000
But like to be fair to George the fifth we know from the letters that he wrote at the time.

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:12.000
He's failing was that 1919 1920 The first waves of terrible brief were beginning to abide.

00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:19.000
The parade was beginning. they they would obviously never get over the agreements.

00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:26.000
But it was beginning to subside, and George the Fifth likened it to ripping.

00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:43.000
A plaster of a half healed wound he said no It's not a good idea, however, to give Joseph that his cricket he will change his mind, and he will throw his white when behind the campaign When he saw that the

00:22:43.000 --> 00:23:02.000
public were very much in favor. home in England back in folks done working as a clergyman, Wilson, that if you'd rather write the letter to Herbert Riley, who was the Dean of Westminster

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:06.000
Abbey, and this is Hey, Herbert Riley!

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:32.000
Now Wilson outlines his idea. He tells Royal the circumstances in which the idea came to him, and he believes that this can only be a positive thing if an ordinary soldier is brought back from France, and Re buried in

00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:39.000
Westminster Abbey, with Jude Pump and 2 ceremony to acknowledge the enormous step.

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:51.000
The the British nation owes to their military. did rile steel appropriate hijack?

00:23:51.000 --> 00:24:02.000
Whatever is expression we like to use. ralton's suggestion well, there are people out there who say Yes, he did.

00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:18.000
There are people who say no, he didn't Most people described Rilton as a changeful, kindly honorable man, and they say, Oh, no, Ralton would

00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:37.000
Roy would never have done that. However, it's interesting that a clergyman by name reference, say Chi Griffiths was moved to right to the Government rather scathingly about how Ralton had been

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:55.000
sidelined, and the only thing he says that honored Rilton for coming up with the idea in the first place, was a ticket to go to Westminster Abbey on the day of the re burial i'll have

00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:02.000
to say that The Ross, scathing let up, was sent back to Ck.

00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:11.000
Griffiths from Lord Woodbrum really glossing over his concerns.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:19.000
And poeing it basically i'm just changing of just changed my side.

00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:36.000
So here we are, George the Fifth. Now, when it became clear that the majority were overwhelmingly in support of the idea, the Government sets up a committee to oversee the planning off the rearial ceremony back

00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:44.000
in England, and the decision gets approval from the highest level.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:55.000
And I put a pro on here from King Joe. Jim set himself from his November 1919 message to all my people.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:04.000
I might add up this point. 1919 was the year the Senate off was unviled.

00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:12.000
Initially attempts to talk was built for a victory parade through London. In 1919.

00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:21.000
It was built by Edwin Lutherans, or he was the architect, and it was built from canvas, wood, and plaster.

00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:39.000
However, almost as soon as it was unveiled. On the eighteenth of July, 1919 huge public timer for a permanent send his child. So a permanent Santa staff is planned. Edward Lutherans was the

00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:50.000
architect an architect much admired by the government, much admired by King George the Fifth, and a permanent senate off in Portland.

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:56.000
Stone was erected in White Hole, and that, of course, is the monument monument we see today.

00:26:56.000 --> 00:27:10.000
Santa Fe of post translates from the great to empty tone. At the eleventh hour in the on the eleventh day, in the eleventh month, there should be 2 min suspension.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:17.000
Of all activities, all work sound and low. commotion should cease.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:30.000
So the king is determined, it will be the the sacrifice of these men will be commemorated, and indeed, ever since.

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:47.000
Of course it has been commemorated on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, and also celebrated on the Sunday closest to that day with

00:27:47.000 --> 00:28:02.000
The ceremony, attended by the royal family, that we all know at the Senate half, and this gentleman, Frank Owens, so Spray would be the painter who would be tasked with not only painting the

00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:18.000
unveiling of the Senate staff but also the permanent center staff, which was used to be unviled on the eleventh of November the nineteenth, 20 on the same day as the unknown Warrior was due

00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:29.000
to be re buried in Westminster Abbey, but he also, as well as capturing the opening up the sun itself.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:41.000
He also captured the what happened in Westminster Abbey at the rebuild and interesting quote there in the 1,900 fortys.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:29:02.000
He was described as looking like a holy street doubt specialist i'm going to say at this point, surrounding the story of the unknown warrior is much guesswork, much mystery, many many conspiracy.

00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:19.000
Theories. i'm very few to fitz Oh, an official account was written in 90 39, and that was issued by the costume.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:34.000
And We're done with the help of brigadier General Wyatt, who actually selected they body that was re buried in Westminster Abbey.

00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:44.000
People still don't really believe the official account there are still conspiracy conspiracy.

00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:54.000
Theories talked off, and people mentioned that somewhere this government paperwork about out the barroom Do we know?

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:08.000
Hello! The unknown Gloria was well. sounds like a complete contradiction in terms, but many people are convinced that someone know exactly who this person was.

00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:22.000
I don't think we go but there is a theory that there are various pipe work somewhere, but the public have never seen.

00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:39.000
There's a file of secrecy over so much connected with this story and a I i'll just outline a few of the things that people question he's the identity i've mentioned was he a regular soldier an

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:55.000
old contemptible as they were known I a soldier who was already in the army at the outbreak of the First World War, and the first wife is to go over when we're always declared on the fourth of

00:30:55.000 --> 00:31:01.000
August 19 full team contemptible from

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:19.000
A withering statement made by case of Wilhelm the second of Germany, who referred to Britain's contemptible little army; and if post the army, having a sense of humor, let me know themselves, the old

00:31:19.000 --> 00:31:43.000
contemptible. Oh, what's the Bulky a construct now? could you come in in January 1916, because they just want enough men coming forward to enlist in the army, and a numbers will falling so men between 18

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:57.000
and 40. The age was later raised to 51 years men, 18 to 40 initially, were liable to be called up into the military.

00:31:57.000 --> 00:32:10.000
In initially single men. Only later that was altered the age is increased to 51, and it's also broadened to include married Mento.

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:21.000
They were exception, of course, for certain occupations what's the body that of a dominion or was he a British soldier?

00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:27.000
What's the idea of the vaccination of rebuilding?

00:32:27.000 --> 00:32:39.000
Oh, we'll see from Swiss symbol or teach trial hub at Royal the deal of Westminster appropriate the idea for himself.

00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:45.000
How many bodies were exhumed, so that a choice could be made?

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.000
Was it free? Was it 5? Was it 6? with it more?

00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:59.000
The official reversion, says 4, and those 4 were selected from the 4 main battlefields in France.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:08.000
On the Western front, namely, Iin Ras and the song.

00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:17.000
So they they are. There are mysteries I can't give you answers to any of them.

00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:27.000
All you can do is read as much. as you can on the subject and make your own mind up which you know I I have done, and that's my viewpoint.

00:33:27.000 --> 00:33:34.000
I'm. sure there are people out there with completely different ones.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:38.000
It was a great at the beginning by wire Brick Itier.

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:51.000
General White, who was in charge of the exhumation. in France the the whole thing should be conducted with as much secrecy as possible.

00:33:51.000 --> 00:34:04.000
He felt this was the only way to add validity to the whole thing, and that the body should be randomly selected for the honor of rebuild.

00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:09.000
What then happened to the bodies that were not selected?

00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:17.000
Well, yeah, it's another mystery were they re-buried close spire along a road called the Backpom Road.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:23.000
Back Home Road was where burial parties were currently working.

00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:31.000
Host World War, First World War in 1920. They were still recovering bodies along that road.

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:37.000
So were the bodies simply rebuild, to wait for discovery by the burial parties?

00:34:37.000 --> 00:34:42.000
Or were the bodies taken to the nearest cemetery?

00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:55.000
Well, I give you for what it's worth the opinion of most historians today is I the idea for the we Barry left down the warrior.

00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:14.000
What royal tons nobody else's and that his He thought of the idea first, and secondly, that the bodies of those not selective were rearrange, not in a cemetery, but along the backong road to a

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:35.000
white. The burial party's discovery so the official 1939 version says there were 4 bodies of unknown allied soldiers, and they were exhausted from the far main battle areas that I've mentioned in aras on the

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:41.000
phone. I will take him to who are us to in the north of France.

00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:47.000
So a chapel and an armed guard was put on the chapel outside.

00:35:47.000 --> 00:35:59.000
The soldiers who brought the bodies on gun carriages were dismissed back to their regiments at midnight.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:05.000
Brick it here. Channel. What enters the chapel with another officer?

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:17.000
Just the 2 of them, and it's wire who chooses which body will be transported from the chapel to England for reading.

00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:32.000
No other record of this actually exists and they other mystery is when with the body's assumed.

00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:48.000
Now the official version says they were exhumed on the night of the ninth tenth of November, because ceremony was to take place in in England on the eleventh of November.

00:36:48.000 --> 00:36:55.000
There are people who say the bodies were assumed before the ninth and the tenth of November.

00:36:55.000 --> 00:37:05.000
I have no way of knowing. I have no proof, and I know of no documents that give proof.

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:11.000
The stress is on mentioned by wire was on app most secrecy to validate.

00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:19.000
They? Oh, the whole event! he he felt this was the only way forward.

00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:41.000
Overnight. the body rested in the chapel, and in the early hours of the next day of the tenth of November the body is priced on a damage with a military escort and that military escal then took

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:48.000
it to belong, and at balloon it was carried onto Hms.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:53.000
Verdon, named after one of the huge battles of the First World War.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:38:03.000
Of course, and transport you to England. i'm going to change slides, and this is a picture of the coffin of the unknown warrior.

00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:12.000
With I've said on the caption of of this side with an honor guard of allied soldiers.

00:38:12.000 --> 00:38:17.000
There are French soldiers there. you'll recognize the French soldier perhaps.

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:24.000
The horse's head at the front and also there's at least one French soldier in the background.

00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:33.000
But it was allied soldiers that provided the guard of honor that took the body to belong for transportation on Hms.

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:43.000
For done across the Channel to England and we create the words of Field Marshals to Henry Wilson.

00:38:43.000 --> 00:39:01.000
No words can tech could tell how proud we offices and men would have would be to have one of our simple soldiers buried in Westminster Abbey, and of course, the following day, after a dying resting overnight in

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:13.000
Westminster Abbey. the body of the unknown soldier or the unknown warrior would be re buried with 2 pump and circumstances.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:20.000
At 11 Am. on the eleventh out of the eleventh die.

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:26.000
And this is a memorial called for the burial of the unknown warrior.

00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:40.000
I don't know who these were issued to Apart from the congregation in Westminster Abbey congregation was by invitation only numbered a 1,000 people.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:50.000
Most of them were the wives, or mothers of men who had been killed during active service.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:40:04.000
70 Bcs provided the guards of honor politicians, members of the government, military members of the royal family, also attending I'm.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:09.000
Going to change the slide again. And this is King George the Fifth pudding.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:16.000
His personal race on the gun carriage. His Ruth was of red roses and bay leaves.

00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:26.000
Bailey, symbolizing sacrifice, victory, and immortality

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:31.000
And the body with the or the body on the call.

00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:41.000
Change, of course. policies The sun is half on its way to Westminster Abbey, where George the Fifth, formally unviled.

00:40:41.000 --> 00:40:48.000
They know. send it off. Of course it it not new anymore.

00:40:48.000 --> 00:41:07.000
But the permanent senate off and Here's the painting very fine with the painting that Frank o Salisbury actually did of the ceremony Westminster Abbey and It's interesting to know

00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:11.000
the female members of the royal family are right at the back. Thanks.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:18.000
A pillar, and here, on the right we have team George the fifth, he's 3 sons.

00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:28.000
Behind the King is Edward, Prince of Wales. Next to him is the 2 of your present points. father.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:36.000
Of course, who would become George the Sixth, and next to him is the 2 of Costa Henry, Duke of Boston.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:45.000
The elderly gentleman. On the right hand side is Prince Arthur, Duke of Cono, youngest son of Queen Victoria.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:58.000
At 17 it's, still totally vowed with the military, most of the sound just called in Brandad, but not to his face, and he called them his boys, and

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:10.000
This is the closer detail and the crow often used. They buried him among the kings because she had done good towards God and towards his house.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:15.000
It was the second anniversary of the armistice.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.000
So the eleventh of November the nineteenth, 18, was the armistice.

00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:37.000
This is the eleventh of November 1922 I'm going to change slides again, and here we have the actual tone in Westminster Abbey.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:51.000
A very old photograph. This states from 1922. The black marble tombstone that was put over the grave was put there in 1921.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:43:10.000
It is Belgium marble, and inside the grave there are barrels of earth from Belgium the line, The some of the battles took place on The coffin was of English hope from a tree felled at Hampton, quote and it

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:18.000
was banded n iron enroll. On On the top was a crusade is sold.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:36.000
That King George the Fifth selected personally from the royal armory, and the coffee plate reads a British warrior who fell in the great war, 1,000 915,918 so it's a king

00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:58.000
on country, and this is the eap or partrice flag that Rilton used during the whole of the four-year campaign as an altercloth, and also to put over the graves of some of the soldiers while he

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:06.000
conducted the burial service still in Westminster Abbey, but a lot of controversy.

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:11.000
It used to hang over the tone it's been moved to a side chapel.

00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:17.000
The official reason was in 1,953 for the Queen's coronation.

00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:25.000
It interfered with the camera angles, and so it was not put back.

00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:35.000
And there it hangs. This is the brave, as we know it today, surrounded by poppies for remembrance.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:46.000
Sunday referred to as almost this guy until the second world war then called Remembrance die.

00:44:46.000 --> 00:44:53.000
I don't know if you are aware but this spoke high a flowers on the unknown.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:45:05.000
What's tone? There is a tradition that royal brides place their bouquet of flowers on the unknown warriors home.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:12.000
This is Megan Spokai i'm going to change the slide again.

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:18.000
Now, and this is the liege. Ho! started that tradition.

