Archive lectures and events

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Thank you right? Well, I think the first thing I need to do is share my screen with you so that you can see.

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The Powerpoint that goes alongside this I think it's come up on everybody's screen.

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Now, and let's start. So, as Fiona said today, we're celebrating the International Day of Women and Girls in science.

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No, it's actually on the eleventh, and I'm looking at some of the women that are in science, technology, engineering, and maths.

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Hence STEM, and hopefully we shall get a taste.

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Of what some of these incredible women have done. I'm hoping that this will give you all an insight into some of the we mean that should have been brought forward more, I think, in history, and shown for the things that they have done for society.

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I'm fortunate. We can only glimpse into their lives today.

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So I'm hoping that this will give you an appetite to go and do some more research yourselves.

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I've gone for a 30 women, so we will be able to touch on most of them within this time limit.

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That I've got, so we will make a start.

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But before I actually want to get into looking at women in science and the rest of them I think it's important to look at some of the facts about the the female of the species to give a bit of background into how we behave, and how we act.

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So, looking at the first slide, it's incredible that it was only 66 years ago.

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They were more women than men in the world, and now it's come to the fact that there is.

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Yeah. Slightly, more men. There is actually still. Only that's 49.58% of women in the world.

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Population, and so we're almost half. But there is a very slight difference.

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There are more men, but China and India have a lot to do with this, preferring to have mailbursts with email.

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But, as it says, good, they were experienced from our statistics.

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Then, I mean would still come out top!

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It. We mean, not surprisingly, are more sensitive to high-pitched noises.

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Due to being able to hear their offspring and being alert to the sounds around them.

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One of the things that I find fascinating about women also is.

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So we have 9% smaller brain than our plant part. But we have as many brain cells.

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So then we have a smaller brain. We don't like the brain sales of our mail companions. And also another interesting fact is that both our left and right hemispheres are more connected from the male brain.

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So, getting back to the topic of the day, let's have a look at some of these women in STEM.

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So the phone.

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Put into my has is Marie Curie, which I spent most of you have heard of.

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She helped in finding the radioactive elements radium and polonium with her husband pair she's also known as the first woman to have one.

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The Nobel Prize. She actually holds another title, but being the first woman to have held to Nobel prizes in 2 different disciplines in both chemistry, I'm 50.

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She's the action fact. The only person to have done this today.

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Here's a picture of her.

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Now, here's another lady that in my research I came across was Rosalind Franklin.

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Some of you may have heard of her, and some of you may not.

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Okay, there is a picture here that may give you a clue as to who she is.

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And what she was responsible for.

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She was actually responsible for taking the X-ray photo of the double.

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Helix. Structure of DNA.

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Unfortunately one of her male companions found the picture on her desk and decided to take it.

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That's his. And show it to the other people that were working on the project at the time, and in doing so Rosalyn's link to the helping with the DNA project was sort of sidelined, and it was very unfortunate that she wasn't able to be awarded the Nobel

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prize for her work towards finding the DNA having died of cancer 4 years before.

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The price was given at the age of 37.

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There's a picture of her looking down at his slides.

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There are many other ways that also have made discovery within medicine and science.

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No, I apologize if I pronounce some of their names wrong.

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But here is a lady called Gertrude Elon.

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I don't know if anybody has heard of that, but I found Hi, an incredible lady, who also won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine alongside George Hutchings.

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And Sir James Black.

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Sorry. Onto it, I went on. One slide too many. There! Do you want to know what she actually found?

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Well, she's in it. Amazing in the respect that she's helped with so many of the drugs that we use today in and around medicine.

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Such as the first drugs that we used in HIV and Aids.

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She also helped with the creation of treatment for leukemia.

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She helped with the in suppressor agent used in transplants on a murder area truck, a treatment.

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Women not only have shown themselves to be good scientists, they have also been shown to be excellent mathematicians, as well.

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And there's some interesting facts about this romancea.

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To begin with, I never realized that in the 40 fifties and sixties that actually went out of their way to high women in order to do the job of mass and computing at the time, and so felt that they will best warranted and more accurate in taking to this job.

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But even before then we may have shown themselves to have to be gifted in maths, and she probably heard of.

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Our actual first thing was Augusta, but she was known as Ada.

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And she is considered to be the first computer programmer.

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She worked with a gentleman. Page being proposed, the mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical engine.

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However, unfortunately it was never built to see whether it properly worked or not.

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But at the time Ia herself, and thinking that this is going back into the eighteenth 30, either realize that the computer could follow with series of instructions.

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That program took a complex calculations. Another interesting thing about Ida Lovelace.

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What's the fact that she was Lord Byron's daughter?

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Nice a picture of a.

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And there is a drawing of the analytical engine.

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Now looking back at winning in science again, NASA, I mean a lot of women that they employed within their own working organisation, like a lady called Catherine Johnson.

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I don't know if any of you have seen the film hidden figures, but it was came out in 2011 and is based on a book.

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Written by Margot Lee, and it looks at the experiences of 3 black women at NASA.

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You all had various jobs within the engineering mathematical departments.

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There was a Dorothy Borg. He was the first African American manager, and Mary Jackson.

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He was the first female black engineer, and together with Katherine Johnson, you are there.

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One of the most interesting facts from watching the film was some that they had to walk over a culture of a mile to the nearest conveniences because they weren't allowed to use the ladies within their own departments.

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They had to, because they were black. They had to go across there to another building in order.

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For them to use the convenience and switch highlights.

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The racism in those days as well. Sadly.

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And there is a picture of Katherine Johnson. She actually lived to 101, and only died in 2020.

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Over 30 years at Master she worked, go away into helping blaze the trail to the stars.

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People like highly respected her, said that she said that the computer workings were right.

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He would take the workforce.

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There is a lady in astrophysics.

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Hmm. 2015. She was finally given the medal of Freedom bye, President Obama.

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Well, how what?

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And if you've not seen the film hidden figures, I recommend it finally. All the book.

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Another lady who worked within NASA Margaret Hamilton.

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I can't hear you, sir, is some of the pile of work that she did.

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She is going to have helped successfully. It's the leader of the software engineering.

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I mean 2016. She was given the.

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What?

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Now being fair. It's not only America, but I've got people.

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Into space. I'm gonna this is a Russian lady.

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He was the first woman in space.

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She pilots it on her own. The spacecraft around the earth for 48 h.

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It wasn't until another 20 years before any other woman actually went into space.

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It's strange that she gave up her career going into space after this light.

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After it she became a training instructor for the male cosmonauts.

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Going to the rank of Air Force Major general, and then she had a change career and became a politician.

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No, we can't forget computers.

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A lady called CC. Care, which I don't know.

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Again it. Many of you have actually had, or.

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Here is the picture of that.

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Looking very happy.

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She worked alongside steam jobs. We can all it's the most of mine.

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Between Apple. However she is it Susan herself? It's little known. But she's actually responsible for the graphic design side of the software.

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Wanting to make computers.

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No, I, personally don't use a Max or any apple devices, so I'm not that familiar with that symbols, but.

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We'll see one go through them that what she was actually responsible for, what are the things?

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And nowadays, why has she failed to be mentioned?

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Why does she go late? Largely and nice? It's full.

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Hello. Contributions to the Apple Empire.

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Give me some of her symbols.

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She also, it's known for her last soon full in voting shot, and the retros smiling.

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Here's a little about the last soon.

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Sure!

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Now she says in design that it's not one right answer.

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That's the range.

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Something else to get you thinking. Did you know, looking at the technical industry?

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Good 77 sent all directors mail 23% to women.

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And I've looked at the wider recording. It's 71% of men, all males and 29 S.

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All women. So there's still a real discrepancy between men and women.

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Take top roles around the world.

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One of the things I find hard to believe, especially thinking back to the fourteenth fifties and sixties is that now there is around only 19% of women.

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The tech workforce compared to 81% of men.

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So what do we think about this? And why do we think but it has gone this way.

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Why do we think that there is such a swing bag to men dominating this interest rate?

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Something for you to think about.

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So moving forward. Oh, Max, our women! I've also found women inventors that I feel need to be highlighted.

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You had the nickname of Lady Edison.

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To be a very prolific inventor, inventing.

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Over a 100 items, and also.

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Putting out 49 separate patents.

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As you can see, she had a buried, rearranged it well, items that she actually invented going from can open this vacuum ice cream freezers to working on sewing machines and typewriters.

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And the umbrella that you could change the cloth and pattern of it.

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And those sites, but you have any sponges, sponges that hold.

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Alongside her. That's a lady called Mary.

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Right, now. She's responsible for winching white.

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Those, no, she wasn't the first person to have tried to solve the problem.

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Of how to keep the wing screen clean in rain and seat and snow storms.

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But actual windscreen wipers with the first.

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Actually be effective. In working, however.

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From 1905 until 1922. She was spent a long time trying to get her wipers accepted in the car industries and it wasn't until in 1922 took upon themselves to incorporate her when she wipers into their cars and

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after that, once her Payton went out most manufacturers was using them as standard in that.

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It's another lady that I feel needs to be mentioned.

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Her name is Margaret.

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She very interesting, and nowadays we're us trying to be all equal friendly, and going away from plastic bags.

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Paperback machine that she invented it's right up there.

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Unfortunately, her idea was stolen at the time by a man who she had to take to hold.

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Stealing her idea bye, but he all did that the women would not possibly understand the mechanical complications and complexities in order to have made a machine like she did, however, she managed to prove that case.

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And was able to Payton. The machine has cell again. She was a prolific inventor, and like, I had invented over a 100 different things.

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I'm paid to 20 of them. Amongst her inventions was to shoot that in machine window frame with a slash.

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Is her invention.

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Another lady to look at is Virginia at all?

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She realized that when babies, before they actually know standardized checking system in order to.

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Right down and point out how healthy and the baby was.

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And so she came up with a scoring system. It was first 9 using her surname.

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In order to, as the first letter of each of the areas that needed to be in.

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And the areas that she put down where our parents hosts, activity and respiration.

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I'm from that. No, we can be assessed.

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See how healthy they are on several, and if they need any urgent medical assistance can be identified in any of the areas.

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Going back to looking at other women.

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I don't know if any of you have heard of Temple grinding.

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I find her a very interesting character.

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And.

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This is from a book that she's written regarding how like sort of.

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A background to us, and she didn't actually talk till she was 3 in the hall.

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And she just go around the world now, talking both about autism and animal behavior, which is what she has studied over the years and has become the professor of animal science at Colorado State University.