00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:33.000
The like. Quill Elizabeth's the Coin Math married 1923 to the Duke of York, who we saw in Salisbury's picture of the Re Burial ceremony, and she laid her

00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:46.000
Balkai on the on now worries Toby as she left Westminster Abbey after their marriage, in memory of one of her brothers, Captain Ferguspose.

00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:58.000
Lion, who was killed at the age of 25 at the battle of Loose, 1,915, leaving behind him a widow and a 2 month old baby daughter.

00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:11.000
This is David Rilton gifts, Tom, in the Scottish Highlands, and, as you can say, Rilton is never forgotten.

00:46:11.000 --> 00:46:15.000
I'm sorry I didn't tell you I was changing so.

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:21.000
But yeah, covered in remembrance. Day poppies.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:34.000
The Senator. Of course i've already mentioned temporary version on the left permanent version on the right and now very similar.

00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:42.000
But then no, I can't go and describe one listed in in case you're interested.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:49.000
This is another painting by Salisbury of the unveiling off the Senate off.

00:46:49.000 --> 00:47:07.000
But I can, George the Fifth as Chief Mona, and you can see him on the bottom, just right of middle, until the flags

00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:24.000
I want you to end with a quote. I and I search for one, and I found this, and I thought it's Sunday up, and it was written by James Bone, who was a journalist, and the London editor of the Manchester

00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:27.000
guardian, and he wrote it in 1,920.

00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:34.000
About the time the unknown warrior was buried with you, Pump, and 2 ceremony.

00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:46.000
We know you. Wow, dear comrade, we know that to you these honors would sing the most gigantic of jokes if they were paid to yourself.

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:59.000
Your goforest will burst the coffin. But you understand this is hundreds of thousands we are honoring in your person because she were nameless and were forgotten.

00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:08.000
We choose you. you represent them all, and I thought that was probably the best.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:14.000
Now that I could finish on

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:32.000
Thank you very much, Margaret, that's a really great fascinating story isn't it to to hear the story behind something that would all really quite familiar with but probably unaware of all to be and what happens at the time So that's fascinating

00:48:32.000 --> 00:48:39.000
Now what i'm gonna do is we've got a few questions here, so we'll just kick off

00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:45.000
No, we've got a question from helen yeah let me just find it in the chat.

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:57.000
No, we talked. You talked about Wyatt, who was the the man who made the the choice of which of the the the bodies he was going to choose?

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:05.000
Do we Do we know how we made this choice? or is that laptop in the secrecy around the whole thing?

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:15.000
There is no official account other than the official account, says there were 4 bodies placed in the chapel.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:31.000
Why enters with a not I n another another officer i'm wire chooses one at random Now with that we deliberately no official account.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:43.000
Obviously, I I I don't know but I know of no other information on how he made his selection.

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:55.000
Okay, Well, i'm afraid we can't answer that one for you Helen. sorry, Helen. i've I've never succeeded in like so much of this story.

00:49:55.000 --> 00:50:11.000
Their speculation there's questions there's lots of conspiracy theories out there, and I doubt we'll ever know the answers. I guess it adds to the intrigue of the whole thing doesn't it yeah I mean where

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:22.000
Is this mythical, or is it mythical government paperwork that tells us all about it, but was kept from the British people?

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:29.000
Now a lot of people firmly believe that it does exist.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:48.000
I mean I just have no profile the way yeah okay right Now, here's an interesting question, and let me just find it hang on a second. You know, if anyone has ever thought about a dna testing.

00:50:48.000 --> 00:50:58.000
Now I don't think that will ever happen I think the idea would horrify the British public.

00:50:58.000 --> 00:51:25.000
Hmm I think I think you know we'll never know the answers, but he in a way this unknown represents not only all the office, I mean 500,000 who have no known grave you know so many you

00:51:25.000 --> 00:51:37.000
couldn't be identified because of the nature of warfare. I think people would be quite horrified at the idea.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:51.000
Yeah. okay. no. we've got questions from andrew now, you talked about, Senator, And obviously we've been talking about the unknown audio.

00:51:51.000 --> 00:52:00.000
Is that connect a connection between those 2 things? or were they 2 kind of entirely separate concepts that just happened to sort of come together at the same time?

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:06.000
Yeah, I mean these really, really good question share right?

00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:25.000
I think they were 2 separate things, because, we happen to know that the French Government stolen march on the British Government in 1,919 by organizing a grand tree pride.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:33.000
And of course they bush we can't be out done so very quickly.

00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:51.000
Push shop number most, and they need a focal point, because the soldiers, you know, as far as marching through London and the Americans, the French were invited to send contingent soldiers to march with our soldiers.

00:52:51.000 --> 00:52:59.000
You know it's strong open to the other allied nation sent you soldiers over, and we'll have a grand victory.

00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:07.000
Pray. It was built as a victory case parade through London, and they need it.

00:53:07.000 --> 00:53:26.000
A focal point and a memorial was so to pay the y phone with I mean memorials Lutherans and a fortune it's designing I I might add in fairness to lectures he

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:42.000
didn't charge the British Government for designing the Senator he refused to take his faith, but he certainly designed memorials all over the country.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:54.000
So I I I think the 2 were separate. I think if I sign, I say the same task is national.

00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Morning represents the molding of a nation, the grief, the mourning of a nation.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:13.000
They are no warriors, too, is personal morning. my brother, my husband, my father, my son, my cousin, my sweet!

00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:27.000
How? yeah? So I I I in my mind that's how it. is you? You may, you know you may well disagree with me, and and that is exactly how it should be.

00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:33.000
But tha that's how it occurs to me but I think the 2 events were separate.

00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:38.000
Yeah. Okay, Well, thank you. Hope that answers your question for you Andrew.

00:54:38.000 --> 00:54:47.000
No, I've got another question here from Hmm let me just find but lots of comments here.

00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:58.000
Yeah, from Barbara, No. There's 2 bits to this Barbara is asking, Does Germany or allied countries have a similar memorial? No.

00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:04.000
And with had a subsequent comment from and I can't change it.

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:15.000
No. through all the comments we I think there is a a a similar memorial in France at the Arts Trail, absolutely initially.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:21.000
Phones. debates it very long and very hard where they were going.

00:55:21.000 --> 00:55:28.000
Chery Barry, their unknown soldier. That was a lot of Dubai about it.

00:55:28.000 --> 00:55:32.000
But in the end the opt to trail was decided on.

00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:40.000
Yes, you're absolutely right. one once France and britain has led the way.

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:48.000
Other countries followed absolutely, and and you know one of the things I didn't mention.

00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:52.000
But I should do is, after the ceremony had taken place.

00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:58.000
The re burial on the eleventh of November. 1920.

00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:20.000
1.2 million people visited Westminster Abbey during the course of the following week, just to stand like the the the the term, and of course other countries read about This there.

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:26.000
Was publicity in all the papers. not just the British newspapers.

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:41.000
I mean the Daily Express has led a given the lead to campaigning for in support of this idea they thought it was a brilliant idea, and they, you know, ran a very vigorous campaign.

00:56:41.000 --> 00:56:50.000
So of course other countries got here. It yeah that's right idea will will do the same.

00:56:50.000 --> 00:56:55.000
So you're, you're right at the countries follow sue Absolutely.

00:56:55.000 --> 00:56:59.000
Okay. Well, I think that's us got to the end of our questions.

00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:08.000
We've got lots of ventures. and comments here which i'll make sure I pass on to you tomorrow, Margaret, and thanks for your questions, everybody.

00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:21.000
Well, good evening.

00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:24.000
This put to put people in the mood for a late summer holiday.

00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:28.000
I have, so I hope you managed a holiday of some kind.

00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:39.000
This year. So this is about foreign holidays for the Victorian middle classes, and This is what i'm going to cover.

00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:50.000
I want to say something very, very briefly about the eighteenth century grand tour, because this is going on going abroad on a different scale together.

00:00:50.000 --> 00:01:02.000
But then fine focus on what made it possible for the Victorian middle classes in particular to spend their later time abroad. and I look quite, quite detailed.

00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:10.000
Kind of quite detailed, and look at Thomas Cook, and the development of organized travel in the nineteenth century.

00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:16.000
Say something briefly about Victorian travel companies are the ones and

00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:24.000
Someone advice to travelers going abroad some of which is i'm in the sensible some of which is rather alarming.

00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:28.000
I think, and quite a lot of which is quite amusing.

00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:41.000
So that's the that's the plan Okay, so the eighteenth century grand tour only for the rich.

00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:56.000
Young man from the aristocracy and gentry in particular, to finish their education after university, as you can see, especially Roman and Greek history, language, and literature, and usually chucker, owned by a paid tutor

00:01:56.000 --> 00:02:15.000
or guide to ensure that they did this future, only in Tamil and spending a considerable amount of time abroad 6 months to 2 or 3 years touring maybe visiting relatives friends or people

00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:27.000
who are regarded as mentors living for some time in various places, and the golden age of this was really from the 17 sixties to

00:02:27.000 --> 00:02:32.000
The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1,789

00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:45.000
Preceded by this period of peace and prosperity, which then came to an end, and cause very serious disruption to this sort of travel.

00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:52.000
So. how the Victorian middle class is able to spend more electricity time abroad?

00:02:52.000 --> 00:03:02.000
Well, there are several reasons. One of them is the development of steamships, which were not only faster and more reliable than sale.

00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:10.000
Had other advantages on the first powered crossing of the Atlantic was in 1819

00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:15.000
Only using steam for 80 h of the over 600 h journey.

00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:25.000
That was space of honor. And then the first steamship passenger service, 1838, the British and American Steamship Navigation Company.

00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:30.000
So this is very early into the Victorian period. and

00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:45.000
This was the serious from London to Cork, and then, to New York. and and these things are measured precisely as we'll see, 18 days, 4 h and 22 min, despite running out of coal on the journey, I mean instead of having to burn

00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:53.000
all sorts of wooden fixtures and fittings to keep the steam up.

00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:58.000
Just to give you an idea of how things change to really quite quickly.

00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:13.000
The Great Western in 1838 took over 15 days to cross the Atlantic and average speed of 8.4, one kilometers an hour, and the Britannic by 1875 virtually.

00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:21.000
Half that at length of time, with the speed of 14.5, Hello!

00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:27.000
I know, so I should say, no sorry i'm in decimal mode not far out, and then the Joyce land

00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:40.000
There was less dramatic development, slow but continuing development as a century war on, so that the Deutschland in 1,900 could do the journey.

00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:50.000
And about 5 and a half days I was some technical developments That help I don't want to bother you.

00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:53.000
With a lot of technicality. But this is really quite important.

00:04:53.000 --> 00:05:03.000
The marine compound steam engine, which it was very economical in using the steam twice in each engine cycle saving.

00:05:03.000 --> 00:05:19.000
Oh, anything up to 40% of fuel which is a considerable saving on the amount of call that had to be carried patented in 1854, And it did make possible longer journeys when it was not possible

00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:24.000
to refuel to pull into port and ratio.

00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:30.000
And then, very importantly, the use of steel instead of iron, from 1879 onwards.

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:46.000
Larger steamships increase in size of tenfold, and the second half of the nineteenth century steel is considerably light of an iron, and that was not made the difference.

00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:56.000
And again in terms of transport as well. The expansion of railway networks within Britain considerable expansion.

00:05:56.000 --> 00:06:04.000
Easier to travel to ports, to embark on the ships and department of railways across us.

00:06:04.000 --> 00:06:10.000
Europe initially with British technology, I'm sure all the nations develop their own.

00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:17.000
Francis Bell, Jim Saxon, New Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Italy quite late.

00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:22.000
Because there were no there. were separate states and it's so intimidating.

00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:26.000
61 meeting 71 if you count Rome. but

00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:36.000
There was no national network until after 1861, and that was developable with them, security in mind rather than trouble for pleasure.

00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:42.000
In the United States and Canada, as Well, and that's

00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:46.000
The Canadian Pacific Railway in particularly the queen's highway.

00:06:46.000 --> 00:07:03.000
The symbol of imperial pride. built in an astonishingly short period of time, and they started either side of Canada and met in the middle but 18, a She won't completed 1885 and

00:07:03.000 --> 00:07:20.000
that took then a week coast of coast to travel an old red route, as it was referred to from Britain to the Pacific, and also politically very important within Canada physical unification of the different

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:27.000
provinces. One of the reasons that it was built so quickly is shown in this image.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:38.000
The import of Chinese labor to help build the railway with the special of railway networks.

00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:42.000
I love this punch cartoon. It sort of captures the

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:47.000
The role of the bewildering array of choice that people came to have.

00:07:47.000 --> 00:07:53.000
And so here's this family at the railway station trying to decide where to go.

00:07:53.000 --> 00:07:58.000
The wife is saying, Well, here we are at last, children, luggage, and a whole.

00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:09.000
What is it to be the ryan d or ram skate and There's a wealth of detail in the cartoon which I haven't got time to but you you've got the drift of it

00:08:09.000 --> 00:08:17.000
here's the the the naughty boy climbing his his system probably telling on him, and all the rest of it.

00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:32.000
And the scene of a company bustle while people get their trains to wherever what else do people need for for a holiday as well?

00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:43.000
It's obvious I need you plenty of time to travel we're not talking about rapid journeys, even with improvements in transport.

00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:47.000
They need time to stay to make it worthwhile.

00:08:47.000 --> 00:09:03.000
So you know, Maybe 2 weeks is is round about the minimum, I suppose, and anything up to going all the way around the world which i'll come to later, but they need a certain level of income because they need to pay for the

00:09:03.000 --> 00:09:11.000
transport for the food. The accommodation the local guides which i'll seen as essential, and

00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:31.000
They need to safe destinations. they there's very little in the way of holiday trouble in the United States, for example, until the civil war finished in 1965, and here this image of italian troops raising the flag

00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:41.000
of a united easily, and Venice in 1866 for quite a few years before that. the north of Italy, was in a stage of a people.

00:09:41.000 --> 00:09:50.000
Well, the Italians various italian states spoke for independence.

00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:55.000
I'm. Not sure and That's reflected in that from Thomas Cook trouble in August.

00:09:55.000 --> 00:10:02.000
1866 for ticket. So what? One or 2 months to Paris, Switzerland, Italy in America?

00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:08.000
It sort of gives you an idea of the length of time that was necessary.

00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:19.000
And also advertise is this proposed trip in September of that year to emancipated Venice

00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:24.000
So who was Thomas Corp? and how did his trouble business come about?

00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:30.000
Well, you can see here. He was born in 1,890, in Derbyshire, in Melbourne.

00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:37.000
He was a cabinet maker by profession, so he was quite a skilled notice that.

00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:43.000
And He was a very devout Baptist, and he became a missionary.

00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:47.000
Traveling around from village to village. preachingly

00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:51.000
The Gospel would also be promoting the temples, cause

00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:58.000
He had signed up to this himself, and, in fact, his first excursion.

00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:09.000
You probably know, was from Nester to Lobbra to a temperance meeting in 1,841 on the meddling Counties Railway, which was opened in the previous year.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:19.000
And He hired the the trains to go there and back, and they they had a meeting in quite a large park.

00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:25.000
I think and that was that was the beginning that shared the potential.

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:39.000
I think you recognized the potential so organized discussions Didn't Lester what his main base was the Thomas Cook building in gallatry gate and I don't know if you know last but

00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:46.000
It's not far from the clock tower and there are these freezes showing scenes from the development of this business.

00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:53.000
So the temperance chips to look for the top one with open carriages.

00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:59.000
You can see the Crystal Palace. for the Great Exhibition in 1,850.

00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:14.000
One the boats on the Nile lace in 84 helping to relieve cartoon and the opening of the fourth bridge in 1891, which made the journey to stop very much easier, and quite a lot

00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:22.000
quicker So to give you an idea of how the business grew. let me say I.

00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:27.000
I've mentioned the Yoga exhibition over 160,000 passengers carried over a period.

00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:34.000
It was on for a long while. over 160,000 passengers carried, you know.

00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:42.000
He started his tolls to H. to Scotland in 1846, and they were personally escorted by him.

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:50.000
A lot of his tours were personally exported by Thomas Cook. the Paris exhibition in 1855.

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:55.000
That will give you an idea of The room to Paris.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:12.000
Hey? How rich antwerp russell's, Colonel the exhibition was at the heart of the tour, But he encompassed quite a lot of other locations as well and his tools

00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:19.000
to front such a in Switzerland. They started in the early 18 sixties, and then he did

00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:35.000
Goes to the U.S.A. after the Civil War ended in 1865, and then the fast Nile cruise after the so is canal in 1869, and also to Egypt and the holy land in the

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:42.000
Savior from the same year he was very keen on taking people to the holy line because of it's really just significance.

00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:50.000
And that sort of the *s that some idea of his is Nile flotilla with

00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:59.000
I wish I could leave. you took no longer, but very evocatively named ships.

00:13:59.000 --> 00:14:03.000
And there are quite a lot of photographs like this.

00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:11.000
British tourists on a cook's tour in this case at the Pyramids in the late nineteenth century.

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:22.000
This is from the Thomas cook archive i'm sure you Know that the company of Thomas Cook doesn't exist any longer at but It's Archive has been deposited appropriately.

00:14:22.000 --> 00:14:31.000
I think, in the record office for less to share lessons and it's being cataloged and processed at the moment. and

00:14:31.000 --> 00:14:47.000
Some of these photographs posters, all sorts of things are part of that archive and his first round the world Tour in 1872, 73 again personally conducted by him

00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:55.000
So a few, just a few statistics and locations around 29,000 miles.

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:02.000
222 jad so it's out about 8 months, I think roughly and for the full trip.

00:15:02.000 --> 00:15:13.000
It wasn't necessary to do the full trip you could join do one or 2 legs as many as you liked, and get get off again.

00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:20.000
But 270 Guinness for a full trip, which was a considerable amount of money at that time.

00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:35.000
As far as I can tell. I tried to work out the route across the Atlantic Price team ship, and then New York to San Francisco by rail steamer to Japan, then to China, but then Singapore, Salon

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:44.000
and India, and then from Bombay across the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea to Cairo, from where people traveled back to London by ship.

00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:59.000
If they I complete it. the whole tool will last nag of the tool, and there's a brochure cova from the from 1891 with the some images of his tools.

00:15:59.000 --> 00:16:08.000
Around the world. The The company was starting to advertise itself in in biographic ways.

00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:15.000
Then, although by then Thomas Cook himself was, was not playing any part in it.

00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:21.000
A few other examples of fairs in 1872 for shorter trips.

00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:26.000
These are from Darby Dolby, Paris, about 35 shillings.

00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:39.000
So, although it says cheap excursion to the Continent cheapative term, because these are beyond the the reach of working class scholars, certainly.

00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:51.000
Or if you want to go to rotterdam around the back a little bit less. 25 shittings Brussels, and outlook 30 shittings or a secular tour. encompassing go quite a

00:16:51.000 --> 00:16:57.000
lot, so I won't keep reading it too i'm not sure how well you can see if you're on an iphone.

00:16:57.000 --> 00:17:10.000
Maybe, but so the secular tool to Robert Jam, and then returning via all doing it the other way around 79 shittings.

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:18.000
So what did Thomas Cook? the Napoleon of extension even that was that was not a complementary term.

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:23.000
It was we've come to the people who objective to what he did very shortly.

00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:31.000
But what did he offer to trouble as well? first of all, safety and security, because he did a score level personally?

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:44.000
Or he sent a representative of the company. ever at hand to make easy the travelers progress and take care of any problems I've taken these new various

00:17:44.000 --> 00:17:59.000
I've the man from cooks I'm told Curtis a long rifle, speaking with ease every now 11 time language. I scored it us safely through parts of Asia Minor never before visited

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:15.000
by English women. that was a testimonial, as you can see from the end of the nineteenth century, and unprotected females were chaperoned so well. Men who wanted to travel on their own which would be

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:23.000
very difficult to know the circumstances. they'd be quite vulnerable, and not necessarily very experienced in traveling abroad.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:31.000
So Thomas Cook promised to check our own them if they were unprotected.

00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:47.000
Oops. Sorry i'm too far. confident convenience very important first class establishments according to the other birds and food are acceptable to the thorough roast beef and putting eating englishmen so none

00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:54.000
of this nasty foreign food that people dreaded going abroad.

00:18:54.000 --> 00:19:08.000
Hungry and polymer biscuits for afternoon tea country house, breakfast, and the company arranged for produce grown in Egypt along the river, so that it was fresh newspapers sent out from

00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:17.000
Britain. They were significant out of date by the time they got there, but so we're told from this description.

00:19:17.000 --> 00:19:32.000
Wherever you go, the top of a pyramid or a long, you will see a British are reading a newspaper, and in the Middle East chanted hotels with with the these sorts of comforts taken down and

00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:36.000
transported to the next venue by baggage animals.

00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:48.000
Push up again by sundown so that when people arrived at their next destination they would find their own good napkin from breakfast laid by their dinner place.

00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:56.000
Arrangements of mail to be sent to and collected from tool destiny destinations every day.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:03.000
This is such a prompted a result. to picture postcards from the 1890 S.

00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:09.000
Because if male could be collected and sent every day, there was an expectation back in Britain.

00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:18.000
But people would keep writing. So the postcard relief, the burg on the writing most not.

00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:22.000
My experience actually was sending a postcard i've never been able to put on it.

00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:31.000
But so there's a postcard from from the nineteenth century

00:20:31.000 --> 00:20:38.000
And there quite a lot of testimonials in various newspapers.

00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:47.000
Thanking him for in this case this was a tool to Italy, Switzerland!

00:20:47.000 --> 00:20:57.000
A high sense we entertain if you're valuable services as our conductor and you can see the

00:20:57.000 --> 00:21:00.000
The hotels that were selected, the telegraphing ahead.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:07.000
The accommodation all of these things found favor with the people traveling within.

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:21.000
But I say some people disapproved. Charles Leva. No, I is no less 1865, that he was swamping Europe with everything that is low red Bulgar and ridiculous.

00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:40.000
So the less to journal, and they look a bit later in the same year, was wondering why people are inflicted with this mania for perpetual motion, and when told him to say several motives by which people were induced

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:51.000
to undergo danger, to incur the team, to subject themselves to all sorts of annoyances for the sake of visiting celebrated spots and exploring regions.

00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:59.000
Every mile of which have already been done by tourists it said, Well, it's because they like change they like novelty.

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:08.000
They want to see new sites and scenes. they want to refresh their hobby and their mind, both of which alright!

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:17.000
Well works possibly and it went on to say, people who trouble just because it is fashionable.

00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:25.000
Are very stupid, large class, and gaze with indifference upon every beauty about all nature.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:31.000
This same vacant look, the same Don list for the same ignorant observation.

00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:37.000
If the British were bad. punch, said the Americans are using worse.

00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:42.000
I don't know if you can see the caption to that call, too, so I will read it to you.

00:22:42.000 --> 00:22:46.000
Overheard at the Louvre American tourist suspiciously.

00:22:46.000 --> 00:22:53.000
Say Guide haven't we seen this room before guide Oh, no, Mr.

00:22:53.000 --> 00:22:59.000
Tourists. Why, wouldn't see here. we want to see everything but we don't want to see anything twice.

00:22:59.000 --> 00:23:11.000
Okay, what motivated him? It was certainly not a desire for profit, because he he barely made any very modest profits.

00:23:11.000 --> 00:23:28.000
And This became a real bone of contention with his son, John Mason called, as we'll see, but she was motivated by a belief that the more people met each other the greater they would on understanding each other and to

00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:33.000
pioneer the way for the golden age when nations should learn more more.

00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:54.000
That's a direct quotation from him it's a very, very noble objective, I think but reflected in. say, some of the testimonials that his tours were helping to break down the

00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:06.000
barriers that separated nations, some nations people from people advancing civilization by teaching the universal brotherhood of man and the universal fatherhood of Good.

00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:11.000
Okay, Cool? Perhaps not what you might associate with the

00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:27.000
A sort of package tool, so that it was said that when he took tourist to Scotland, and they like 1840, or 50, so he did rather press the temples call to the extent that they got rolled the phone up with

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:38.000
it but some. but that reflects, I think, his own motivation his son, John Mason, Cook.

00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:48.000
Had a much more business like Approach and they they really did form melt about this.

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:53.000
Eventually Thomas put stop taking that too. Well, quite a long while before he died.

00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:59.000
In 1892 He was practically blind when he died.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:05.000
But he didn't approve of this pursuit of profit.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:11.000
But John Mason, cook as you can see here, organized Kaiser Wilhelm.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:15.000
The second 6 week, Middle East, and tour at the end of the century.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:20.000
A monumental undertaking in terms of their animals.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:23.000
The carriages and the parts for which he was awarded.

00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:27.000
The Order of the Golden Crown of Prussia.

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:36.000
The company was taken over by his 3 sons, and it stayed in the family until 1928, when it was built by

00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:50.000
The French railway company that operated the Oriented Express Company, Dave Bible one only, if your excuse me. I captured French excellent

00:25:50.000 --> 00:26:00.000
The The company also made it easier for people to trouble independently We didn't have to sign up for the whole exported tool.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:15.000
This is How was your manufacturer in Lester writing to one of the local newspapers, and he's done with a party of other people to Palestine, and he'd taken cook short tall

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:32.000
tickets there. had paid for a fortnight to include everything and as he said there, it saved all the trouble of making his own arrangements, and well, the puzzling they mess us cook kind of games one of their best

00:26:32.000 --> 00:26:39.000
drago men, a Protestant hungarian Jew I think he's he's referring to an ethnic Jew.

00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:44.000
Rather than it's it's a it's a bit of a puzzle.

00:26:44.000 --> 00:26:54.000
But I think That's what she's referring to but he went on to say, Jeff was the only port of any importance in Palestine.

00:26:54.000 --> 00:26:59.000
Lots of people would have disagree, I think as an image of it.

00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:04.000
And it was fatiguing, he said, traveling to Jerusalem.

00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:12.000
When they got there. it's really about to be paved which any hardship is endurable when troubling to the Holy City.

00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:26.000
And it was you know something that motivated, and lots of people to actually go to the Holy Land and to go to Jerusalem in particular.

00:27:26.000 --> 00:27:36.000
So we do get some glimpse of People's experiences through these kinds of letters to newspapers.

00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:46.000
There's also a new market, new markets for holiday goods and services for the middle classes who were traveling abroad.

00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Guidebooks is it? cooks produce their own guide books.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:58.000
By because i'm laurie's guidebooks were also widely available.

00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:07.000
You can get some of them online. Actually, if if you wanted to have a school, a point in trusting cameras.

00:28:07.000 --> 00:28:14.000
The first codec camera produced in the U.S.A. by George's son in 1,988. but

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:23.000
We can more widely available. That's the century progressed not that easy to operate, but some certainly a market for that.

00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:31.000
If you were going abroad, clothing suitable for different clients, which are actually return to in terms of our advice.

00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:37.000
And for souvenirs, as you see from the friends of remembrance.

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:52.000
So you buy something to bring back with you. I just to give us a gift, or to show people as a reminder of your holiday, and also insurance.

00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:57.000
As the century went on again. This is a punch part, too.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:04.000
The The form of luggage insurance is to where everything, if they possibly can.

00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:08.000
And you can see that they've all got on several layers of clothing.