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That has been quite a few programs with her in on Channel 4.

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With regard to her animal science, and also, but mainly speaking, about her autism, and how it affects her everyday thinking and working, and how she gets around. The difficulty of some of the tasks that she needs to do.

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She's very much into looking at the world there, and equipment that is used in handling livestock.

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And she is responsible for encouraging, slow to houses.

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To lead design. The places in order to keep the animals calmer.

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And to make it less scary, as she has an insight into.

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Looking at the little details that we may not see that are likely to cause problem.

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For cattle and other animals going through.

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And today hold the capital in the United States, or handles in facilities that she has resigned.

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We can't finish this.

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Look at women in stems without coming to more recent times.

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I'm gonna ladies that I would like to look at.

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Oh, Professor Sarah Gilbert requested Catherine Green and Professor Theresa Lam.

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Who are responsible for the good Astrazeneca vaccine, responsible for helping fight.

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COVID-19.

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No, it wouldn't be fair if I didn't mention the men that worked with her well with the team.

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There was an Andrew call out of Peter cool by, and Martin Landry and an adrenaline hill, and the team is 7.

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All work together in developing.

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However, it's late, namely, by Sarah Gilbert.

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Yes, and she's been given a day in her work.

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This is Catherine, green.

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Who was given an Obe.

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Okay, that's the pool.

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Finally, not least, it's he's also given me a we'll have what?

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Okay. Vaccine as well.

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So as you can see.

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There are plenty of women.

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You have been responsible for.

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Remarkable. What in science, in technology, engineering, and mathematics that have supported.

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The world and society, and have changed things for many of us.

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And they need to be thought of and recognized for their work.

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I was shocked at the fact that there were people like Rosalyn Franklin.

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You!

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His work was not recognized, and yet it was her care or imaging all of the.

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Photograph. Well, photographic evidence of the double helix DNA.

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That has brought forward so much in helping the world with finding out.

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We can now find out if you's DNA for forensics, science, or hey parentage.

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And yet!

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She failed to be mentioned. Thank you. Didn't know you at the Nobel Prize and wasn't given.

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Mention, or for her work. There.

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So hopefully, you have found it interesting. Yeah, I mean, it's only the ticket, the iceberg of looking at some very remarkable women well, I'm hoping it will.

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What you're up at night into going out and looking for other women in, and also maybe looking up at you that I have mentioned tonight to find out more about them so thank you for your time, and I hope that there are some questions that you may like to answer I can't guarantee i'll leave

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the answer, but I will do my best, so thank you very much.

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Thanks very much for that. Rebecca. And what amazing women is all I thought to say really, about that!

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And let's have a look at some questions. Let's go up to the top here.

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Everybody. Just send in your questions. That will be great, Andrew.

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I can see you've got your hand up if you want to pop your question into the chat.

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That would be fantastic. Okay, so question from Jenny.

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Are there any theories as to why Susan care of Apple seems to be largely unknown.

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I haven't actually come across any but.

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Well, I feel it is that sort of a hints that she, most probably because she was a woman, was, and it sidelined a little bit compared to the mail people that maybe she didn't have a strong enough voice to to get herself well known.

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But it's interesting to think that I've never seen her really on the she's not been on the stage with him when he used to go on the stage, and things, and never introduced so.

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But I haven't seen any meetings with my own.

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They should be very shy so, but it's just interesting that her work has not been acknowledged. That's I think it should.

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Okay, thank you for that hope that answers your question, Jenny, and from well, Christopher, actually, I'm not sure if this is a question or a comment.

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But it's an interesting one. You talked about the ratio of people in tech, 81% men, 19% women Christopher is talking about.

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You know to what extent do you think that could be a result of women?

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Just not opting to go into that into that industry.

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Perhaps some like some others.

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Yeah, yeah, I think they're. It's a lot of.

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Sense, that maybe women think it might be too hard, or don't see themselves in it anymore.

00:39:02.000 --> 00:39:07.000
I don't know the reason why, you know. Sort of it.

00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:15.000
It seems as though women have moved away from that, and I don't think they have been getting enough.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:16.000
Input from history, showing that women are capable and that they have a right to be there.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:29.000
So I think that most probably a lot of them still feel inferior.

00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:39.000
Their mail counterparts at school in able to be able to cope with it.

00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:46.000
Yeah, okay. Let's solve it. What other questions do we have but quite a few comments.

00:39:46.000 --> 00:39:47.000
Actually, let's have a look at some of these. And from Philip the dishwasher was invented by an American woman, apparently.

00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:54.000
So they need role models to see that actually, yeah.

00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:57.000
I don't know if you know the name, Philip, that would be would be interesting.

00:39:57.000 --> 00:39:58.000
I might have it written here somewhere. I know that it was written by yes, yeah.

00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:08.000
I got it most probably, as I say, she was one that I couldn't put everybody down.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:09.000
But I do have her in my list somewhere. If I find her.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:13.000
I will let you know people the end, otherwise I will put it up.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:16.000
Uhhuh. Okay.

00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:25.000
I will definitely put it up on the thing for you. But yeah, yeah, there is also lady, that invented the dishwasher is quite right.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:26.000
Yes, yeah, we definitely.

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:29.000
We're all very thankful. Yeah, okay.

00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:38.000
And another one from Liz. Actually about the many women that played a huge role in the code breaking at Bletchley Park.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:39.000
So now, of course one, isn't it?

00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:49.000
Yes, yes, yeah, certainly it was such a fast field that I could have gone on who liked about women in these.

00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:50.000
Hmm!

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:51.000
But that's the next one to research.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:52.000
Yeah, is, is that an idea that you have research?

00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:55.000
Ed up until this week on.

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:56.000
Not presently, but it's one of my lists to look at.

00:40:56.000 --> 00:41:03.000
On sort. Yeah.

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:09.000
Okay. And let's select here. Oh, this is interesting. This is from Andrew.

00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:26.000
He's talking about his village heritage group has researched and developed an exhibition currently being shown in libraries in Nottinghamshire.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:27.000
Fantastic!

00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:28.000
And pioneers, of pioneers in science, and for local women scientists who changed our world is helpful for everybody.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:34.000
Put a nice little link into the the chat, so I'll make sure you get that as well.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:35.000
Thank you.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:41.000
And Rebecca. That will be interesting for you to have a look at.

00:41:41.000 --> 00:41:58.000
What else do we have here? And Maria Singh, the Royal Institute's Christmas Lectures, and the lecture in 2022 was with them, Sue Black, which I guess these sorts of things are inspirational for young women as well, to start moving into some of these

00:41:58.000 --> 00:41:59.000
fields.

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:06.000
Yeah, I did watch the some of those lectures, and it was brilliant to have a woman leaving them.

00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:15.000
Yeah, yeah. Let's see what else we have. Alright, let's have a look.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:20.000
And from Joyce. Actually, she is talking about the play. Photograph 51.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:30.000
Don't know if you've heard of that play, and by an Anna Ziegler, and gives apparently gives a fantastic insight into the life of Rosalind Franklin.

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:31.000
Right. That's something to look out for.

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:46.000
Yeah, yeah.

00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:47.000
Yes. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

00:42:47.000 --> 00:42:50.000
He's an interesting one from Bridget. Interesting comment she's talking about the Big Bang theory as in the program. Well, apparently.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:51.000
One episode. That's not program. I've actually watched.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:55.000
Be honest. And one episode covered. Why more women don't go into science subjects at the bottom line was that you have to.

00:42:55.000 --> 00:43:04.000
You have, you have to interest girls and science while they're young.

00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:05.000
Very sensible.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:14.000
Yeah, what's interesting about that program is the only person that was qualified in science was the character he played.

00:43:14.000 --> 00:43:21.000
Amy, and she had actually lectured and done lots of research in universities before she went.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:32.000
She'd been a child actress, she'd gone back to University but all our qualifications in science and biology nice and lecture there and then she went back into acting.

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:37.000
So she was the only one of the tasks that actually knew what she's talking about.

00:43:37.000 --> 00:43:41.000
Right. We've got a couple of names for the dishwasher question.

00:43:41.000 --> 00:43:42.000
Yeah, all right.

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:56.000
And 2 different ones makes it clear. We've got the first dishwasher to get a patent and was invented by Jewel Houghton in 1,850, and then also from Glennis.

00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:59.000
We've got Josephine Cotton.

00:43:59.000 --> 00:44:00.000
Right.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:02.000
So that might be an interesting little bit of research for you.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:07.000
Yeah, yeah, I sure have a look at both of those.

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:15.000
Yeah, I think that's all our questions. Actually, we've got through things very quickly today.

00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:16.000
Yeah, yeah.

00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:27.000
Haven't my people? Yeah. So I think we'll probably start to wrap things up unless anybody's got any late questions that they want to pop in for us.

00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:28.000
That would be great. Now, actually, what I'll do.

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:38.000
And while you're thinking about any other questions you want to ask, I will, and launch our pool.

00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:50.000
Just now. In fact, let me stop. But we won't stop recording yet, just in case we do have any other questions, and let me launch a pool, and there we go.

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:55.000
So if you want to give us your initial thoughts of what you thought about today's lecture, that would be fantastic.

00:44:55.000 --> 00:45:01.000
And what I'll do is, I'll tell you about next week's lecture so we've got very different theme again for you.

00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:02.000
Next week. We have an arts talk for you, and it's going to be marking LGBT.

00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:12.000
History month, which is for the whole month of February.

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:31.000
And so with Tutor Rachel Gorton, we're going to be exploring artists and their work in relation to gender sexuality norms and values and we're going to touch on contemporary artists and actually look more closely at the works and

00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:36.000
identities and working contexts of 2 contrasting historical figures.

00:45:36.000 --> 00:45:55.000
One being Donatello in the fifteenth century, and the other being glute in the nineteenth, and then doing so, and looking at all of that, will explore how the personal identity of an artist can influence how their art is seen and remembered so I think that will be a really interesting

00:45:55.000 --> 00:46:02.000
one, and to Mark LGBT. History month, so I hope you can join us for that one.

00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:15.000
So I think that is probably us for today, unless anyone has any other and late questions that we can tackle let's just have a look in the chat and no, I don't think so.

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:22.000
In fact, actually.

00:46:22.000 --> 00:46:28.000
Right. Here's actually a question from Sue. We'll take this one, and then we'll wrap things up.

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:32.000
And when she was young, and and people did domestic science and schools now called home Economics.