00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:22.000
Several hats and the caption if you can't read it says it's rather troublesome when traveling to carry all one's personal property about one even that is better than losing one's luggage

00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:28.000
altogether to say that it was possible to take out insurance certainly by

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:35.000
The later nineteenth century. But using one's luggage was not an common occurrence.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:45.000
Hence the yeah punch picking up on it that's a popular appeal

00:29:45.000 --> 00:30:04.000
Some of other Victorian travel companies the Polytechnic Tutorial Association, Specifically, to begin with, with, the staff and students at the Regent Street, Polytechnic, in London from 1888 and this is

00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:08.000
one of an image from one of its cruises.

00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:15.000
Norway cruises, and from time time became an independent company in 1911.

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:28.000
Later Polly Travel, and then the cooperative educational tools founded by this man, Dr.

00:30:28.000 --> 00:30:36.000
Henry Lum, former Methodist medical missionary in 1893.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:40.000
He organized conferences abroad, and then

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:48.000
I guess all the potential for offering tools, particularly to the Middle East and North Africa and

00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:55.000
They merge holy travel, and no formed non poly.

00:30:55.000 --> 00:31:02.000
In *. Name that's probably very familiar to you that became part of Thompson.

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:10.000
I mean before being absorbed by Tui

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:16.000
Oh, Some advice to British tourists abroad. again.

00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:20.000
Punch Punch like to poke fun at the

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.000
The desire of the English to stay very English when they went abroad.

00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:30.000
This is just one example from Asian 76.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:35.000
So everything is. Show me a room furnished in the English fashion.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:46.000
The English Church, the English doctor, the English papers etc. etc., and there are quite a lot of it on the zoom.

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:53.000
Punch bye of that nature poking fun it's usually the English rather than the British ship.

00:31:53.000 --> 00:32:00.000
Also. whatever reason should you learn to speak English? sorry.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:03.000
Should you learn to speak foreign language is rather than English.

00:32:03.000 --> 00:32:10.000
If you went to board. Well, this is A journal from Lester Liberal Journal.

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:13.000
From last year 1,896 said there's no need for that.

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:25.000
Like non fair. that's a different language is spoken the Continent in general, and Switzerland in particular, swell with English people during the summer season.

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:30.000
I suppose that's fine if you only want to speak to other English people.

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:35.000
But there were lots of phrase books as you can imagine.

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:41.000
And you You may have seen paradise of some of these would actually sort of real one.

00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:47.000
That starts off by saying, you know, please don't go so fast, etc., etc.

00:32:47.000 --> 00:33:00.000
And then it's like the it is thundering and lightning, and the wheel has come off the carriage, and so progresses from fairly unnerving to complete disaster.

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:12.000
And that is actually a genuine moment. how often people needed that I wouldn't like to say but here's some more advice.

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:18.000
So this is the answer trouble before it's almost cooks escorted tools. really so off.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:34.000
So this is the people it's a prices don't for people traveling to furniture remote areas on their own. and some of this advice is is very very practical, as you can see go

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:41.000
ahead. The dentist, before you travel as you were less than you want, is raging toothache in the middle of nowhere.

00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:48.000
Justin Las with funnel next to the skin, so that you can remove layers of your clothes.

00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:54.000
So I see temperature changes make your own soap if you forget to pack it.

00:33:54.000 --> 00:33:59.000
So you have to take the ingredients with for the soap with you.

00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:03.000
Dealing with the snake bite exploding gunpowder in.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:10.000
It is no cost. Stick is to hand and also reminds me of Laurie's died from the *s.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:18.000
I think in the holy that devices people to take a pistol with them, and

00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:22.000
That is perfectly possible to buy gunpowder when you get there.

00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:28.000
But you might like to stock upon it before you go so I say that that's quite a lot later.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:31.000
But and this, I think, is a very, very good advice.

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:35.000
Label the bottom of pill bottles rather than the lives.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:40.000
So is that so you're sure hopefully if you haven't entered the whole

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:52.000
You're sure that you're not actually got to what it says on the awesome rather than Many kinds of creeping things are edible.

00:34:52.000 --> 00:35:01.000
It's not very specific about which and a woman will not your long journey nearly as well as a man, and certainly better than a wholesale book.

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:09.000
I I leave you to make of that what she will.

00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:14.000
Tips full, ladies in particular there's lots and lots of advice.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:22.000
I've just picked out few from various sources don't assume that anything will do when you're traveling abroad.

00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:32.000
January to June. Search costume, silk stockings, and button boots, because he elastic boots, make the uncles swell good advice.

00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:41.000
Remember to pack your allivery gloves stretches quite where you're going to use them is is open to speculation.

00:35:41.000 --> 00:36:01.000
I think, but that was a serious piece of advice that you are very close and riding, because, quite a lot of these tools in the Middle East in particular, required you to ride horse a donkey. or sometimes a tumble so a lady won't require a side.

00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:14.000
Saddle if they're going to syria but the sorry will require size subtle, and also for many excursions on donkey of the Nile.

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:19.000
But if you go with masses, cook steamers that they will provide the side struggle for you.

00:36:19.000 --> 00:36:26.000
So what Another advantage of going on an organized tool?

00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:33.000
I thought about foreign railways this little bulk actually 1862.

00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:38.000
The railway travel is funding. Book contains a lot specialized about British railways as well.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:46.000
Very common sense. I fly slide, not sticking ahead after the window, and not crossing the lines.

00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:53.000
When I train is due, because they were That was very often how you got from one platform to another.

00:36:53.000 --> 00:37:00.000
But specifically about forum railways i've just picked out 2 examples.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.000
In front. you had to surrender your luggage to the officials.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:09.000
And hey, fee to get back the location there.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:22.000
At your destination. so you're allowed to take £60 of knowledge, free of charge that's a lot of luggage, and it, it reflects the length of the stay.

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:28.000
But most people were expecting when they went to Broad and in Belgium.

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:33.000
Women anyone actually had to reach or quit their place.

00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:46.000
To climb over the seats and that's all right for males, the book said. but this is not very good for females, because I have to clumber over in the most awkward and delicate

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:51.000
fashion on the there are you know. it goes through the

00:37:51.000 --> 00:37:57.000
The whole range really of foreign railways, just the American railways on the epidemi of comfort.

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:05.000
But there's much more one thing you didn't require until 19.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:19.000
14 was a passport, and when they were introduced to clearly it was Oh, to do with the first one the lead up to the war on this particular act, and

00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:23.000
This is on a a single page folded into 8.

00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:45.000
You can see here 8 to there. with a cardboard cover it's not it for 2 years with a photograph and a personal description of your features, and say, that that was completely unnecessary until 1914

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:57.000
just to conclude to give you just a an idea of attempts to build a Channel tunnel in the nineteenth century.

00:38:57.000 --> 00:39:04.000
Say No, nothing new at all. The first serious attempt in 1875

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:18.000
With this Company Channel Tunnel Company authorized by up to Parliament to to start trying there's some just bullying, and that kind of thing simultaneously in

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:22.000
From. So it was a joint enterprise, and

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:31.000
It was intended to to meet in the middle. So it was one of the people who promoted it was the ahead of the great central Railway.

00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:37.000
So. and what can I think? a division of being able to go?

00:39:37.000 --> 00:39:41.000
You know, from the north of England right through to France.

00:39:41.000 --> 00:39:49.000
But although several shafts and tunnels were board the Government with joy support, and they are the 1880 S.

00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:54.000
Because it was concerned about the uses to which a tunnel might be put.

00:39:54.000 --> 00:40:04.000
And there's a quote from lieutenant General Saddam, it will say, no matter what fortifications and defenses were built.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:07.000
There would always be the peril of some Continental army.

00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:13.000
Seizing the for some Continental army.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:20.000
I think you can safely read the French because I was seamlessly the most likely to to do this.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:33.000
So to conclude that's part of an abandoned tunnel from those works in 1880 near to Dover at some Margaret's day.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:46.000
So that's the end of the lecture and I just want to say if you enjoyed this, and you might be interested in other things a little bit presenting a series.

00:40:46.000 --> 00:41:03.000
Excuse me. I 8 stand alone vectors in the autumn term. so or anything in between you just to enroll for the walls that you'd like to attend and that's on the theme of Victorian

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:17.000
Britain's view from the street so everything that went on in the streets of Victoria will be covered in those lectures on there on Tuesdays at 1030, just for an hour starting on the thirteenth and

00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:21.000
September. So thank you very much for watching.

00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:26.000
I stop sharing, and then we could take some questions.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:42.000
Thank you very much, for since that was really interesting, and I think you know, really interesting to hear a little bit of the history of Thomas Cook, because it's a name that we're all so familiar, with yeah, to hear some of the the history of that

00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:45.000
and I have to see some quite alarming advice.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:52.000
There i'm entirely sure where the gunpoded idea came from doesn't sound particularly sensible doesn't it.

00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:59.000
And okay, so let's have a look at some questions Now where should we start? No.

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:04.000
The was actually a question that came in quite early on. It was when you were talking about the compound steam engine.

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:11.000
Actually as kind of you know, one of the big developments that meet and foreign travel at that time and possible.

00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:19.000
No. Miranda was asking what other? What was the other fuel used in the the compound steam engine so obviously call there.

00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:25.000
But I think there was another feel I don't know but I can find out.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Yeah. So alright, Okay, a bit more of a technical question.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:37.000
That's Okay, I i'll be interested in the answer myself.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:42.000
So that's no problem. Okay, Okay, right so let's move on.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:42:50.000
Then. Okay. no. There was one question that has come in from Barbara when we were talking about Tom's kick.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:43:02.000
Obviously we we took Tom's cook quite love did cook wreck his tours in advance, or first, or did he rely more on local contacts in order to put his tools together?

00:43:02.000 --> 00:43:12.000
He. he certainly record records the and at the earliest stages the he would go, and you know.

00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:17.000
Take with with a little bit of an entourage.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:24.000
He would build the local relationship, you know, identified the suitable accommodation and that kind of thing.

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:33.000
I think us the business grew bigger than He employed other people to do that, but in the early stages of the business

00:43:33.000 --> 00:43:40.000
He would actually go and visit and work these things out, then come back and set up the tool.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.000
Hmm: Okay. interesting. And on a question from Brian.

00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:49.000
And obviously Thomas cooks no longer longer with us these days.

00:43:49.000 --> 00:43:58.000
Is he? Would you be right in understanding that Thomas Cook actually meant bust the number of times during its existence?

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:03.000
Yes, I think it. They went into administration again, I I can check out the dates.

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:17.000
If you'd like me to because there is there's a sort of timeline for that it it was very close to going bankrupt before this latest time.

00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:26.000
And It was it's been in various times the midterm bank home dish at one time, and various other.

00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:36.000
So I I can find out, because we are going to there is going to be a facility isn't the Yeah, We can certainly take that and answer it afterwards.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:42.000
And post some and it comes so I think the

00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:45.000
The answer is, Some of the in it went into administration.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:49.000
I was rescued, but I'm not quite sure when so I will find out.

00:44:49.000 --> 00:44:58.000
Okay. Excellent. Okay. No, A couple of other questions about Thomas Cook did

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:05.000
Did he have any major disasters on any of his tours that were documented in any way?

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:21.000
Not not in terms of you know, people being injured, and this kind of thing but he did in the early stages, and he took a tour to Scotland, and that involved steamers as well as the

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:28.000
railway they? There was a total absence of toilet facilities.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:36.000
Apparently, and by time. By the time the passengers dissembled their destination, it was said that they were.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:41.000
They were fit to bursting. and you know this was

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:46.000
This was quite a serious oversight in terms of of that comfort of which they had known by the time they were.

00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:59.000
The journey went on. So things did go wrong sometimes and Then he he would learn the lessons of that, and make different arrangements, but i'm not aware of any actual disasters.

00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:09.000
You know any thinking about railway crashes? attacks during the holidays, or anything like that?

00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:15.000
Okay, right? What else do we have got another question. but Thompson?

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:21.000
Wait! Are we sorry? Let me just kind of scroll up. And then the chat here.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:28.000
Did any. Yet did other countries have kind of like an equivalent of Thomas Cook.

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:37.000
Tourists that we know about. Yes, they did develop particularly, I think, in the United States.

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:49.000
But also in European countries they often they were railway companies that arranged tools at various times.

00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:54.000
So they they did use him as a vegetable model Yes, I can't.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:00.000
I can't give you a name at the moment many of them but I I probably can't miss the if I have a look.

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:07.000
But yes, he's not was used you know by other people.

00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:22.000
But I say often it was really companies, because they had the, you know they had the means of transporting people, and often hotels and and resource facilities were developed as well by raw making. this.

00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:27.000
So I see if I can find any specific examples for you.

00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:35.000
Okay. This is not so much of a question, but but more of an observation actually from Norman.

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:51.000
Talking about Donald Ju, who I believe was Scotland's first first minister, and obviously his duties, demanded that he occasionally visited other countries, and traveled, and apparently civil servants discovered that he did

00:47:51.000 --> 00:48:11.000
not possess a passport And when he was asked about this point in an interview, he said, trouble with travel is that it narrows the main completely against kind of the motivations for Thomas cook absolutely that that was his

00:48:11.000 --> 00:48:20.000
reason for not having a they didn't want to travel

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:27.000
No, what else do we have Oh, No he's a he's a question from Francesco.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:31.000
How did Tom's cook help with the siege of cartoon?

00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:37.000
By evacuating helping to evacuate the British population.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:44.000
Basically, Yeah. and how did they actually do that? I mean, what was that?

00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:52.000
You know, Presumably Yep. So presume? Yes, yes, exactly Nile steamers were

00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:56.000
He stopped taking tourists and They were used by the

00:48:56.000 --> 00:49:07.000
Well, you know operated hunted over to the military in that sense to be used to evacuate the city interesting.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:16.000
Let's see what else we have Oh, no here is a question from Tomico.

00:49:16.000 --> 00:49:32.000
When did Wicks weeks start providing mass transport for industrial times to seaside resorts? I guess that's more of a kind of British holiday kind of question.

00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:42.000
Also wakes. Weeks originated in the certainly established by the eighteenth century, and then last the railway network developed.

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:50.000
Then I it it just depended where people were. but in the north of England, for example, Manchester.

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:56.000
Lancashire, then? really, from certainly from the 1,800 sixtys.

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:00.000
Maybe a bit earlier, just depending how well developed the railways were.

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:07.000
But quite a few seaside results really developed from the railway trouble.

00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:15.000
If that makes sense rather than being resource that the railway so went to, because some like a burst, for example.

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:23.000
We're quite inaccessible without the railway so and on the you know, on the east coast.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:29.000
Not not wakes weeks so much, but in just real holidays people went from Nottingham.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:34.000
Lester to skag mass and results like that.

00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:42.000
So it. It was very much a case of how the railways developed, how accessible it these places became.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:50.000
And then in turn started to develop facilities. Do I encourage people to visit, or or even to

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:57.000
Stay It it varied. but I think you know really by the 18 sixties that there were

00:50:57.000 --> 00:51:03.000
There was quite a lot of access to see side terms particular.

00:51:03.000 --> 00:51:12.000
These wakes weeks and holidays when well cause yeah, yeah, okay.

00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:22.000
No here's a He was a practical question what the travellers do about foreign currency.

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:31.000
They could. yeah, somebody else say, this while back and I I I didn't know but you could actually buy it in Britain.

00:51:31.000 --> 00:51:40.000
I found when I started looking I found quite a lot of advert for a bureau discharge, and some banks offered the service.

00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:51.000
So you I went on by coach once, and we had to work out what the currency was, and how much we'd need for each country.

00:51:51.000 --> 00:51:57.000
We went through quite about 5. I think so you couldn't arrange it in our phones.

00:51:57.000 --> 00:52:05.000
Certainly by the early twentieth century, then organizations like Thomas, who would would arrange it for you.

00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:09.000
But it was possible to. In fact, it was important that you did that.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:15.000
You bought your currency And so the appropriate countries before you went.

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Because it was cheap about why it popped, or anything else.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:25.000
Okay? And now it's few people asking about the course references for your courses that you've got coming up.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:35.000
So what we'll do forks I'll make sure they get those course References from Cynthia, and we will push them up alongside some of the answers to the questions that we were going to come back to and and push

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.000
them up, and beside the recording of the lecture as soon as we can.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:44.000
Yeah, after the lecture when it's ready to go

00:52:44.000 --> 00:53:01.000
No, We've got another question here from janet You talk to kind of near the start of the lecture about the grand tour, and Janet is asking when if ever did women go on the ground too not always as far as

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:14.000
I know not the gravitational itself i've not found any references and it to that, and it would have I think it would have seen been a inappropriate in all sorts of ways.

00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:27.000
First of all they didn't have the well they couldn't go to university, so they didn't have the level of education that the grand tour was designed to to finish off and

00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:39.000
It was almost unthinkable for for women to go on these these sorts of troubling expeditions at that sort of time.

00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:43.000
Things became easier for them in the nineteenth century.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:54:00.000
On the part of you female explorers like Lady Florence Dixie, for example, who went to Patagonia amongst other places, and Lady go through Bell, and it also became easier for women to you

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:07.000
know to to travel independently by the end of the nineteenth century, but in terms of the grand tool.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:21.000
Then, no there wasn't an equivalent for women seems like a bit machine doesn't it? and the sign of the time Okay, right.

00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:25.000
I think we have probably just about covered all that we can.

00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:38.000
Thanks very much for that, Cynthia. I hope everybody enjoyed that certainly I did, and a couple of eye openers there from me!
 

00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:10.000
Hello, good afternoon, evening to all of you. Can you all see and hear me?

00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:15.000
Well, okay.

00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:23.000
Excellent good as usual. I put far too much into this, because I want to tell you so much, because it is all so amazing a topic.

00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:38.000
I could talk for hours and hours, and hours. and probably shouldn't Let me start you off with a little quote from a tell of 2 cities, Charles Dickens, where the the young lad Jerry asks his dad. she's a resurrection

00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:42.000
man and his father is and doesn't really want to answer that question.

00:00:42.000 --> 00:00:48.000
He says. Oh, he's a trademark a branch of scientific goods, person's bodies ain't it?

00:00:48.000 --> 00:01:03.000
Father says little jerry believe it's something of that sort Oh, father, I should so like to be a resurrection man when I grow up so, which is just beautiful now by that point when he's writing resurrection men

00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:06.000
are fairly thin on the ground. this is something that can be joked about.

00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:21.000
But if you've gone back 20 years ago it was a far more serious topic, the period we're looking at is pretty much during the murder act, which runs 1,752 to 1,832 and before that there

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are very, very few corpses of available just basically 6 a year for the whole country.

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But very few people are doing any dissection, not have people doing surgical training to need it.

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After that they changed the law, so that other kinds of bodies are more reasonably available.

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But for that bit in between there is a growing problem is there are a certain number of corpses available, but nowhere near enough.

00:01:51.000 --> 00:02:05.000
Now this is after the 1752 murder act, which says that every murderer and a few other people like Julists, and those who kill with knives and some highway robbers, have to be either gibbeted or

00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:10.000
dissected, but actually most of them are dissected.

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80%. Still, not huge numbers of in the whole of the northeast of England.

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Over that eighty-year period it's only 9 people. So you know, if you're relying on somebody committing a murder to get a body, it could be if there's a problem for you and the demand for trained surgeons is going up

00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:43.000
and up. get the training. You can go to University, Edinburgh, for instance, or Cambridge, or you can apprentice to another surgeon, which means you need some apprenticeships, some hospital. experience.

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But you need to get that experience in bodies and you're not allowed to do anything with live patients until you've got your qualifications.

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I don't know howdy any other options in 1,993.

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There are 200 medical students in London 30 years later. there are over a 1,000, and they're all going to want to train on bodies.

00:03:04.000 --> 00:03:09.000
Now there's a big debate as to where these bodies should come from

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Should, should it be that anyone who kills themselves should be allowed?

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Should it be that the surgeons should volunteer their own bodies when they die?

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Should you just sort of snatch one from from a proper graves, and nobody will ever notice or know a thing that definitely happened.

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It's pretty clear that a lot of people decide the easiest method is to do it yourself.

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So this is the kind of a sort of parody version of the kind of place that these bodies would be ending up, because in the nineteenth century you stop having all the dissections ha happening in this kind of surroundings with a lot of

00:03:48.000 --> 00:04:01.000
people watching one expert to do it, and you get more towards this kind of thing where students would expect to be able to be actively involved, actively cutting up themselves.

00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:07.000
And that's probably a bit more chaotic than it really was, but not necessarily by that much.

00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:27.000
And if you consume a far enough in on these things here, you just about my account levels as a female there, for instance, that this is a price list for bodies, because bodies are becoming this commodity and the fair has always been there of taking

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bodies. Shakespeare's epitaph curses anyone who disturbs his bones.

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That's just because he's famous I think he thought that somebody might do the Dick Turpin's bones are found and dug up and an atomized and that's 1,739 again because he's

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famous, but it's growing fair and a perfectly reasonable one

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Switching in and out between between the pictures and initially, these rich young lads who are getting all of that training, who they have to be fairly rich, to be paying for the full qualification Initially, a lot of them are doing it themselves

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It's sort of expected. Bring your own corpse or what are you going to practice on and they're doing it themselves.

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Well you know they're rich they don't really like grave Robin.

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They're there is instantly a commodity and therefore, in many people who will be quite happy to fill that, and gradually, over, time it becomes less something that the students do and more something that gangs do on their behalf

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and those people i'll soon known as resurrectionists or resurrection men, because they are bringing bodies back up.

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It's not simple so in March 24 6 for instance, there's a newspaper report, the remains of more than 20 bodies were discovered in a shed in Tottenham Court, road supposed to have been deposited there

00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:09.000
by traders to the surgeons of whom there is one. it is said in the borough, who makes an open profession of dealing in bodies, and is well known by the name of the resurrectionist and that's one of

00:06:09.000 --> 00:06:21.000
the first mentions of that name coming up and over the next 20 years, that shift is completed to being a professional matter in 1,790.

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5. There's a gang of 15 men who are exposed to be serving 8 surgeons of public repute, and of a man who calls himself an articulator, and they're giving him bodies from lots of graveyards

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Now the articulator might be a gentleman who turns in the press quite a lot, as in this era, actually selling skeletons quite openly in the newspapers Business cards will sell you skeletons and nobody ever seems to try and track

00:06:51.000 --> 00:07:06.000
down where He's Got these skeletons from it's a bit weird and this's a lot of it happening both in London and in Edinburgh and in places along the route between the 2

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:13.000
predominantly, sometimes further out but that's that's The main area of traffic in 1,828.

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The Select Committee tried to work out just how much of this is going on, and they say that in a year they are aware of 592 bodies have been dissected, and they know that less than a tenth of those are

00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:32.000
from legal sources, and that must be the tip of the iceberg.

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You know of those 592, 312 were from the same gang.

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But there were other gangs, low and anatomy.

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Schools alone had 2 rival gangs and approximately a 100 to 200 part timers the the person who's done the biggest survey on this thinks that it might have been several 1,000 a year so it's worth

00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:11.000
doing is the thing, because if you are a body snatcher the great robber, you can earn a £1,000 a year.

00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:19.000
That's 5 to 10 times what the wage of an unskilled labourer would be might be a 100 50.

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So, you know, and that with having all your summers off. as well, there's no point trying to do it in summer, because everybody Yeah, everybody wants to, quickly. So you're not going to get anywhere. And so you get 3 or 4 months of the year off.

00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:40.000
And earn 10 times the standard wage it's gonna be tempting. and it's all the more tempting because it's not really that illegal weirdly.

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:48.000
This is because a corpse is not technically property and you can't steal something that isn't democracy who's a corpse belong to

00:08:48.000 --> 00:09:02.000
So there are specific laws, but nothing that big You could get into a lot more trouble if you robbed grave goods if you robbed valuable clothing because clothing has an owner and a value, a great corpse

00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:13.000
does not. So usually, if a resurrectionist is caught in the late eighteenth century, that they're going to get a whipping

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:21.000
But unless it's really blatant the authorities top we don't have that much trouble with you, so your method.

00:09:21.000 --> 00:09:29.000
Yes, i'm going to go back now to my pictures for a moment, because what I've got here is a dark lantern.

00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:38.000
These are examples of dark lanterns, which are the kind that you use, which also give very directed light, that you can very easily close off, and they are

00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:42.000
Certainly dark lantons is a very period whether they were used for this or not.

00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:49.000
So what you would do we'll take you maybe an hour to dig somebody up.

00:09:49.000 --> 00:10:03.000
You big down at the head end, and you you have a special wooden shovel, because a wooden shovel will rejoice. there will reduce the amount of noise that it makes when it goes into the earth but will still be hard enough to do

00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:06.000
the job. So you you dig right down at the head end.

00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:13.000
Then you crowbar up the lid a little bit to snap the top section off it the top foot or so.

00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:20.000
Then you put a rope around either the neck or actually under the arms, and then you pull them out through that top bit, and then you fill it.

00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:34.000
The dirt back into space. We have good descriptions of this

00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:48.000
Joe. I don't think we can hear you

00:10:48.000 --> 00:11:02.000
Okay, better that's it thank you very much with this type of microphone that it does every now and then just randomly stop, and you just have to say, Oh, you come back on again. worry about that it's It's always done it just every few

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:07.000
hours we'll do it. Okay, Well, you're back online I should disappear again.

00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:16.000
So what was the last thing you heard that's the important thing i'm not sure

00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:21.000
Okay, so we know that we go down to the head end and pull the body up by the head.

00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:26.000
Yes, yes, it's just the last sort of 30 s basically Okay, that's good.

00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:36.000
So yeah, you let down a rope with a grapple Corgan says, from his experience of doing it, that you call on the grapple till the coffin cracks.

00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:48.000
Put the broke around, body it up, carry it across the churchyard, and go to where, he says some 4 or 6 are gathered together, awaiting the arrival of the car to convey them straight to a dissecting

00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:59.000
theater. What added the ghastly character of the moonlit scene was that the bodies were stripped stark naked for the possession of a shroud subjects us to prosecution that's what i'm saying

00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:03.000
that you know it's it's not about the body it's about the shroud, which is really counterintuitive.

00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:09.000
But that's that's how it is so there are surprisingly few pictures of people actually doing it from the era.

00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:17.000
But this is one dissectionists at work with a nice ghost in there.

00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:21.000
Just a further scare everybody, and then, of course, they put everything neatly back into place.

00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:30.000
It seems very much a mark of a professional not to make it obvious what just happened, and they don't necessarily they don't really see themselves as bad as the bad guys.

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:34.000
They're just you know doing what has to be done because they have to train.

00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:48.000
Someone has to get the bodies up. If you get to that stage and find that the body is actually not as fresh as you hoped, then what you would probably do is take some of the teeth, particularly the kines, and then you would sell them to

00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:58.000
the dentists, so that at least you got something out of the process, because at this point they're still putting whole teeth straight into other people's mouths.

00:12:58.000 --> 00:13:01.000
No, of course, sometimes that you are gone even for that and you wouldn't do it.

00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:06.000
If the person had clearly died a small box for instance we know so much about them.

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:16.000
Because of a marvelous thing which is this: This is a page on the diary of Joseph Naples is gang.

00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:25.000
The Borough gang were active in London in the 18 tens Ben Crouch was their leader.