00:46:32.000 --> 00:46:48.000
If it's done at all. Do you think what we call things makes a difference to some of these things?

00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:51.000
And how people see it.

00:46:51.000 --> 00:46:52.000
It says.

00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:57.000
Interesting an interesting thought, yeah.

00:46:57.000 --> 00:47:10.000
I'm not sure, but I think it's more not really knowing the role models that are in it, and I think it's also very difficult for women who take time out of careers.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:24.000
They have families and children. That to get back in technology tends to mean fast and things so I wonder if that has a bearing as well.

00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:33.000
Some people think that they might be looked over, and things have moved forward too quickly. If they do that.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:37.000
So I don't think. But yeah, but interesting question.

00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:40.000
I should have to look at the terminology and make my mind up.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:42.000
Thank you, something to dwell on.

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:43.000
Okay, okay, thanks. Very much. Okay. Well, I think that's us.

00:47:43.000 --> 00:47:56.000
And for today, everybody and I'll leave the poll up on the screen just in case any more of you want to complete that for us.

00:47:56.000 --> 00:47:57.000
And as I say, I think that's it for the evening, and we'll see you next week.

00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:37.000
Okay? So the question mark in the title suggests, there's some debate about whether I water really is in crisis or not, and given all the other crises we're facing at the moment, do we really want to add another one to it but I'm afraid I think we do because like with all the

00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:43.000
other crises, effective policy and investment could go a long way to mitigating some of the impacts.

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Water, usage and conservation is one of those wicked problems, whether complexities are intertwined.

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There's no one solution that will solve a particular issue just about every action.

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Has knock on effects for others. So whether we're looking at devastating floods or corn, shrilled up in the drought, this crisis affects everyone, even if they don't know it.

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Yet in this talk I'm going to explore the topic by looking at the data and the consequences of current policy and actions.

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And then some potential securityutions in people are willing to sit round the table and collaborate.

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And by people I mean governments, Ngos, businesses, and individuals.

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The issues are global. So we need global solutions as well as local ones.

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I'll be looking at a lot of data which can be the off-putting to some.

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So I've tried to select the most accessible graphical representation, which means that sometimes the figures are not the most up to date.

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How is Ryan made sure the data is used? I use is telling the correct narrative.

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Most of the data is sourced from the UN NASA and the Wri.

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And if you want links to specific information, I can put that into the post.

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Select a summary of questions. Okay? So the things that I think are particularly important for us to consider a population and demand climate change, social justice and environment, we just hit the 8 billion population mark and the UN predicts that world population will be close to 10 billion by 2050 a peak at 10.4 billion around 20

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80, but there are other models suggesting the peak will be higher.

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The main impact of rising population is the higher demand for food production.

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Agriculture already accounts for over 70% of global freshwater use.

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Energy production currently accounts for less than 10%. But demand is on track to rise, increasing the demand for water.

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The changing climate change is affecting where and when rain falls, causing droughts in some areas, and flooding in others.

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This is adding to the pressures on food security in many parts of the world, and encouraging abstraction from non renewable water sources, such as the draining of slow replenishing.

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This will add to water stress access to clean water and sanitation is defined as a human right by the O, and it has major implications for health outcomes educational payment and economic productivity.

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Well, there's some progress has been made over the past 20 years.

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The latest report tells us that progress needs to be 4 times faster if drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene targets are to be met by 2,030 at the current rate of progress, there will be 1.6 billion people without safe drinking water in 2,030 compared with 7

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170 million. Today, the added climate challenge of rising sea levels means that, as always, it is the most vulnerable communities that suffer the most.

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Finally, the environment links all of these things together. 35% of all wetlands have been lost since 1970, and they're disappearing 3 times faster than forests.

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Tropical rainforests. A key drivers of our weather systems, and are also being degraded at an alarming rate.

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But the environment holds the key to many of the solutions that will return to at the end of the floor.

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So let's start by thinking about how amazing water is it's the only substance on earth that can exist in solid liquid and gaseous states within the normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures found on Earth it's colorless odorless and tasteless it's

00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:33.000
very unusual, because water achieves its maximum density at 4 degrees C.

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So ice floats on. It's liquid. It is a greenhouse gas which helps keep us warm, but doesn't stay in the atmosphere to accelerate climate change and plants combine it with carbon dioxide to give us everything we need.

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The early astronauts coined the phone, the the planet 71% of the Earth's service is covered by ocean and the oceans hold over 97% of the total water.

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This attractive diagram uses rounded up figures so only about 2 and a half percent of all water is fresh.

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That is not salty. More than half of that is locked up in the ice caps and glaciers.

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A big chunk of the rest of the freshwater is in the underground system of lakes, rivers, and aquifers.

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This is partially accessible through boreholes, and is an important source of water in many arid countries.

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The problem with this is that while some replenish annually with the rain, others have taken millennia to fill, and once gone, they are gone.

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So we have less than 1% of the freshwater as liquid at the surface of the earth.

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Most of this is accessible from lakes. If you happen to live there one, the rest is spread through soil.

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Living. Things. The atmosphere, and a tiny 1% in the rivers.

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The water in the rivers is almost exclusively what we use for irrigation.

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Domestic and industrial use, we might collect it in reservoirs to make distribution easier, but by and large this is our resource.

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So what are the consequences? I'm not looking after the water we have one example is the Aral Sea, which was once the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world.

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In the 19 sixtys the Soviet Union started a major water diversion project on the arid plains of Kazakhstan.

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Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.

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To transform the desert into farms for cotton and other pots.

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This rack was once a fishing boat at the thriving fishing harbour.

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It's now more than 20 miles away from any water.

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This is what the arlc looks like in 2,000.

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This roughly drawn green line. See hopefully, is approximately the shoreline in 1,960, before the 2 rivers were diverted.

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So you can see how massive it was although irrigation made the desert bloom.

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It devastated the Aral Sea. This last picture.

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Shows the extent of the lake in 38 Howazakhstan built it down up here that's protected to a certain extent.

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The North Aral Sea. But for large part of the year this eastern lobe of the southern lake is completely dry.

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Go back to some of the data depending on the source you.

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These because we'll vary a little. But the general picture is the same in the Uk.

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We each use about 142 litres of water a day it's worth noting that in water stressed areas such as E.

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Ethiopia. Many people survive on as little as 15 litres a day, although the UN.

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Recommends a minimum of 20 to ensure adequate access to drinking water and sanitation.

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Domestic use includes drinking, cleaning, personal hygiene, gardening, cooking, laundry, and all that sort of thing, unmunicipal use includes the local infrastructure that has been built to deliver water for towns and industries plus the wall to required for power generation

00:08:07.000 --> 00:08:12.000
together, these add up to 16% of the total grow globally.

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You'll see there's a very broad range for industrial production, because it depends on the process and where it's taking place, water is essential to industry as a raw material, a coolant, a solvent, and a transport agent paper products chemicals and primary metals are particularly

00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:40.000
big consumers of water, and in industrialized countries this can account for twice as much as the domestic use but overall, it's currently about 12% of the global title.

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Although this is expected to grow as India and China continue to industrialize.

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Agriculture uses the most water, and you can see that rice is very water hungry, which is okay if, being grown in natural flood, but not so good if using abstracted water, any kind of meat, the high consumer, and although some crops, such as avocado don't need

00:09:04.000 --> 00:09:05.000
more water than other tropical foods, like bananas.

00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:06.000
They're often grown in more arid places, such as chilling and increasingly in the Mediterranean.

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Where they do need substantial irrigation. So it very much depends what you're growing and where you're growing.

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It the other thing to consider when looking at data like this is what is called virtual water, we may think 140 liters a day isn't too bad, but everything you use or consume that's been made elsewhere in the world has used their water you have to think about how

00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:40.000
replenishable, that is, global supply chains mean that is estimated.

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:48.000
The average Uk person consumes 3,000 litres a day the virtual water and the products that we import.

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Whether that's a mobile phone or a rice.

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Compare that with the 140 liters of actual water that comes out of the tab.

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This map shows the freshwater withdrawal from 2017.

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You can see that the Us. China and India are the big users.

00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:14.000
When you take population into account, the Us. And wealthy parts of the Middle East are the main consumers.

00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:19.000
However, we know that India and China will continue to develop and they're per capita.

00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:25.000
Per capita use will continue to increase over the next 20 years.

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By 2040. It's predicted that all of the countries showing red on this map will be experiencing severe water stress.

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This is defined as consuming more water than they have available from replenishing rainfall.

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1.7 billion people currently live in water stressed areas.

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And this is expected to jump to 2.3 billion. You can see that parts of Europe, the Us.

00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:55.000
All of Asia, Australia, and North and South Africa are going to be in trouble.

00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:02.000
So solutions will have to be found.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:06.000
So let's look at what this means in practice.

00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:11.000
Because large parts of the globe are already experiencing water stress.

00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:12.000
Desertification is a type of land degradation which occurs when dry lands become arid.

00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:31.000
Or desert light doesn't necessarily mean that these water scarce regions will transform into desert climates, only that their lands productivity is lost, and the surface and groundwater resources diminish.

00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:38.000
Recent UN. Report found that 65% of land in Africa is already degraded, and desertification is spreading.

00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:45.000
This is equally true in parts of South America, Australia, and Southeast Asia, according to the UN.

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Convention to combat this certification. The lives of 250 million people have already affected, and as many as 135 million may be displaced as a result, by 2045.

00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:07.000
If we don't take action to address some of these issues, there will almost certainly be more famine in conflict.

00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:13.000
So we've had a look at the growing demand and the effect that has on equitable distribution of water resources.

00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:18.000
Now let's turn to the climate, and the effect that will have on supply.

00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:26.000
They say climate is what you expect, and whether it's what you get, and the good thing about weather is that people love to talk about it.

00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:35.000
However, there's an increasing disconnect between what we expect and what we get, because the climate is changing and weather is much less predictable.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:36.000
When people talk about climate change, affecting agricultural output.

00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:50.000
Sea level rise, wildfires or extreme weather, they're all essentially talking about water population and demand would be making things difficult enough.

00:12:50.000 --> 00:13:02.000
The climate change and poverty are inextricably linked in a warmer world, extreme poverty will be harder to beat the incomes of the poorest will shrink, education will fall further out of reach.

00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:09.000
The poor families. Disease will increase and investment in safe water and sanitation will get harder.

00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:19.000
So the effect on water quality and supply is one of the most obvious impacts of climate change.