00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:38.000
He's a bully and a prize fighter then they're the heart, and Harnet brothers a former porter from the dissecting rooms and a church sexton, which is obviously helps and we can

00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:46.000
see in this both The scale of what they're doing and where they're taking the different bodies, and also how much money they're getting for them.

00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:53.000
I'm not sure if you can make out any of the thing there, so i'll show you there's a little bit of it to transcribed.

00:13:53.000 --> 00:14:19.000
I'll give you a moment just to read

00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:24.000
When he's talking about large and small there that's obviously adults and children.

00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:29.000
And there is also the mention of a features and to a certain extent.

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:41.000
They Wouldn't know what they were digging up but not entirely you can see they're being taken to lots of different places to guys and Thomas's and also to individuals.

00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:44.000
And some are being sent up to towards Edinburgh.

00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:50.000
And it is very lucrative, as I say, he made a good part of money.

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:53.000
Doing this

00:14:53.000 --> 00:15:03.000
He mentions over the course of the text, the various schools, and also 5 private anatomy schools.

00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:12.000
The children's bodies. It would appear are done are paid for by length, whereas the adults are a base for guinea.

00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:16.000
So. Yes, we can work out all sorts of things by looking at this at this dire.

00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:25.000
It's a bit gruesome. there, you go according to Joshua Burke Brooks, who was one of the people that he was giving these bodies to.

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:32.000
He complained that the costs had gone up, and the gangs were taking advantage of their need for more bodies, and he was winging.

00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:35.000
But when he started in the business he could get a body for as little as 2 guineas.

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:40.000
And now it had gone up to at least 4, sometimes more.

00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:44.000
Which yeah, seems a little ungrateful. But there you go.

00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:54.000
That's Joshua brooks there it's one of the people that was taking these others would go to theatres of anatomy.

00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:57.000
Where would you be done in a very formal way like have on this side?

00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:02.000
That's the Cambridge theatre of anatomy Miss Brooks.

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:11.000
There had a private medical school, and with all of the bodies that he had coming in, he was also able to build up anatomical museum.

00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:24.000
One visitor to this museum said it was so crowned with skeletons and other specimens that it was hardly possible to move without knocking down something with one's tail coat, which my my house, is much the same but

00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:39.000
it isn't all comprised of body parts in Jars which I suspect Joshua Brooks's was on the work of the gangs. one a group in Edinburgh who have no gang name that we

00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:42.000
know of, but their own personal names are just brilliant.

00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:48.000
We know that this gang is involved a chap called Mary Andrew.

00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:56.000
So whose real name is Andrew merrillese and he's. he's the cart driver, and he said of him that he would be happy to sell his sister's own corpse.

00:16:56.000 --> 00:17:05.000
If only she would die. The spoon! New specialism, of course, is scooping the bodies out from the coffin like a spoon.

00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:13.000
And moldy warp, which is an old name for a mole because he's the one who's faster sit than digging

00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:19.000
Add, praying, Howard. It would join morning parties in order to try to get information.

00:17:19.000 --> 00:17:36.000
About who's being buried where and when what state they're in, and another called Screw, and that was it made up a gang

00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:40.000
Obviously it's easier if you are working with a grave digger if you can get them on sides.

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:47.000
Then, that's a very helpful thing, but and in the early days some grave diggers just do it themselves, you know.

00:17:47.000 --> 00:17:48.000
Just you know where the bodies are. They can dig him up that night.

00:17:48.000 --> 00:17:58.000
No one else is going to be in the graveyard and it doesn't look suspicious in 1777, one grave digger and his deputy are convicted.

00:17:58.000 --> 00:18:04.000
Let me get 6 months imprisonment and a whipping be a lot worse.

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:15.000
So yeah, they that that was if they said that it was inflict. The weapon was inflicted with a severity due to so detestable an offense.

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:20.000
So they're whipped hard. But nonetheless that's the worst that it gets.

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:26.000
So and of course you want to have a relationship with a doctor when you're doing this.

00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:36.000
Ashley Cooper was a dissection issue to keep in touch with the doctors of everyone he'd operated on, so that he would know who was going to be an interesting case to get his own men to go and dig

00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:45.000
up after they die. Oh, I did an operation on him i'd love to see how it went bring me back his body.

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:48.000
Very strange man. askly Cooper allegedly.

00:18:48.000 --> 00:19:01.000
He would. if he wanted to give a friend a present, he would get a piece of bone, paint the person's name on it, feed it to a dog, and then later dissect the dog, get the bone and have a beautifully.

00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:08.000
etched name on the piece of bone so etched in dog, stomach, acid, and give them as a present to people.

00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:11.000
That's the kind of gentleman we're talking about here?

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:15.000
Did I warn you at the start this was going to be very, very odd.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:18.000
I don't think I did, but that hopefully the title gave it away.

00:19:18.000 --> 00:19:25.000
So yes, you would hand this body on to either the surgeon or their assistant.

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:40.000
Some kind of minor deniability that they're also known as the sack 'em up men, because they would carry them around in sacks and sometimes pack them in sawdust, and tie them up and sometimes

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.000
disfigure the face to make it less obvious that people will work out.

00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:56.000
He's like Oh, brooks you just saw once refused to pay the body snatches the amount that they were asking.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:05.000
So they placed some part, dissected rotting corpses at either end of the street that his premises was gone.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:12.000
Yeah, members of the public in the dark, stumbled upon these rotting corpses and assumed that Brooks was to blame for it.

00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:23.000
Okay, I'm, not fully paying attention to what's in the thing. but I notice you've yes, you've noticed, my little friend Ball. but there is he's sadly not real you're not allowed to just keep real ones getting

00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:29.000
around like that, but but he has got. He has got one of the little labels from the skeletons for sale.

00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:45.000
People. where do you put the remains? afterwards? Well, if you still got an intact skeleton? you can send them to the skeleton iser, and he'll send them on Sometimes they just end up lying around

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:59.000
the Gentleman's magazine Reports a group of people who found at the dung hill of Saint George's fields the bodies of a woman and 8 children cut up the handiwork presumable of some young

00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:07.000
anatomist who deserves a rigorous punishment for this carelessness, and indiscretion, Gentlemen's magazine doesn't mind that he did it in mind that he's

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:11.000
carelessly, had indiscreetly got rid of the bodies where anyone can find them Who?

00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:17.000
This little

00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:28.000
This little pile of goodies was found under the house of Benjamin Franklin, and date from the time when he was training as a surgeon.

00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:36.000
When this was discovered, absolutely outraged, a large number of Americans who didn't want to think that their Benjamin Franklin could possibly be involved in anything like that.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:48.000
But given the time in place, he was at he almost certainly was and there is a very good chance that those were people that he dissected, and they just put them under the house just an hour, and put them under the house you've

00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:55.000
got a you see what that's floor why not some people do get hungry, you know.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.000
If they think it's happened near them they can there are riots.

00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:08.000
Occasionally the biggest one is in Aberdeen in January the eighteenth, 32 so soon before the act.

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:13.000
There's a dog digging outside the grounds of a new anatomy.

00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:23.000
School finds fragments of bones, and people break in looking for bodies, and they find them, and the police try to break it up, but they make it worse.

00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:29.000
They try to say, Oh, just take those bodies away and the people don't want the bodies taken away.

00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:44.000
The people grab these half-dissected bodies and carry them around town, stirring up anger about this new anatomy school, and a crowd of what's described as 15,000 to 20,000 people then turn

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:50.000
up at the anatomy school and burn it down So the anger was there.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:56.000
3 men get tried for this. They accept the lesser crime of rioting.

00:22:56.000 --> 00:23:03.000
But there's no charge of arson possible because no one could prove who the ringleaders were in all of us.

00:23:03.000 --> 00:23:11.000
So 3 rioters out of 15 or 20,000

00:23:11.000 --> 00:23:21.000
If you're carrying short distances just stick him in a basket, or you know, put them in a cloth whistle while you're doing it. it's common enough that mistakes are made.

00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:34.000
There's one anatomist who found his that in his Crete was a very fine ham, a large cheese, a basket of eggs, and a huge ball of yarn, and what had been expected was a corpse which

00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:44.000
is all well and good until you consider that some other gentleman, who was probably expecting a ham, some cheese, and some eggs in his basket, must have opened it up to find a corpse.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:48.000
Yeah. No good. You You could be too nonchalant.

00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:55.000
Alexander Lyons is arrested for walking up the back steps of Sheffield, musical with a corpse over his shoulder.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:24:04.000
Just casually like Oh, no, this is just my friend he's drunk So everything because that kind of thing could happen.

00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:07.000
Mistakes could happen in 1,823 there's a London man.

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:20.000
He's walking along similarly with a bundle over his shoulder, and an arm is seen to fall out from it, and the the crowd kind of hustle him into the nearest watchhouse before anybody seems to notice or he has to tell them that

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:26.000
he's a tailor and he's carrying a tailor's dummy with him?

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:29.000
What should you do you think would be a list of, perhaps?

00:24:29.000 --> 00:24:43.000
So you tried to make these packages look inconspicuous, You, you know you put things in barrels and tea chests and rope handle with care on it.

00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:51.000
You claimed it was something like pickled herring, something that would smell bad, and therefore had a lot of sawdust in.

00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:54.000
Sometimes you try and squash them into a smaller space as you can.

00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:59.000
The cut. possibly the body in there, so why would anyone check

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:05.000
Or you just carry it with you You know there's a 1 one body of a 12 year old.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:10.000
2 Blakes just carry it with them on the on the roof of a coach that's going that way.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:25.000
It can be risky eventually. People do sometimes notice these packages There's one in Newcastle where it misses one post, and then there isn't one on Sunday and by the next day this 6 foot long once a wide

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:33.000
package is not in a good way, and is leaking a bit, and they start so they open it and find exactly what you would expect.

00:25:33.000 --> 00:25:40.000
They would find So yeah, I think things like that do happen.

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:57.000
Most notorious case of a transportation problem happens in Liverpool, where there are 3 casks marked bitter salts, which are awaiting being sent to Edinburgh, and that their holes in it

00:25:57.000 --> 00:26:01.000
plugged with hay, and the the workers become a little suspicious.

00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:13.000
So they they call in their supervisor, and someone pulls out a bit of this, and of course the most horrible smell comes out, and he opens it, and each barrel contained 3 or 4 bodies.

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:20.000
And they were just sitting there waiting to be shipped, and the trail of this, which was very easy to follow.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.000
They just went to the carto, who delivered them and said, Where did you pick them up from?

00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:41.000
Sold it back to a gentleman who had been renting out the seller of a boy school and claiming that it was being used for packing fish oil. at Yeah, this this guy were sending fish oil up to

00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:50.000
Edinburgh honest. So you're gonna want to protect yourself from all of this, and there's a range of different ways that people try to do that.

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:56.000
Some people just keep the bodies with them until they're they're all magnitude oral.

00:26:56.000 --> 00:27:00.000
Then no one's gonna want them not fool-proof People can still try and nick them out.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:09.000
Your window that happens sometimes. you might lock them in a building like this one.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:17.000
This is the only green morthouse where each body gets put down, and then it gets rotated around a bit as a rope.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:23.000
That platform rotates right around by the time it's got back around to the start again.

00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:28.000
The chances are it's been there long enough to be of no interest to anyone at all.

00:27:28.000 --> 00:27:36.000
And then you vary it. Oh, which is kind of unpleasant plague.

00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:41.000
You might set up a watch tower, and there quite a few of these scattered.

00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:49.000
There are more in Scotland, Edinburgh seems to have drawn a lot of this thing in the Scotland. There's a lot more precautions, certainly, that survive.

00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:54.000
But of course there are lots more that don't you could have walls.

00:27:54.000 --> 00:28:00.000
You can have watchmen. when Balas tails is opened in Newcastle.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:11.000
They said that they built it deliberately. We wanted a place so defended by walls or other methods of security, and it should be next impossible for the robbers of the grave to accomplish their inhuman

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:17.000
purposes so deliberately. high walls are being built at this date, and also deliberately.

00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:25.000
These watch houses with patrol men. you might also, or to get yourself a fancy coffin.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:31.000
So this is the bridgeman iron coffee, which is wrought iron.

00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:46.000
He has no hinges, no moving parts. As soon as the lid is put down there, eclipse which engage in it is impossible to reopen without an awful lot of force, and you will cover it with potentially cover it

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:50.000
with silver foil, which will avoid it rusting. It will last a very long time.

00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:57.000
This is very unpopular with clergy, because they are reusing the graveyard ground all the time.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:03.000
They need the bodies to be able to decompose and this kind wouldn't, or very quickly in 1,819.

00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:09.000
Mrs. Gilbert of Hoban is put in one of these, and the vicar refuses to accept it.

00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:14.000
For that reason. in the end it is left on top of the tombstone.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:18.000
There is a broad over it, with one lot of people trying to bury it.

00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:29.000
And the vicar, saying, no no no we can't put that in here, and it remains on top of the tombstone for 3 months, while the vicar raises legal challenges about Why, you shouldn't have to

00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:39.000
bury a bridgeman iron coffin, which was rather defeat the object of getting it in the ground and safe out the way, though nobody actually wanted Mrs. Gilbert.

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:44.000
Anyway. But there you go

00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:52.000
Rather cheaper than your full coffin is your janker you're coffin guard like go on on the right there.

00:29:52.000 --> 00:30:06.000
That hopefully will serve the same purpose for a lot less iron, or something like the coffin collar that you see on the left, which, of course, given the method of dying around the head and pulling out is going to make that very hard without smashing

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:11.000
the coffin a lot further. You might also have another one round your feet.

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:13.000
They're mostly ins Scotland but they did find one in St.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:27.000
James's in London just a couple of years ago and obviously there might be loads more that we just don't know about, because we haven't dig up the graves because generally we don't mort safe like this one again

00:30:27.000 --> 00:30:33.000
mostly in Scotland, but there are a few few other sounds invented in 1,816.