00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:32.000
So let's start with the oceans. Oceans absorb about a third of carbon dioxide emissions, limiting how much remains in the atmosphere and slowing the rate of global warming.

00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:38.000
How is the earth is still getting hotter? And this map shows how that is affecting the oceans.

00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:45.000
I should temperatures drive atmospheric circulation patterns as well as the major ocean currents.

00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:53.000
I, heat content, which describes the amount of heat stored in the upper levels of the ocean, was a record high in 2,021, surpassing the previous record.

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High, setting, 2020. You can see that the areas are deepest red which marked the warmest temperatures ever recorded are spread right around the oceans.

00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:11.000
This will change weather patterns and make rainfall less pretty predictable all over the world.

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:20.000
The warmer temperatures and increasing acidity from the dissolved carbon dioxide are also transing food chains from the bottom up.

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:29.000
Many fish are moving towards the poles in search of cooler waters, which has implications for the fishing industry, and coastal communities.

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:35.000
This slightly cooler area here, which is more like the average temperatures.

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:41.000
Is due to the current which began in 2020, and is still going in.

00:14:41.000 --> 00:15:00.000
La Nina years, the strongest impact on either side Pacific Ocean with floods in Northern Australia, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia, and drought in the American Southwest, and my son's in New Zealand at the moment and flew into Auckland last week to amazing Torrential

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:18.000
rain. This is part of the naturally occurring El Nino La Nina, Southern oscillation, which is a bit like an irregular pendulum, affecting different parts of the globe, El Nino can last several months and typically happens every 7 years or so it tends to send rain to the

00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:25.000
South American Desert, while stalling and drying up the monsoons in Indonesia and India.

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:26.000
This is a complex area of meteorology, and not fully understood.

00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:45.000
But scientific progress with modelling has improved prediction, giving some opportunity to prepare for the associated hazards that the heavy rains, flood and drought ring.

00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:53.000
Surface, ocean currents a movements of water created largely by winds, but also by temperature and salt.

00:15:53.000 --> 00:16:02.000
Concentration major systems, typically flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:12.000
They act like a convey about transporting warm water from the equator towards the poles, and cold water from the poles back to the tropics.

00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:20.000
The Gulf Stream, which you can see up here.

00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:35.000
It's one example of the currents. The scientific consensus derived from modeling is that there will be a significant weakening of the Gulf Stream by the end of this century, and this could have a significant effect on our local weather systems.

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:57.000
The ocean comments help regulate global climate by moving heat around the earth, limiting the effects of direct solar radiation which would otherwise make much less land habitable.

00:16:57.000 --> 00:17:16.000
However, the Arctic is warming 2 and a half times faster than the global average, and as a result, the temperature gradient between the tropics and the poles is getting smaller, and this disrupts the movement of water both at the surface and in the deep water the second type of ocean current circulates water through the deep

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:21.000
oceans in a process known as thermal haline circulation.

00:17:21.000 --> 00:17:43.000
You can see that from this picture that it comes into the surface, since down to the deep water, and circulates round deep in the ocean, driven by differences in the water's density, which is controlled by the temperature and the salinity, yes, polar regions, the ocean water, gets very cold

00:17:43.000 --> 00:17:48.000
forming sea ice, because ice is pull water, I mean pure water.

00:17:48.000 --> 00:17:56.000
It means that surrounding sea water gets saltier is the sea. Water gets saltier, it's density increases, and it starts to sink surface.

00:17:56.000 --> 00:18:04.000
Water is pulled in to replace sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold enough to freeze.

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:18.000
The cold water travels through the deep ocean, eventually returning to the surface in the Pacific, in a process known as upwelling.

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:24.000
As I said, all of this leads to unpredictability and more extremes of local weather.

00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:38.000
I know A is the American ocean and atmospheric administration, and they collate a lot of this data warm air holds more moisture than cool air driving evacuation from the oceans, late soils, and plants.

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:54.000
This leaves dry conditions behind which affects more size and agriculture it always results in heavier rain and snow storms, because when that moisture laden air cools in the atmosphere, there's a lot more to fall to the ground these trends are already observable but not

00:18:54.000 --> 00:19:03.000
fully predictable. This diagram shows some of the more extreme storms and heat waves in 2,021 you can see all right.

00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:24.000
That were extreme heat waves up in the northwest of America and Western Canada, with the associated droughts and disastrous wildflowers there were also more devastating hurricanes in the Atlantic grace, and died of being particularly devastating ones and although there were

00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:29.000
fewer cyclones and typhoons over in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific.

00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:41.000
Those that did fall, such as Takay and Ray were among the most violent on record.

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:50.000
So that's C temperature. What about sea level? Strange in sea level is linked to 3 primary factors.

00:19:50.000 --> 00:20:11.000
Firstly, thermal expansion. When water heats up it expands about half of the sea level, rise over the past 25 years is aributed to warmer water, simply taking up more space, secondly, melting glaciers large ice formation, such as mountain glaciers naturally melt

00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:19.000
a little each summer in the way snow mostly from evaporated sea water, is generally sufficient to balance out the melting.

00:20:19.000 --> 00:20:31.000
Recently, though the system higher temperatures have LED to greater than average summer melting and reduced snowfall in winter, resulting in an imbalance between runoffs and evaporation.

00:20:31.000 --> 00:20:35.000
The third reason is that loss of polar ice sheets.

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:42.000
Hi, air and sea temperatures are causing the massive ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt more quickly.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:47.000
Average sea levels have increased by 23 cm since 1,880 currently sea levels rising.

00:20:47.000 --> 00:20:56.000
At 3.2 a year. But new research suggests a further 25 centimetres by 2050.

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:01.000
So more in the next 30 years than in the whole of the last century.

00:21:01.000 --> 00:21:17.000
We can look at that in a bit more detail.

00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:26.000
So this is the latest data from the Greenland I sheet, which is suggesting that it, reaching a dangerous tipping point because it's not just that the glasses are melting.

00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:36.000
They're moving more quickly towards the sea, because warmer sea water seeping underneath the ice and lubricating it.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:42.000
The Greenland ice sheet is a huge inland glacier which covers 80% of the land.

00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:50.000
Yeah, the average eye thickness is 1,600 meters, with the highest summit reaching 3,200 metres above sea level.

00:21:50.000 --> 00:22:04.000
That's like having an Alpine mountain may device it has a volume of about 3 million cubic kilometers I'm a near balance in the early 19 nineties, it's estimated 100 billion tons were lost every year.

00:22:04.000 --> 00:22:08.000
To 2,000, and, as you can see from the graph, the rate since then is more than doubled to over 200.

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:24.000
Igatons a year in September last year, vast areas of the Greenland ice sheet melted with a late season, warm spell that was 15°C above average, a longer melt.

00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:29.000
Season delays surface snow accumulation, which means the snow, can melt away more quickly in spring, exposing large areas of comparatively dark.

00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:42.000
Bear, ice compared with bright new snow, these darker surfaces absorb more social energy, which amplifies, melts during the optics.

00:22:42.000 --> 00:22:47.000
Long, sunlit days, so you can see with the positive feedback effects.

00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:53.000
Why, there's acceleration of the melting and concern about what's going to happen.

00:22:53.000 --> 00:23:11.000
The 25 cm rise, locked in by 2050, constitutes just 3.3% of the Greenland Ice shee but if melting continues to accelerate and the tipping point is reached when the whole sheet melts, it would result in 7 meters of sea level rise this would wipe out many

00:23:11.000 --> 00:23:13.000
big cities. It's unlikely in this century, but by no means impossible.

00:23:13.000 --> 00:23:21.000
In the future, and everything is happening so much quicker than was predicted.

00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:29.000
Even 10 years ago.

00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:37.000
The Antarctic is also undergoing accelerated melting, losing 6 times as much ice as it was 4 decades ago.

00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:46.000
The difference compared with Greenland is that here most of the ice that is melting is already floating on sea water, so it has less impact on the sea level.

00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:47.000
A nice shelf is formed from ice that has accumulated over many thousands of years.

00:23:47.000 --> 00:24:00.000
Slowly flowing in glaciers towards the coast, and then out onto the ocean, where it floats in a layer that can be several 100 meters thick.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:21.000
This contrast with the sea ice, which is born from freezing water, and is rarely more than a few meters thick. So, although Antarctica has got a large landmass, is also covered in ice, a lot of its size is also already floating.

00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:31.000
This is the most recent view of what was the last, and ice shelf complex in Western Antarctica, 1999.

00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:38.000
The northernmost section, called Larsen, a lost about 1,500 square kilometres in 2,002.

00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:46.000
The Larson beat on shelf, spin and collapsed, losing 3,000 square kilometers in 2,017.

00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:57.000
The last and sea ice shell developed a rif, and an iceberg named a 68, with a volume twice that of Lake Erie, and more than 3 times the area of Greater London broke away.

00:24:57.000 --> 00:25:02.000
The last year another great chunk of the last and the ice shelf broke away.

00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:09.000
These 2 satellite images of the same area, taken 10 days apart, show the massive rupture and loss of ice.

00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:25.000
It's also starkly shows the change in color, which means solar reflection from the white ice is loss, and the ocean will absorb even more heat eventually, as this carving continues, the ice shelf will not be able to walk for much resistance to the grounded ice in land and that

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.000
will allow the inland glaciers to accelerate towards the ocean.

00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:46.000
This will then contribute hugely to sea level rise, because the Antarct is so much bigger than Greenland until relatively recently it was saw East Antarctica was much more stable, but recent research has shown that the Denmark itself is melting at a rate of over 71 billion Tons a

00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:53.000
year, because of ingressive water underneath it, similar to what's happening in Greenland.

00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:07.000
The Denman Ice shelf sits on top of the deepest land canyon on Earth, and holds a volume of ice equivalent to 1.5 meters of sea level rise.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:25.000
So let's think about the consequences of rising ste levels when sea levels rise rapidly, there are devastating effects on coastal habitats with destructive erosion, wetland flooding aquifer and agricultural soil contamination and lost habitat but fish birds and

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:38.000
plants in places like Bangladesh. Flooding is forcing migration to higher ground and higher coastal water levels threaten essential communications and infrastructure, such as Internet and electricity.

00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:47.000
A World Bank report has identified the Marshall Islands as one of the first nations whose existence will be threatened by rising sea levels.

00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:52.000
Many coastal cities are already in introducing adaptations such as higher sea walls and mangrove.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:27:01.000
Our cases to try and cope with the long-term prospects.

00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:06.000
The other consequence of rising sea level is the availability of fresh water.

00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:13.000
The mixing of freshwater streams and rivers with salty ocean tides. Still some of the most productive ecosystems on earth.

00:27:13.000 --> 00:27:31.000
Estras have a natural ebb, and flow with the incoming time, forming a saltwater front as well as this, saltwater wedge moving upstream with the sea level, the reduced downstream flow from the rivers caused by drought can't hold back the salt bridge so

00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:38.000
well, this means it becomes more diffuse, and affects more land estuaries have always been a focal point for human habitation.

00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:44.000
But centuries of over development and industrial contamination have resulted in significant environmental degradation.

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:50.000
In many places.

00:27:50.000 --> 00:28:02.000
For example, until now, the tiger waters of the Delaware, with the Restory have been well away from the intakes that supply drinking water to millions of people in Philadelphia and Southern New Jersey.

00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:11.000
It is normal. Range. The saltf is 40 miles downstream, and any threat to the region's water supply has seemed distant.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:29.000
But the combination of sea level rise, and the expectation of reduced downstream flow as a result of climate change, related droughts has raised fears that the region's biggest source of drinking water could become contaminated with sea water planners are already looking at how they can release more water from

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:45.000
upstream, reservoirs to sustain the downstream pressure on the salt bun and other possible options include building desalination plants, adding storage to new or existing reservoirs, curbing water consumption by industrial users such as nuclear

00:28:45.000 --> 00:29:05.000
power plants, or even as a very expensive last resort, moving the drinking water, intakes further upstream, concerned about the Delaware River salt front is mirrored in other coastal areas, such as the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina where an advancing Salt from front is

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:10.000
threatening drinking water intakes as well as the freshwater wetlands in Florida.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:20.000
The canals that drain water from the interior are no longer working properly, because the gradient between the interior and the ocean is being reduced by the rising sea level.

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:26.000
These problems are replicated around the world in places with far fewer resources than the Us.

00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:36.000
For example, in Mumbai, 18 million people live on Barrier Islands and reclaimed marshes and low-lying Shanghai is also threatened by rising seas.

00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:43.000
In the coastal deltas of Vietnam and Bangladesh, drinking water for some 25 million people is vulnerable to salt water.

00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:51.000
Intrusion, mostly from storm surges that will be exacerbated by sea level rise.

00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:57.000
Well spoken to us about the oceans. But what about the land?

00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:06.000
The other 30% of the earth's surface Boris cover about a third of the land surface, and one of the main drivers of the global water cycle.

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:11.000
Please, pump out water from their leaves as part of the process of transpiration.

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:29.000
This makes clouds which create the weather. Boris Kavia from the tiger in the north, through deciduous forests in temperate regions to the tropical rainforests of the equator, all are important that the tropical rainforests are by far the biggest impact.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:35.000
Please help turn down the thermometer because they cool the air through evaporation.

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:44.000
Recently research and new techniques in photography have shown the magnificence of the rivers in the sky which transport the water, release from trees in forests.

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:58.000
These are relatively long, narrow reions that transport most of the water Vac from the tropics, as you can see from these satellite images a single tree can emit a 1,000 litres of water into the atmosphere each day along with the water.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:07.000
They emit tiny particles which act as nucleating agents, causing the water to condense and produce their own cloud system together.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:11.000
The full 100 billion trees in the Amazon rainforest create a river in the sky that is even bigger than the Amazon River.

00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:21.000
Itself. If we drop trees down, then rain falls in different places, causing floods and droughts.

00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:23.000
You probably familiar with the carbon sync function of Boris, which can slow climate change by reducing the rate at which Co.

00:31:23.000 --> 00:31:45.000
2 builds up in the atmosphere, that healthy forests provide a host of other benefits from clean water to habitat, for plants and animals that can live nowhere else.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:32:07.000
Deforestation has global and local climate impacts. A recent report from the intergovernmental Panel on Climate change explains how forests affect local, regional and global climates through multiple pathways, deforestation can contribute to warming by changing how much sunlight is reflected reducing

00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:25.000
the evacuation which cools the air, affecting the release of Aerosols and biogenic, volatile organic compounds which can affect the cloud formation and changing the roughness of earth's surface, which can affect the wind speed launching tack for it along the coast of continents create low

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:31.000
pressure weather, systems, generating rain and prevailing winds that carry moist air from the oceans.

00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:47.000
Deep into the interior of continents, Boris have more leaf surface, and deeper boots and grasslands, or crop lands, and less cycle, more water modeling studies show that large-scale deforestation in any of the 3 major tropical forest zones will leave

00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:53.000
climates in those areas, warmer and drier.

00:32:53.000 --> 00:32:59.000
Well. Models differ in the precise location and scale of impacts of tropical deforestation.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:09.000
The changes in rainfall, combined with warmer temperatures pose a substantial risk to agriculture in the breadbaskets around the world, including the Us.

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:14.000
India and China, always themselves, are also affected by climate change.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:31.000
The Ipcc report describes how the health and functioning of individual trees and various forest ecosystems are affected by the increased frequency severity, and duration of extreme weather events, such as heat, waves, droughts, and floods, forests are also vulnerable to

00:33:31.000 --> 00:33:36.000
new pests and diseases, whose ranges are expanding in warmer temperatures.

00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:55.000
But most significant impact of climate change or Boris is the increased vulnerability to fire due to the longer fire seasons, smoke and haze from forest and peak fires, disrupt rain, all patterns by scattering sunlight, slowing the uplift of water vapor into the

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.000
atmosphere and altering atmospheric circulations. Hi!

00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:00.000
Res are also a significant source of global emissions, especially when they take place in carbon.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:13.000
Rich tropical forests, such as those in Indonesia and Brazil.

00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:21.000
So how do we put a value on fresh water? Is it a human right public good, or an economic commodity?

00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:26.000
All life requires water and it's a finite resource that has no substitute.

00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:31.000
It seems absurd that water is not prioritized for its environmental value.

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:36.000
Indeed, around the world we've commodified water so that it is the subject of profit.

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:39.000
We incentivize pollution rather than conservation.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:52.000
If society placed a higher value on water, we could expect improved efficiency and reuse, instead of waste of pollution, and we fixed water shortages by turning off the tap when we flew aty.

00:34:52.000 --> 00:35:01.000
Probably not, although we should all try to minimize our use, however, whilst it might help in a local drought, it won't solve the problems.

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:10.000
As I said at the beginning, the water crisis is a global problem which does not respect borders or government to have a hope of achieving equitable distribution and effective sanitation.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:22.000
We need collaborative solutions that focus on the environment and apply nature based solutions to clean our water and secure the supply.

00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:29.000
I haven't spoken about wetlands yet as part of the water crisis, because I've saved them as an important solution.

00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:47.000
Wetlands are vital for human survival and critical to water security they're among the world's most productive environments with indispensable ecosystem services ranging from fresh water supply food and building materials to buy a diversity blood control and climate change

00:35:47.000 --> 00:36:05.000
mitigation. It's true that wetland area and quality still continues to decline in most regions of the world, however, ecosystem approaches can bring health benefits to all, particularly when tackling diseases such as infant diarrhea and the control of emergent

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:20.000
soeronautics, diseases which transfer from vertebrates to humans urban planning that incorporates wetlands, delivers better health and well-being for city residents, undisturbed peatlands, and coastal ecosystems such as salt

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:32.000
marshes, mangroves, and sea grass beds. A powerful carbon sinks, although they can also be sources of greenhouse gases if degraded by agricultural factors.

00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:45.000
A recent study from Cambridge University used observations from more than a 1 million satellite images of tidal wetlands around the world, taken between 1,999 and 2,019.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:52.000
They found that a total of 13,700 square kilometers of tidal wetlands were lost in this period.

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:59.000
Lastly, as a result of human activity, including aquaculture, agriculture, and urban expansion.

00:36:59.000 --> 00:37:13.000
However, during the same time period both human-LED and natural restoration LED to the creation of 9,700 square kilometers of new tidal wetlands, offsetting 71% of the loss.

00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:22.000
Of the 3 ecosystems looked at. Tidal flats, tidal marshes, and mangroves, swamps, the mangroves fad worse, losing twice as much as they gain.

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:40.000
However, this research shows that there are rapid natural changes taking place in the world's coastal areas, and that there is much value in Wetland Restoration project wetlands need to be part of delivering climate solutions with actions included in government climate plans through their nationally

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:42.000
determined contributions, as well as in their national adaptation and disaster, risk.

00:37:42.000 --> 00:37:49.000
Reduction plans. Slow progress has been made on sustainable Development Goals, particularly goal 6 for clean water, sanitation.

00:37:49.000 --> 00:38:13.000
So new approaches are needed. The emerging post 2020 global biodiversity framework offers hope for collective actions towards sustainable development biodiversity and climate change with protection of human rights, including gender rights as a prerequisite of wetland

00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:25.000
conservation, the Convention on Wetlands is that intergovernmental prey that provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:32.000
It's often referred to as the Ramsar Convention, because it was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:41.000
Coming into force in 1975. And so supported by 90% of UN States.

00:38:41.000 --> 00:38:44.000
The Convention uses a broad definition of wetlands.

00:38:44.000 --> 00:39:01.000
It includes all lakes and rivers underground aquifers, swamps, and marshes, wet grasslands, peat lands, oases, estuaries, deltas, and tidal flats, mangroves, and other coastal areas, coral reefs and all

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:06.000
human-made sites, such as fish, bonds, rice, paddies, reservoirs, and salt pants.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:09.000
If it's wet, it's eligible.

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:15.000
There are currently over 2,400 designated Ramsar sites around the world.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:26.000
Hey? They achieved their designation by meeting specific criteria, that they are of international importance and maintaining representative rare all unique wetland types.

00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:31.000
The largest is Rio Negro in Brazil, at 120,000 square kilometres.

00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:34.000
Whilst others are the smallest upon heck. There!

00:39:34.000 --> 00:39:53.000
Uk, interestingly, has the most sites at 175 and Bolivia has the largest area with a total of 148,000 square kilometers under protection from the convention recognition of the scale of the environmental crisis is bringing new partners into wetland

00:39:53.000 --> 00:40:04.000
Conservation and management. COVID-19. Pandemic change the way we think about health and the environment with more recognition of the importance of nature for health.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:12.000
Wetlands are critical to delivering on global commitments relating to biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:24.000
These nature based solutions include multiple roles for wetlands and can help us move beyond a narrow focus on human-built infrastructure.