00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:40.000
We think some of them are reusable there's some iron frames that you padlock together.

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:49.000
You only need to put the cost in it it for a couple of months, and then you can move the more safe to another spot where someone else needs. the protection.

00:30:49.000 --> 00:30:51.000
Others are permanent, and are set into the concrete.

00:30:51.000 --> 00:31:09.000
And yeah, that's that's another way that There are also parish more safe cages, which you can pay an annual subscription for the right to be one of the better bodies that is inside it at any one

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:26.000
time. and you join the more safe society you can just do the whole thing in brick, and that or if you're feeling really paranoid, why not invest in a coffin gun or cemetery gun now?

00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:33.000
Some of this is myth. But there clearly were some people who tried this kind of thing.

00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:41.000
There are reports in the papers of setting up percussion capers of gunpowder traps that would go in the coffin with you.

00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:46.000
It wouldn't last very long before it got too damp. but then, by then you bodies of no interest anywhere.

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:54.000
There are some of these symmetry guns that survive, but there's very little evidence about when and where they were used.

00:31:54.000 --> 00:32:05.000
It seems they were attached to a trip wire, so if you stumbled over it in the middle of the night, it would then shoot you the the section of some martin in the fields.

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:21.000
Went one step further, so that he had built the ultimate cemetery gun, in which he kind of jury rigged several gun barrels together, and on New Year's eve 1,817 the was heard and

00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:33.000
the Times reports this, a tremendous report heard across the graveyard, and all of these bullets come out at once from this sort of home, rigged gizmo, and When people.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:46.000
Arrived at the scene they found a body snatchers hat with one. a bullet hole in it, not 2, which rather implies the bullet was still lodged in the head of the the body's nature, and He was then carried

00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:54.000
a lot off by his gang and also found there were the shovels, spades, picks, and other resurrection paraphernalia.

00:32:54.000 --> 00:33:04.000
So it did do its job at least that once. and this was yes, or more spun a version of what you can see there.

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:08.000
We know that sometimes there's at least one case where man traps are used.

00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:23.000
Similar reasons, people just walking around with guns in 1,830 in glass, and Evan there is a full gun battle between guards and sack them up men over some bodies.

00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:34.000
If you're poor Of course you can't have any of that, you might just settle for putting stones on top and shells on top of the grave, which would allow people to at least see whether someone has been been

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:45.000
robbed and the other thing you could do was try and add layers of stones and straw into the infill which would make you would hope to make it more trouble than it was worse.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:52.000
Or if you're desperate add some quick line, because then the bodies are no use to anyone.

00:33:52.000 --> 00:34:07.000
No. Then finally, it goes. We come to the the alternative method You can't protect your body if it hasn't had time to die and be buried in the first place because someone's just murdered you for

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:23.000
it there. Of course we come to the notorious cases and we come to the lovely book, and he so that's contemporary pictures of them taken from around the time the trial burks try Washington.

00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:31.000
So the chocolate right is jot, is Robert Knox, of Edinburgh, and in 1,828.

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:39.000
These 2 young men appear at his door with a body that they said that it's been put up for sale by his relatives.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:52.000
So it doesn't happen on foot, but you know it does occasionally happen, and he chose to believe them, which is to say, to not ask any questions, although this was where he gave them £7 and 10 shillings, which is you

00:34:52.000 --> 00:35:02.000
know more than I in fact, this gentleman had just died in Hair's boarding house, and he owed her money.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:06.000
So hair. The wealth he owes me money the only thing he's got is himself.

00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:10.000
It would be perfectly reasonable to sell him to get some of that money back.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:16.000
That was the logic, initially, apparently, and when they found out that they could get that much money out of doing it.

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:20.000
Well, they're going to start making their own corpses instead aren't they?

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:35.000
So over the next 10 months, 16 times they turn up at Knox's door with a fresh corpse generally carried in a tea chest, and what they did was they looked at the boarding house, and they thought you know who is most unlikely to

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:42.000
be missed, and then take those people get them very drunk and smother them.

00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:55.000
They're aren't any direct pictures I don't Think of them which the problem to them doing that. But this is a satirical print of the same era which uses the same method which obviously was well, known at

00:35:55.000 --> 00:36:07.000
the time to be able to do it in that way that we, one of them, sort of sits on them, and the other one puts a hand over their face.

00:36:07.000 --> 00:36:13.000
And yeah, they get £10 per per body for most of them, sometimes a bit less, depending on condition.

00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:18.000
The wife of the one and partner of the other also help

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:31.000
Now Knox claimed that he didn't recognize or know any of these people, but I think there is not that larger city, and the shifting body was that of a lad known as poor daft Jamie.

00:36:31.000 --> 00:36:47.000
As you see on the right there, and Knox must have known who he was, because he did something he didn't normally do, which was cut the face off before giving him to the students cause he is a well-known beggar and

00:36:47.000 --> 00:37:01.000
the student still recognized him. They also looked at each other and thought, Okay, we can't really deny the fact that we also recognized a couple of those prostitutes met those before notably Mary Patterson. at the bottom There he

00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:17.000
didn't get them to dissect Mary patterson he just embarked her, and then put her out for people to draw pictures of It's all a little bit creepy, and almost worse than just dissecting her because in

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:21.000
that picture she looks fast asleep. doesn't she she's she's long dead.

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:26.000
She's she's just been stuck in spirits in the meantime.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:37.000
There's a skipping rhyme from the era up the close and down the stair in the house with broken hair books, the books your hairs, the thief knocks the boy who buys the beef so on

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:43.000
the back of this They're they're clearly getting too ambitious to obvious in what they're doing.

00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:49.000
A lot of people knew poor death, Jamie, and this is the result.

00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:55.000
Patterns, things, evidence here, jobs in book and says it was all books idea.

00:37:55.000 --> 00:38:03.000
And he was allowed he got immunity and we don't know where he went.

00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:06.000
He, just? there are rumors from several places around the country.

00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:11.000
Oh, he ended up in in Sundland or he ended up in this other place, but nobody's come up with good evidence.

00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:14.000
He's not going to keep his original knight and is he

00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:29.000
So how would you ever know Burke? Meanwhile, his hand in front of about 25,000 people, who were all shouting,

00:38:29.000 --> 00:38:36.000
Book hair. they because they want hair to be dead as well.

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:40.000
And at this point, but is a word meaning smother and kill.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:46.000
So we say, Okay, you're gonna book book but can you bookcare as well.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:57.000
Yeah. it's you can see you know people packed into the windows, and so on, and apparently that's That's a very good representation of that particular bit of Edinburgh which makes you think that the rest

00:38:57.000 --> 00:39:01.000
is probably quite accurate as well

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:07.000
On the back of this that is his skeleton.

00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:20.000
The person who has provided so many for the dissectionists of course, is absolutely legally in exactly the correct place to be sent for dissection, because he's a murderer, and that's what they do with

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:26.000
murderers, and his skin is tanned and turned into this little book.

00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:38.000
It's it's rumored that charles Dickens had another piece that he used as a bookmark. There was a hard and debate at the time as to whether knocks should also be punished he wasn't and

00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:43.000
the public mood generally thought he should have been they they said.

00:39:43.000 --> 00:39:46.000
You know some of these corpses were fresh there was still blood oozing out of them.

00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:55.000
This clearly. hadn't been taken from the ground in any way he should have known they paraded an effigy of him around town.

00:39:55.000 --> 00:40:01.000
And then and it and tore it to pieces this is a multiplicant to the real thing.

00:40:01.000 --> 00:40:07.000
So they're going to do it to the effigy instead

00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:13.000
Even after that that is not enough for government to legislate.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:23.000
They actually try There's a bit of a movement that may be paupers should go straight to dissection, but it fails at the House of Lords because the House of Lords say even the poor have a right to a decent

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:32.000
funeral, and another couple of years were all over. and then, of course, if it happens in London, then Parliament is going to take notice.

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:38.000
Edinburgh is a long way away they didn't mind that much happens in London and big care.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:54.000
So this is John. Bishop Thomas Williams and James May, who killed at least 2 people for sale to anatomists, and the witnesses said they they carried their victims on a cart in a wooden box with one of

00:40:54.000 --> 00:40:58.000
their wives walking next to it, holding a bound box to make it appear that they were an ordinary family.

00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:08.000
Just the moving house they are discovered when more persons does decide there are limits to what he's willing to put up with.

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:16.000
He's probably read all about Knox so this is a surgery called Richard Partridge, who Bishop Bit brings this body to him.

00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:20.000
The body is later called nicknamed the Italian boy.

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:27.000
Nobody's quite sure what movie is and he he looks at this body and says, you know that's that's never been in the ground.

00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:33.000
It's got a club on his forehead he says he says, oh, well,

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:39.000
You guys just wait outside because I need to go in and get change for a fifty-pound note.

00:41:39.000 --> 00:41:48.000
So if you just wait, then i'll be with you as soon as I can rustle up the change, and of course he goes in, tells his superior, who immediately nips out round the back and gets the police, and they are captured

00:41:48.000 --> 00:41:55.000
in front of the house with this body, and that leads to these trial documents.

00:41:55.000 --> 00:42:05.000
And it is thought that this is this this poor Italian boy. There's a big scandal going on at the time about there being a lot of young Italian beggars on the streets.

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:11.000
Who are kind of fading like gangs and They don't have a lot of same what goes on.

00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:26.000
They're all under the control of their padrones this trial. the young Charles Dickens was a cub reporter on it at the trial he gets into every story at this era.

00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:38.000
If you possibly can. So yes, this lab would sit with some white mice in a cage and try and beg money.

00:42:38.000 --> 00:42:43.000
2 of the 3 you hanged in in 1,831 apparently the hanging.

00:42:43.000 --> 00:42:50.000
Somebody shouts, You should have been hanged years ago! which kind of some of the public knew what was going on.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:58.000
It had been happening for a long time, and the third was transported to Australia, but died on the way.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:06.000
One of them, the John John Bishop, was described as one of the best specimens at the Royal College of Surgeon had ever dissected.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:17.000
He was a good fit, fit person. Following that, they try again in Parliament and a new act.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:23.000
The Anatomy Act is written in 1,832, which is a little bit more subtle.

00:43:23.000 --> 00:43:31.000
It's still basically saying we'll we'll have the bodies of all kinds, please, but it's it's written in slightly subtler terms.

00:43:31.000 --> 00:43:34.000
It says things like Well, there are safeguards if you don't want it to happen.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:42.000
You can write it down that You don't want it to happen because, of course, the people were talking about world completely literate, and that's going to work very well.

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:58.000
But, one of the main reasons this was passed was because they thought it would get rid of the need for anyone having to deal with the resurrectionists. and especially the need for people like Bishop may and Williams although there.

00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:04.000
are a few resurrectionists in business until the 1,800 fortys in this country.

00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:22.000
It it nose dives after that curiously the American golden age of grave digging is actually another generation or 2 further along, and he's all tied up with race as well, because it's about taking bodies from

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:26.000
the negro graveyards, but that's a whole other story.

00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:31.000
So whiz through that in order to finish with a few minutes to spare for questions.

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:35.000
So I hope you have some goodness. Thank you very much for that, Joe.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:51.000
That was a little bit macabre wasn't that everybody but absolutely I have to say, and I particularly enjoyed hearing a bit more about Burke and Hare in Edinburgh. I should add about The exhibition you can

00:44:51.000 --> 00:45:06.000
do. Yes, if anyone is in the Edinburgh area, there is this exhibition on the National Museum, Scotland, which is on till the end of October. I haven't been yet but It looks like It's going to be

00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:21.000
really good, and it has at it that skeleton and little pocketbook that you've just seen along with lots of other things about the history of anatomy and things people haven't haven't gone away with over the

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:32.000
years while I remember. Right we've got quite a few questions, Joe. I'm just gonna launch straight and no let's where should we start?

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:43.000
No, I think we'll start at the top actually because it sounds like the best place to start

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:54.000
Sorry about this folks right from Miranda, and you talked about kind of near the start start about, you know, bodies being unusable after a period of time.

00:45:54.000 --> 00:45:59.000
How fresh did they have to be it's a tipping point!

00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:06.000
I see where it depends on the temperature. like I say this is why you don't do it in summer.

00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:22.000
If the ground is frozen, then then you might have you know a couple of weeks. if it's a very hot sunny day, you might have a couple of days window where possible they would actually go within I think people said that after 3 days

00:46:22.000 --> 00:46:29.000
it was a lot less likely, and after a week, unless it was frozen, you were probably safe.

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:44.000
Alright. Okay, interesting. that answer your question Miranda similarly, we'll just might lead in as well James saying in a tail to cities snatchers worked at night and presumably that's when the old did it

00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:53.000
Yes, yes, if you look at Naples's diary he often describes, you know, we met in the pub in the evening, and then went out to do our work.

00:46:53.000 --> 00:46:56.000
You do wonder what that these people's families thought They were up to sometimes.

00:46:56.000 --> 00:47:03.000
Oh, yes, I have. I have a night shift job, darling, just not in the summer.

00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:11.000
Hmm! So some of them, some of them, sneakily got jobs as watchmen over corpses, because being a watchman is not a job.

00:47:11.000 --> 00:47:16.000
Many people want so you can say Oh, yes, i'll guard your corpse for you.

00:47:16.000 --> 00:47:23.000
No problem. Pay pay me to stand over it for the first 3 days, and then, of course, when nobody's watching you, just i'll steal it.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:32.000
Yeah. okay. I hope that answers your question, Gene question from Karen and Andrew about this idea of bodies.

00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:38.000
But being transported quite long distances London to Edinburgh.