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:31.000
Forests also provide important nature, based solutions to the water crisis as well as being integral to limiting global warming.

00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:44.000
The Ipcc urges governments to support forest, rich countries, in reducing deforestation and forest degradation through financing which supports investment in sustainable land, use.

00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:53.000
This means saving what is already pristine, and using indigenous knowledge and practices as important contributions to climate resilience.

00:40:53.000 --> 00:40:54.000
The Global Witness Report found that in 2,018 3 activists were killed.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:13.000
Every week, defending their land from invasion by industrious like mining, logging, and agribusiness, conservation, restoration, and improved management of tropical forests, mangroves, and Peatlands could provide nearly two-thirds of the cost-effective

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:24.000
midgetation potential. It would improve agricultural productivity, reduce food waste and build climate resilience by regenerating land with the correct species.

00:41:24.000 --> 00:41:32.000
Bamboo can provide a significant contribution to combating climate change in the developing world, particularly in rural communities.

00:41:32.000 --> 00:41:40.000
It's useful for restoring degraded lands because it thrives on problem soils and steep slopes that are unsuitable for other crops.

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:48.000
It's an effective wind break, and it's rise zones and roots regulate water, flow and prevent erosion because it grows so quickly and can be used for so many things.

00:41:48.000 --> 00:41:57.000
It gives farmers the flexibility to adapt and change whilst generating a year-round income.

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:02.000
There's no doubt that technology and investment can support these nature-based solutions.

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:08.000
Competition over water is likely to increase, so good water. Governance will be critical sharing water.

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:15.000
Is an efficient way to increase resilience by managing whole catchments together.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:31.000
Countries who share a river, lake, or groundwater aquifer are much better prepared for the increasingly erratic rainfall patterns and droughts and floods that are expected all governments are signed up to the Paris agreement have an obligation to develop plans that will

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:41.000
help them, reach pilot targets. These plans need to encompass the whole breadth of rural and there's a lot of new technology out there.

00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:51.000
For example, designs for simple filtration systems using reverse osmosis could be used in those areas with limited access between drinking water.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:43:00.000
Singapore is internationally recognized as a model city for integrated water management and a leading center for expertise.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:05.000
In 2,001. They're public utilities agency took charge of the drainage systems.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:10.000
This has resulted in a more integrated approach, which relies on 3 mantras, collect every drop.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:15.000
We use water endlessly and desalinate sea water.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:24.000
It's first production plant for recycled water opened in 2,002 and currently provides 30% of the city's water supply.

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:34.000
There are now smart sensors that can find leaks in infrastructure pipes much more quickly although it has to be accepted that there will always be leads.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:39.000
Even Singapore still has 7% leaking, which is good compared to our 11%.

00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:43.000
That shows the need for other measures of conservation and recirculation.

00:43:43.000 --> 00:43:48.000
New farming practice will undoubtedly be needed if we're to feed the growing population.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:55.000
And this is likely to include sustainable agriculture and new fermentation processes.

00:43:55.000 --> 00:44:14.000
However, it goes without saying that all of these new technologies, including those designed to intensify food production, need to be sustainable in themselves and not add to further climate change through high use of non renewable energy and more pollution.

00:44:14.000 --> 00:44:24.000
Finally, here are a few things we can all do, educate ourselves, and share that knowledge with others, use water responsibly and minimally.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:39.000
Think about what we're buying and the impact that he says had on global water resources get involved, whether through campaigning, local rewilding projects or financial support for water charities lobby, those with power and hold them to account.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:45.000
Nobody owns a water molecule. It's a free spirit that roams the globe from sea to atmosphere.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:51.000
To like to tack, water belongs to all of us, and we need to look after it.

00:44:51.000 --> 00:44:59.000
Thank you.

00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:00.000
Alright!

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:03.000
Thank you very much. Perl, wow! Lot, a lot of information there to hope everybody enjoyed that.

00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:07.000
And some really useful suggestions there at the end. For us all to take away.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:11.000
No, let's let's have a look at questions.

00:45:11.000 --> 00:45:12.000
I think you've stunned everybody into a little bit.

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:19.000
Silence actually Perl, but I do have one question. No, this is from Andrew.

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:25.000
No, he's saying he's worked in water, resource management in south and Southeast Asia for the last 40 years.

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:26.000
Hmm!

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:39.000
Currently in the Bay of Bengal, and he is saying, unlike climate change, which requires integrated global action, he thinks that the mitigation of the water crisis has to involve specific regional action.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:51.000
So. And here's a big question, how can we ensure that a revived Uk department for international development makes a real and effective contribution to achieving this tools?

00:45:51.000 --> 00:46:02.000
Well, I think I mean, that's a big question, and I wouldn't profess to be any kind of expert in water management, you know, around the world.

00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:15.000
But I mean I think you're right. I mean, it's kind of that whole thing around the sort of the global UN driven push to actually make people put things in their plans.

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:38.000
I mean local. I think the emphasis on input from local people and using their skills and knowledge to protect land has to be a major part of of any you know, sort of local attempts to solve the problems as far as the you know, the Uk's international development.

00:46:38.000 --> 00:46:51.000
I mean, you know we all know that under the Government Government that that funding is reducing, unless it has some kind of of payback for us.

00:46:51.000 --> 00:46:58.000
So I mean that you're back to lobbying, and you know, sort of voted maybe, aren't you?

00:46:58.000 --> 00:46:59.000
You know we have to have to raise those things and you know we just had the government this week.

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:09.000
So talking about you know, a lot of rhetoric comes out of the government about.

00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:16.000
You know what they're going to do, and how they're going to make it all much better, but very little in the way of plans, and I think that that is not just a problem in this country.

00:47:16.000 --> 00:47:25.000
It is a general problem that you know that often is a lot of rhetoric.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:46.000
But getting delivery plans is more difficult, but I think that the thing about water is that you know so many massive populations are under threat, you know, from the the salt water getting into the drink drinking water, and you know it almost sort of shifts that we could almost do with stopping.

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:47.000
Talking about global warming and the world getting warmer, which a lot of people think.

00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:56.000
That's all right, you know. I don't mind if it gets a bit warmer once you start telling them they're not going to have fresh drinking water.

00:47:56.000 --> 00:48:10.000
Then it. I think it's a more powerful argument almost, and I think you know, you just look at what's happening in the Uk with the sort of the move towards trying to manage catchment areas.

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:16.000
If you look at like the the wide valley with all the problems, with pollution, from Chicken ponds, and that, you know, people are genuinely coming together to try and solve those problems.

00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:26.000
And I think that is true the world over, that it needs to be local people getting involved in those things.

00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:32.000
But also driving their governments to put actions in their plan.

00:48:32.000 --> 00:48:35.000
Okay, thank you. Right, we've got some more questions for you.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:46.000
This would say that she's talking about in a way to decrease water usage globally is by eating less animal products, especially meats.

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:54.000
I don't know if you have any thoughts on that.

00:48:54.000 --> 00:48:55.000
Hmm, yeah.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:49:05.000
Yeah. Well, it was on the sort of you know, on one of the things on that list that I and there's no doubt that just on every measure we need to be eating less meat, but you know you're sort of all of the water that is going into the crops that then

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:12.000
feeds the animals, is lost. You know so very little if that kind of comes to you so undoubtedly reducing meat.

00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:30.000
Consumption is is a big thing. But also, I say, you know, sort of new ways of farming and sustainable farming, you know, sort of looking at some of like the projects they've got in the Netherlands, where they're using vertical growing that's driven by solar panel and

00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:39.000
all of the water is recycled within that you can get down to sort of low water usage to to produce food. And then that's what we need to be doing.

00:49:39.000 --> 00:49:49.000
Hmm, okay from Liz. I don't know if you could maybe talk a little bit about the importance of aquifers and the replenishment.

00:49:49.000 --> 00:49:53.000
Yeah. Well, it's I mean, it's a big concern, you know, even in this country.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:00.000
But definitely, when you look at the United States, and you know, sort of Vegas is completely dependent on water.

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:11.000
That it is, has been drawing out of the ground for the last 50 years, and of course you know that water took millennia to get there, and you know some aquifers.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:18.000
The yeah sort of that in areas where you get a plenty of rainfall.

00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:37.000
Get replenished. But if you're drawing water from aquifers that are in the desert, which by their very nature don't get a lot of rainwater, you know, they wake them up so once you've used it you've used it it's no good thinking that because keep drawing on it because you know, again, places like vegas

00:50:37.000 --> 00:50:41.000
will just disappear, aren't they? They'll just return to the desert.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:42.000
It's interesting.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:50.000
Yeah, it's okay. And this is a little message for Robert and about references to the data.

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:55.000
What we can do. Peril is provide a supporting document that has a list of all the data sources that you've used.

00:50:55.000 --> 00:50:56.000
Yes, I can do that.

00:50:56.000 --> 00:50:59.000
So that people can have a little look and and delve into them a little bit.

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:03.000
That would be good so we'll do that, Robert, and post that upside the recording in due course.

00:51:03.000 --> 00:51:04.000
Yes.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:51:16.000
Now, what else do we have question from Jane. It seems to her as an unexpected that there's a lot of places where housing is being built on flood plains.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:24.000
Apart from those houses flooding obviously, what other effects does that have in terms of the water?

00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:34.000
Well, obviously, you're increasing the abstraction. So the the general water supply, and and then the water treatment that goes with it.

00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:39.000
So a lot of the problems around sewage out, for you know, is from lack of capacity.

00:51:39.000 --> 00:51:42.000
Within the infrastructure. So things like that aren't necessarily unsolvable.

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:55.000
But you know they need a lot of money to actually sort of build, not just to say, Oh, well, we just keep putting more into what we've got, you know.

00:51:55.000 --> 00:52:03.000
It's a sort of. But then you look at like Delaware, where they seriously thinking about whether they would need to move their drinking water supplies.

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:17.000
They, you know. I mean that. Just imagine the difficulty of doing some of that, and I think one of the problems they, you know, the planners don't want to tackle the difficult options. So they think.

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:20.000
Oh, well, it will! It will be good enough. We'll manage.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:28.000
We can. Yeah, pump away the floods and manage with the infrastructure. We've got.

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:38.000
I mean, there just doesn't need to be a massive investment in the infrastructure of both water supply and water treatment.

00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:43.000
But you know I mean building houses on plains has always been been an issue.

00:52:43.000 --> 00:52:44.000
Yeah.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:46.000
I don't. Well, I don't have the data.