00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:52.000
I over the cent. and how did they actually keep them fresh, or or they didn't didn't they Well, you you either pack them in something absorbent like straw or you put them in a barrel of oil of some

00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:58.000
description, or you can even go down in the Nelson where you can put them in a barrel of spirits.

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:03.000
But that's quite expensive. So you're only going to do that if you've got a body that's worth quite a lot.

00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:09.000
But yeah, more commonly, you just packed and with straw and with

00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:17.000
Yeah. and and it's the best absorbent and percentage things you can think of put them in a box and put them on a royal mail coach.

00:48:17.000 --> 00:48:31.000
So, which are known to be quite fast, and you know it will be maybe 2 days up, 3 days up to Edinburgh, and that is within your window of possibility again.

00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:42.000
Not all of the cases of ones that are found in Newcastle because there's there's a pub in Newcastle That's a kind of stopping off point for the royal male coaches on the way and

00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:50.000
It binds, I think, at the news for over a fairly small period of time, and all of them in winter.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:03.000
Right. And now i've got a question from Stewart you had to list near the start of the lecture, which was basically the kind of shopping lists that they had in this one particular night.

00:49:03.000 --> 00:49:08.000
And all the bodies that they got there was a name mentioned.

00:49:08.000 --> 00:49:16.000
A woman, Miss Kay I don't think we do I it's it's one that I have pondered myself.

00:49:16.000 --> 00:49:21.000
I'm gonna go back and look at the most yeah pay Hollis.

00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:31.000
$11 are the order of Miss K. usual Doesn't say yes, I I don't think anything is known about her.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:42.000
Women are really generally not involved in this kind of thing, except, as I say, within gangs, as distractions, and the people who talk to the widow terribly, sympathetically, and so on.

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:46.000
But that rather implies that there's a woman involved in the surgical practice.

00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:50.000
Now, at this date it is not illegal for a woman to be a surgeon.

00:49:50.000 --> 00:50:07.000
It's just getting increasingly difficult for them to get qualifications. But if you, if you'll say that the daughter of a surgeon, he has been brought up amongst surgeoning you could call yourself legally a

00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:12.000
surgeon and do the job, and no one can stop him.

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:18.000
Until 1854. You can legally call yourself a doctor or a surgeon, with no particular qualifications at all.

00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:27.000
It's all right. them but in the case Miss kay i'm afraid I don't know. right Okay, and a question of the room.

00:50:27.000 --> 00:50:35.000
Diana, where the skeletons being sold kind of almost as a byproduct.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:39.000
Of the dissected bodies against what once they've done that move.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:44.000
Yeah, I mean sometimes the process of dissection is going to damage your skeleton too much.

00:50:44.000 --> 00:50:49.000
If you know, depending weak beats of it, you wanting to look at on that particular occasion.

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:55.000
But if the particular dissection you're doing ends up without doing any damage to the bones, then yes, absolutely.

00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:00.000
You would then give that over to some

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:08.000
So this is a replica of a trade card.

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:22.000
Somebody who is selling these skeletons. and actually says you know, of both both sexes and good color accurately articulated, and must have been coming from somewhere.

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:30.000
So. yeah, there must be some kind of deal going on because the skeleton isn't of much used to the surgeon once they've done a few.

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:37.000
You know, learn how to cut an arm off, or whatever there are some that have been found around.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:47.000
What's the work house houses where the bodies are not all where they should be, and some of the bodies have sort of several experimental cut marks in them.

00:51:47.000 --> 00:51:55.000
Like somebody's learning how to saw through bone but you don't need that niece .

00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:03.000
Interesting. Okay. Question from Sue could put her.

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:08.000
People sailed their body to the resurrectionists before they died.

00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:18.000
Yes, they very rarely do because it is considered, would be considered for most people to be very shameful.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:22.000
Having a decent funeral is very, very important to almost everybody.

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:33.000
Even very poorest people spend money they don't have putting it into it into a savings fund in order to get a decent funeral, which is part of the way.

00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:43.000
Respectability works. But it does happen there is a satirical poem from this era, or about a chapel that sold his body to, because he knows he's dying.

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:52.000
He sold his body to 10 different dissectionists. 10 different surgeons, and they're all fighting over him because they realize what he dies.

00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:58.000
They realize that they can't all have him and they end up getting him in bits and taking bits. each. There is

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:04.000
There's a chat in newcastle who We know sold his body, and he is a deformed man.

00:53:04.000 --> 00:53:11.000
He's a hunched back and he says because he spent his life making surgical implements.

00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:18.000
He had made his living from them, and if they could you know he.

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:29.000
He then sells himself. What he does is say, Okay, you dissect me, and then enough money comes back to my family to give the bits that are left a decent funeral.

00:53:29.000 --> 00:53:36.000
One way of doing it mutually beneficial but it's not common, because there is this belief.

00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:47.000
It's not orthodox catholic church dogma by this point. but there is still a strong belief amongst the poor that on the day last Judgment, when you raise up you need all your bits to be there or i'll

00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:59.000
still be problem right? Okay? No. Another question just to me. What about the belief that on the final day judgment corpses would be released from their grades?

00:53:59.000 --> 00:54:05.000
If your body had been dissected, or stolen you could not be judged. And thus your chances are going to happen.

00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:10.000
We're? No, Yeah, that's i'm talking about that.

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:22.000
This is why I said one of the reasons on top of demand why dissection? and Gibbon are so set up in the 1,700 fiftys as a punishment because it's worse than just being

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:28.000
murdered. And what can you do to someone? to make the more phrase than they would be of just being executed?

00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:35.000
You execute them, and you mess with their body and that's worse a part of that to do with other things.

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:48.000
But a big aspect of that is because people might well believe even though the Church says this isn't true anymore. you might well believe that it means that your your body won't be brought up properly.

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:58.000
There's a a satirical cartoon of from the time of a bunch of people getting up in a pauper graveyard after the last, where, after the last trumpet sounds all kind of saying Well, this isn't my ankle has anyone

00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:05.000
got my hand because they've been put together. in the wrong graves, and all kind of mixed up

00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:14.000
Therefore, on the day of last judgment they can't find all their pieces, all. and there are people who genuinely believe that that would be an issue.

00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:18.000
Right question from Andrew. i've got quite a lot questions here.

00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:26.000
Presumably and hopefully not covered this already, but presumably the term Burke, meaning to kill a dish, was adopted after bax antics were revealed.

00:55:26.000 --> 00:55:32.000
It wasn't just a goodly coincidence nominative determinant.

00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:38.000
No, no, it comes afterwards. it's a rare example of a person's name being turned into an into a verb.

00:55:38.000 --> 00:55:42.000
Hmm! A lot of words named after people, but the vast majority of them are nouns.

00:55:42.000 --> 00:55:45.000
Book is is what he did so it's a Verb: Yeah.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:52.000
Well, there you go, Andrew. Okay. no A question from another Andrew.

00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Is the time the graveyard shift connected to grave Robin.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:00.000
Don't but believe so I can't tell you off the top of my head.

00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:06.000
But I don't I don't think so i've never seen it kind of written in the same in the same place.

00:56:06.000 --> 00:56:13.000
I think it's just doing shifts that are quiet as the grave doc, is the grave.

00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:23.000
A question for man, and so obviously resurrection the resurrection men, would I blood.

00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:26.000
So how? How did the surgeons learn to dissect?

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:40.000
After that, what happens? What happened next? Okay, I mean after that it isn't that dissectioned that the rosary projectionists are outlawed as that they become unnecessary because with the anatomy act there are easier

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:54.000
ways of getting hold of bodies. The Anatomy Act says that any any person that dies and is unclaimed it within 48 h becomes the property of the surgeons.

00:56:54.000 --> 00:56:58.000
Now this mostly applies to people in workhouses you don't have any relatives.

00:56:58.000 --> 00:57:03.000
No, he turns up to say, we will take this person away and bury them.

00:57:03.000 --> 00:57:07.000
But it could just apply to people from clown dead on the street.

00:57:07.000 --> 00:57:19.000
If nobody claims you within 48 h then you belong to the resurrectionists and that there are right. It's about that. There are, you know, a lot of poor people who don't like that especially since it coincides with the first

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:24.000
cholera outbreak. So a lot of people are not in a position to go collecting bodies.

00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:37.000
So there are riots across the country and sort of fuss when Oh, but you've only waited 40 h, and that was our grandma, and you've taken them illegally, and things like that but in general it make

00:57:37.000 --> 00:57:43.000
means that there are sufficient corpses to go round to, unless the anatomists want something very specific.

00:57:43.000 --> 00:57:48.000
So that person has an interesting medical complaint. I want to dissect them.

00:57:48.000 --> 00:57:55.000
Then there's not really any money in it anymore right Okay, So got a few questions here.

00:57:55.000 --> 00:58:03.000
So Okay, we've done that one and Yes, and You're talking about the surgeons hall. Museum and Edinburgh.

00:58:03.000 --> 00:58:09.000
I can highly recommend it. Yes, the the book can. The skeleton of Buck are usually housed there.

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:15.000
I actually went there last year, and had a good look at own, not for the squeamish.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:18.000
I have to say that some is well worth a look if you're interested.

00:58:18.000 --> 00:58:24.000
Right? Okay. But some questions from Jennifer.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:31.000
Did some bodies have a premium price, and was there a demand at all for children and babies?

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:38.000
There isn't particular interest in children, and babies again unless they have some other particularly interesting quality.

00:58:38.000 --> 00:58:42.000
Bear in mind that this is an era where you know the number of people that die below the 80.

00:58:42.000 --> 00:58:49.000
5, anyway, is quite staggering so it's easier to get over the body of a four-year-old.

00:58:49.000 --> 00:58:54.000
As it happens, there are premiums on unusual specimens.

00:58:54.000 --> 00:59:04.000
The body of was his name, Charles Burn, the the Irish giant, who is 7 foot tall or so.

00:59:04.000 --> 00:59:13.000
His his family and friends go to great lengths to try and keep him away from the dissectionists, because they know that he is worth a lot of money.

00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:17.000
They attempt to take him out and dump him at sea to avoid it.

00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:27.000
And Unfortunately, the people along the way braver sexton and he doesn't that doesn't happen and again his body was on display.

00:59:27.000 --> 00:59:29.000
His dissected and his skeleton L on display.

00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:37.000
Until really quite recently. So something like that there is enough money available. Yeah, that was willing.

00:59:37.000 --> 00:59:46.000
And John Hunton. I managed to not mention throughout the whole of this, despite them being some spiders in the middle of the whole web of anatomy.

00:59:46.000 --> 00:59:52.000
At this era, wanted his skeleton for their collection, and wanted to dissect him so.

00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:55.000
Yes, anything really unusual like that and those extra money team.

00:59:55.000 --> 01:00:04.000
Yeah, okay, we've got bits here. for more questions. So I think we'll try and get through them all and Joe. if that's okay and okay with everybody else. after that.

01:00:04.000 --> 01:00:07.000
Then we're just yeah again and then then we're done.

01:00:07.000 --> 01:00:14.000
Okay, So from Elizabeth she recently took her old medical student skeleton to the Oxford Andatom School.

01:00:14.000 --> 01:00:21.000
Apparently it came from India. we're apparently dead bodies we're fished out of the ganges.

01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:24.000
Does this still happen. I don't know if that's something that you would know.

01:00:24.000 --> 01:00:29.000
I think generally they don't use real ones anymore in lenses like that.

01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:33.000
They you can make very good fakes these days. so I think there isn't really the need for it.

01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:37.000
Hmm. Okay. from Sylvia. What did the doctors do?

01:00:37.000 --> 01:00:40.000
The corpses after they had been studied and dissected.

01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:47.000
Well, suppose we saw that pale of bones under the house didn't I bury them sometimes?

01:00:47.000 --> 01:00:53.000
Yeah, if there's enough bits, then you can sell a bits to someone, put them in your little glass jars for your museum.

01:00:53.000 --> 01:00:57.000
If you found some particularly nice bits and bury what's left where you hope no one will find it.

01:00:57.000 --> 01:01:03.000
Okay. Now, this is actually a an interesting question. actually, in a quite an important one.

01:01:03.000 --> 01:01:11.000
Actually, and from Sue. what was the risk of disease for the robbers?

01:01:11.000 --> 01:01:25.000
Hi. Well, I think this is one of the reasons why you taught why you are part of the funeral procession, and you you listen to the the grieving relatives, and you find out whether or not that person seems to have died of an

01:01:25.000 --> 01:01:33.000
infectious disease. You don't go digging them up if you think they do a smallpox which is going to reduce the risk.

01:01:33.000 --> 01:01:50.000
Someone graves were so overflowing in urban areas at this point, anyway, that just just walking through them, we were quite likely to catch something, so to that extent it would just be an occupational risk this is still an area where

01:01:50.000 --> 01:01:55.000
the are pulling teeth and putting them straight into other humans, and the teeth can cause disease.

01:01:55.000 --> 01:02:01.000
If you end up with a as a civilis can survive inside a tooth, and then get put into another person's mouth.

01:02:01.000 --> 01:02:10.000
But yeah, you would tend to try and take the bodies of people who are died from things that would contagious if you had the choice.

01:02:10.000 --> 01:02:17.000
Yeah, okay, right? One more question, and then and then We'll we'll start to wrap things up everybody and from David's.

01:02:17.000 --> 01:02:26.000
Why would they call the resurrectionists, when the body is still dead? That's a good point, isn't it.

01:02:26.000 --> 01:02:31.000
It's just one of those things the body is still dead but it is being raised up.

01:02:31.000 --> 01:02:37.000
They bring them up back up into the living world, I suppose, even though they are still dead.

01:02:37.000 --> 01:02:40.000
And yeah there's never any thought that there's any life left in them.

01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:57.000
It's just now. Do you know what else would you call them just one of those slang things that happens Okay, Well, I think that's us for tonight.