00:52:46.000 --> 00:52:50.000
I haven't looked at the data to know whether that problem is getting worse or worse or not.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:53:01.000
But increasing, and I saw, too, density. It's more about the supply and dealing with with the I think.

00:53:01.000 --> 00:53:06.000
Okay. I hope that answers your question. Gene question from Sue.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:13.000
How significant is the continuous loss loss of water by leakage in the Uk, because we hear about it all the time, don't we?

00:53:13.000 --> 00:53:21.000
Yeah, well, I think we should look at the figures. It's about 11% of the total that's in the system.

00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:22.000
And I mean, that is high. It could be a lot less.

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:32.000
But you know you often see figures which say we're losing this amount if we didn't lose that, amount we wouldn't have a problem.

00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:43.000
But I think the Singapore example is useful, because they really do, and hit down on everything they can.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:56.000
And they still have quite a high leakage rate. And really you have to accept that if you've got all these pipes, you know, that they're going to burst, and you're going to, you know, have leakage, and you've got to try and stay, on top of it, and we could be way

00:53:56.000 --> 00:54:01.000
way better, but I don't think you'd ever get down to sort of 0 leaking.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:08.000
No. Okay. We'll hope that answers your questions, too, and question from Norman.

00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:15.000
What is the current thinking on desalination plans generally in terms of you know their use?

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:30.000
Well, it's interesting, really. I mean, the problem with desalination is that currently, as operated, they're very highly energy intensive, and they mostly use to provide that energy.

00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:51.000
They can be quite polluting, because when you take the fresh water out, I mean this like we were saying, you know, when the sea ice freezes and you make the water more salty, and you know it seems you're putting that extra salty water back into the environment so the thing is it depends how you do

00:54:51.000 --> 00:55:02.000
it there's no reason why it quickly, very sustainable, because I mean, presumably this kind of places where you're needing it relatively warm.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:22.000
So you know, you could use South solar power to generate the energy to do the desalination, and you can be careful about maybe you could even, you know, sort of have salt pounds and reclaim the salt and use the salt as as as a byproduct and not put it into

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:31.000
the environment. So and that the technology is improving around sort of the efficiency of those processes.

00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:34.000
So, I mean, it's it's not great at the moment.

00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:51.000
But again, you know, with research and investment potentially, it could be, it could be good. And and obviously there's plenty of seawater so it could solve a lot of water problems. So long as it's not done in such a way that it adds to the problem.

00:55:51.000 --> 00:55:53.000
Okay. Thank you very much. I hope that answers your question.

00:55:53.000 --> 00:56:00.000
Norman. Okay. Question from Ris, this is a big question.

00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:08.000
Water, private or publicly owned. Question mark which is best.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:09.000
Personal opinion, isn't it?

00:56:09.000 --> 00:56:25.000
Well, it has to be a personal opinion. I I can't see any benefit in it, being privately, I think you know Just I mean, if you look across the the world, there's not many countries that do have it.

00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:29.000
And the issues we see in this country doesn't make a very good at all.

00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:30.000
Yeah, yeah.

00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:32.000
It so a personal opinion on my case?

00:56:32.000 --> 00:56:33.000
Yeah, right? Well, couple of other questions, I think, are quite closely linked.

00:56:33.000 --> 00:56:41.000
So I'm gonna kind of roll them together. And then I think, and we will be done for the afternoon.

00:56:41.000 --> 00:56:44.000
I think so from Patrick in 1991.

00:56:44.000 --> 00:56:54.000
Prince argued in top guns and toxic whales that water ownership by individual nations would lead to water wars.

00:56:54.000 --> 00:56:58.000
Do you agree that little has changed over that time? And from Ann?

00:56:58.000 --> 00:57:04.000
Will future generations be going to war over water rather than oil?

00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:14.000
Well, you know, I think that's a a real possibility, which is why I you know, I said, that you know there's there's likely to be more conflict.

00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:26.000
And and famine, because people take the water upstream, it's not there at the at the bottom, I mean, I guess the only hope against that.

00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:34.000
And who can say whether that will happen? Is this idea of collaboration and managing water catchments as as a whole?

00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:40.000
And that's what needs to happen. And did some places that is possible.

00:57:40.000 --> 00:57:46.000
But if nations are already in conflict, there are likely to do that.

00:57:46.000 --> 00:58:07.000
But I think there is a sort of ethical dimension coming in where there's the sort of the whole sort of looking the rights of indigenous people who live in those places, and to already always use things in a certain way, taking those into consideration.

00:58:07.000 --> 00:58:14.000
You know what different communities need. Obviously, you know, you need to be able to feed people.

00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:18.000
You need the level of economic development that gives people a living.

00:58:18.000 --> 00:58:37.000
And all of these things need to happen as a whole, and if they're, you know, if it's a big watershed that spreads across many nations, then that needs to be done in a collaborative way, whether or not that's possible I don't know but I mean certainly the

00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:42.000
talk is about that, but whether in practice.

00:58:42.000 --> 00:58:46.000
Right. Well, thank you very much for that pail. I hope you find that.

00:58:46.000 --> 00:58:51.000
But we all find that interesting a lot to be concerned about.

00:58:51.000 --> 00:58:52.000
Yeah.

00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:55.000
I think, and but I hope you're all gonna go away with a little bit of food for thought.

0:00:06.000 --> 00:00:08.000
Thank you very much, Fiana. And it's great to be here.

00:00:08.000 --> 00:00:09.000
I'm really excited to talk to you about what is my passion?

00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:17.000
Is, Fiona said, about the immune system, and keeping it healthy as much as we can.

00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:32.000
So before we get started onto the talk itself, I'd like to take a poll, and at the same time, while you're doing the poll, I'll show you the first couple of slides and talk around that so that we can make sure that a lot of time is given for you to answer your questions so if

00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:34.000
you'd like to put the poll up. Is that okay?

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Yeah, it's just coming. I hope everybody can see that.

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And I'm gonna share screen as well.

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So that you should be able to see the title.

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Okay. So as we said, while you're answering the question, this is really brilliant.

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I'm gonna give it a little bit of time for that cause. There's quite a few of on the call only lecture today.

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So that's fantastic, as we said today, is about healthy, good, healthy, immune system, and other 2 linked together, and before I actually get started into the lecture I do want to put a little disclaimer on the screen to make sure that you're aware that I am not actually a

00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:27.000
Gp. And that my information that I give you today should not substitute for any advice that they would give you.

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If you're, you know you've got health conditions, and a lot of us have.

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So it's there to inform you. And actually, I'm hoping to maybe give you a starting point for those of you that want to take charge of your health and that should be more involved with it, or are empowered so I'm getting a few comments saying, we can't see the poll is

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Yeah.

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that? Are we all right?

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Hmm! That's a bit strange, because people are completing it.

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Yeah.

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Yeah, so maybe it's just the screen. Okay, no worries.

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So oh, let's not go to that one yet. Let's just talk a little bit about as as piano said, I'm Caramela, but I'm also known as the good lady.

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And how did that all start? Well, it was about 6 years ago.

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Now I was catching up with an old friend, and I hadn't seen my friend for about even longer than that, and she was saying to me, What are you doing now?

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And I said, Oh, I'm be starting this, and and it doesn't matter really who I see.

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You know, whenever they we talk to them. And then I was primarily focusing on seeing individual clients and I said, No matter what we do, whatever we talk to about that, what the health concerns are, it always seems to come back to the gut for me, and I work with them.

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And we talk about it from that standpoint, and generally their health needs.

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It can improve. And so she said, Oh, so you always working with a good side, that's the other lady, and that's how it came about.

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And it stood so. What I would like to do now, before we go on to the talk itself is just have a little look at the results.

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Okay, let me just share these. I'll end the pool.

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Okay.

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And I shall share the results which hopefully, you can see on the screen.

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Okay. Everybody else can see that, too. So another name for the good is the stomach.

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It's actually false. Yes, we the gut is the whole part. The stomach is part of the good, but gut is not just the stomach, and you'll find out about that in a few more minutes.

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So 80% of the immune system is formed in the goat.

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And most of you are saying that that's true.

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That's really great. And I'm for now we actually do believe that that is kind of true.

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But the jury is still out on it. So that's an interesting one.

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Where you could have said false, and you'd still be right, and all disease starts in the I think the way it's actually talked about today is that if you worked with the goats because the way the gut is connected with the brain, and and all the other systems in the body you can actually

00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:17.000
work with the gut, and your diseases will help be repaired and supported from that.

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So in a sense. Yes, they do start in the built. But there is an another school of thought that saying no, it all starts in the head.

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So there you go, but there is a booked brain access as well connection to.

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So I think it's all really interesting to see where we go with that.

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And so once again, there is no perfectly right or wrong answer.

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There, and the only other one. The immune system only works at night, and most of you have said false, for that, and that's absolutely true.

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The immune system is working for you absolutely all the time.

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And it's a fantastic system, which is why I think I'm such a have such a respect for it.

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So let's let's go on to the first slide of tonight, and I can talk to you about the diseases of the digestive system.

00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:15.000
But also what the gut is just for those of you that are really not sure what it is in your a beginner.

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This kind of thing. So if we start with go, actually, it's a long tune, and it begins with the mouse, and it finishes at the anus, and you have to go to your lines for this lecture guys because we are going to be talking about.

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Code and it happens every time when I'm working with people.

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So, if you're a little bit screaming, if you can maybe turn up at those little points.

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But there you go. I'm just warning you ahead of schedule.

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So it just starts in at the mouth, and we have a mouth biome which is newly developed. Science.

00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:59.000
Now, I would say in the last 10 years people have been talking about the bio, and that is because we have good bacteria and bad bacteria.

00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:11.000
I'm sure you've noticed before now that people have talked about antibiotics and how they kill the good and bad bacteria off and wipe is completely clean.

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Well, now, research is showing that mouthwashes, especially brands, such as the string, are actually not good for our mouth, because they kill all the good bacteria off in our mouths and then weaken the guns, and so the structure and everything else, and also what happens in our mouth is we have the

00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:43.000
enzymes in there. So when we start to chew our food, that's when we will get a good but a good reaction to the food digestion, and we're getting the goodness out of the food that we eat.

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And so it does start in the mouse, and then you've got we go down to the esophagus. I'm just going to point to that there on screen.

00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:55.000
I'm sure you can see it, and you saw this is where you will probably experience.

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If you've got any discomforts it will probably be things like reflux.

00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:03.000
That's the most common one or indigestion.

00:07:03.000 --> 00:07:09.000
You might think of it, as this is sometimes due, and quite often is the main course.

00:07:09.000 --> 00:07:20.000
It can be stress related. But it's due to poor digestion in the actual stomach itself, and so we're getting a little bit of feedback if you like.

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:24.000
From this symptomussel. Here, going back up into the esophagus.

00:07:24.000 --> 00:07:29.000
And that's what we call antacid, but what you probably might not be aware of is that constant use of antacids causes long term damage to our stomach.

00:07:29.000 --> 00:07:41.000
It's because the stomach is very, very intelligent, and it says, Oh, right so you don't want me to produce any more asset.

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Then, because I'm having. So it stops doing it.

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But we actually really need that asset to digest the food so that we can get the goodness from it.

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And this is all related to if we don't get the goodness from the food that we eat, and our immune system suffers, so there is a connection here.

00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:04.000
If you are just hanging there with me, so why am I talking about the built when I should be talking about immune system?

00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:09.000
So we're talking about the 2, and how they're connected.

00:08:09.000 --> 00:08:20.000
So the stomach has got to have a decent amount of acid in it, and a lot of us as we get older we don't actually produce enough acid, anyway, and there are lots of little things that you can do.

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:25.000
Naturally to improve the stomach acid, and so therefore improve your digestion.

00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:30.000
So from there I want to move to the liver and the pancreas and the gold ladder, and these are some of my favorite organs, because they do get a hard life, you know.

00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:42.000
They. The liver is the biggest open in the body, and it does regenerate, has most of our bodies just anyway.

00:08:42.000 --> 00:08:46.000
But we've got. It's the first defense it takes out all the things that are not natural.

00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:58.000
So anything that you put into your body that is not pump-based or natural will be trapped in the liver and filtered out because our body doesn't like it.

00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:13.000
And that's something you've got. Really, that most people wouldn't particularly aware of but you know all these things to take, and we can take all these different medications or supplements and things like that.

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:27.000
And we have all those, but it's got to pass through the liver and the liver can develop the start of the gold stones which are then trapped as they feed into the gold ladder and block the gold ladder and then you've got the pancreas which is known, as

00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:33.000
the the producer of the hormone, the fat hormone insulin.

00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:47.000
And there's a whole story behind that you could do whole talk just on those 3 organs alone, and talk about the various things that we can do naturally, to help improve those opens in our system, and it would be great things to do so.

00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:55.000
But it's a little bit beyond the the rounds of the lecture this tonight, cause we just don't have time.

00:09:55.000 --> 00:10:12.000
So from those opens. Then we'll go into the large and small intestine, and the small intestine is where most of our nutrients are taken out of the body, out of the food in and stored into the body into the blood, system, and that's a really important place.

00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:27.000
Where if we don't have it functioning properly like that beautiful but on the right hand side there, then, we're not going to get the nutrients, and very often good absorption of nutrients, especially things like vitamin c and d which i'll be talking about later, are

00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:34.000
we going to support your immune system and help you keep healthy and improve your wellness?

00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:45.000
So the sorts of things that you might come across in terms of your small intestine would be things like Cbo, small intestinal bacteria, overgrowth.

00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:50.000
Or perhaps you've heard of, I'm sure Chrome and Celia can Ibs, and all these kind of things they originate in that area and can be sounds of that.

00:10:50.000 --> 00:11:09.000
Your internal doctor is talking to you and saying, You know when it blows your tummy out, and you're feeling discomfort that that's your internal doctor saying you know what I'm not happy with this you do something for me, and it's saying pay attention.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:15.000
These are the signs that we can look for very simple signs that give you something to do.

00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:29.000
Make sure that you do do something to do it with it and pay attention let me go to the large polling, and this is mainly where we have all the nutrients most of the nutrients have been taken out.

00:11:29.000 --> 00:11:34.000
We've passed through the illustical valve and pasting appendix and gone into the long ascending Colon.

00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:35.000
And it's just mainly a water extraction stage.

00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:40.000
There. So you getting more and more solid waste mass.

00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:53.000
And that's really important, too, because that's showing you that your body is really designed to take as much goodness out as possibly can from the nutrients, from the food that you've given.

00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:55.000
You've given your body, and you've fed yourself with.

00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:00.000
So you've chewed it. You've put a lot of care into that, and your body wants to get the most out of it.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.000
And so that's really important that we have this slow transit.

00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:14.000
Sometimes, though, we can have really slow transit. And we know this when we don't have bowel movements every single day.

00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:19.000
Most people would say, Oh, yes, going once today is enough. But actually, once a day is a bare minimum.

00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:21.000
You should be going more than that, if you can, and it should be if we're going to go and look at it in literally.

00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:43.000
Look at it. We have a Bristol still shot that has graded gradings of it, and if you're ever stuck with that, or you ever think, you know, am I actually getting the best out of my food and my body is getting the best, of the nutrients I want to give it then you should be looking

00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:50.000
at both your everyday and checking it. And so there's a chart you can compare it to.

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:51.000
I'm not gonna show the chart up today, because, as I said, this is a whistle.

00:12:51.000 --> 00:12:59.000
Stop tour. I can sometimes just do a talk on this one topic.

00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:04.000
And so it's a little bit. I don't want to get bogged down is what I think I want to say about this.

00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:08.000
I want to move on and show you some other things as well.

00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:13.000
And and connect the Gut with the immune system. So you can understand that.

00:13:13.000 --> 00:13:33.000
So hoping everyday is really, really important. Consistency is really, really important. And if you've got any pains or discomforts there and then you've got blockages that's possibly due to things like so transit constipation and those things need to be dealt with because actually you probably don't know, or

00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:36.000
maybe you did know, I was personally, actually died of constipation.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:42.000
It's not a thing to be taken lightly, and so it's for me.

00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:48.000
It's really important. Why, that's why I guess it's always on my radio when I'm talking to people about it.

00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:51.000
And we do get to talk about pooping. So there you go!

00:13:51.000 --> 00:13:57.000
That's a brief talk about the diseases of the digestive system.

00:13:57.000 --> 00:14:02.000
And and what can happen, and what we've got to AIM for, what we can do about it, and actually, it is within our hands.

00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:08.000
We can do this. So I'm gonna take you on spinning the next slide, because where do we go from? Here?

00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:15.000
Yes, I know I've got a bit of a problem.

00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:19.000
How do I even make a start? So you make a stop by looking at and reading different bits of information.

00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:29.000
There are 2 books that I have got, to, which are my favorites, and I always recommend these Julia Anders is not an English girl, as you can tell from the spelling of her name.

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:34.000
She's a lot older now than she was there.

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:40.000
Obviously had this book a long time, but she's done.

00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:47.000
Ted talks, and she is. She's written these books.

00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:52.000
She's actually updated this book. It's a great one to read.

00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:58.000
It takes the funny side, the humor side of looking at the goats, and what should happen?

00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:11.000
And she talks about who quite a lot as well. So that's a book that I highly recommend for people who just want to know about the I actually okay with what my my body is. Okay? It's functioning reasonably.

00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:15.000
All right, and it's it's very easy and readable.

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:35.000
And then the other one that I really love is this immune book by Philip Deckner, and the reason I like this particular book is because it's featured in Youtube with lots and lots of cartoon explanations going into an easy way of looking at theune system in depth so

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:40.000
if you're wanting to know more about your immune system, and that's your thing.

00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:50.000
Then I would definitely recommend visiting Youtube looking for this particular book and then going further and delving further in from there, and possibly getting the book.

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:57.000
It's available as a an audio as well as a hard, a hardback book.

00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:03.000
And I just think it's really great the way that they talk about it present the immune system to you.

00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:13.000
So now I've got a little point now where I want to stop, so I'll take some questions, and then I'm going to ask you a question, and to put some comments in the chat. If you will.

00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:25.000
Okay. We've got a couple of questions here. We've got one here from Elaine, and it was when we were kind of doing the pool and talking about disease and that kind of thing.

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:30.000
She thought that disease was moderated by the genes, and the Rna. Apologies.

00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:31.000
I don't know what our N. A. Means. Maybe you can enlighten me.

00:16:31.000 --> 00:16:34.000
Carol.

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:51.000
Yeah. So, jeans when you say, moderated by the genes, I'm not sure that's actually the case, because we might have a genetic what we call protect propensity towards a particular disease.

00:16:51.000 --> 00:17:00.000
So people might have a let's see, they might have genetically inherited things like rheumatoid arthritis or a tendency towards that.

00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:12.000
But just because your family have had that in her hereditary or thyroid conditions, for instance, and it doesn't mean that you're automatically going to get it and there's a lot of it's called epigenetics.

00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:22.000
Now, and I think that started in 2012. The study of how our genes inform our future lives.

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:28.000
And so that's that's kind of where I'm going with that one sorry.

00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:31.000
I'm just seeing the I'm Gonna stop the chats popping up because it's a distraction to me as I'm talking to you.

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:42.000
And so, yeah, so saying that the epigenetics is the study of how we are not, what our genes are, and how we can change them and I think that's a really fascinating study.

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:58.000
That's the field that's actually now a f years old, and that's really going places talking about how we are not defined by our our genes.

00:17:58.000 --> 00:17:59.000
Okay, right? Thank you for that, Carol. Another question from Jade.

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:09.000
All important question. The charts that you were talking about the poop charts.

00:18:09.000 --> 00:18:10.000
Where can people find that? And we can certainly make sure that we can send a link to it after the lecture, and the same the recording.

00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:18.000
Basically.

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:20.000
But we will. People find that Carol.

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:23.000
So, the Bristol tool chart is available on.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:30.000
If you just Google, it will come up. And if you put in, then it will come up with the chart itself.

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:31.000
Excellent!

00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:32.000
Its images, and you can have that just as a screenshot.

00:18:32.000 --> 00:18:35.000
It's quite self explanatory to be honest.

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:41.000
Okay, right? Let me find another question.

00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:52.000
Okay. So if oh, hang on a second, right? Here's a question from cattle.

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:58.000
Okay. So you might not be aware that it's actually available on prescription.

00:18:58.000 --> 00:19:02.000
Is. It's the only central oil that is available on prescription.

00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:07.000
But I think I want to add a caveat here.

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:11.000
Treat and just, treat, reflux and indigestion very successfully.

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:15.000
You need to get one that you can actually take internally.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:18.000
So it's the type of employment always needs to be careful.

00:19:18.000 --> 00:19:19.000
People will have properties sometimes that gives them more indigestion because of the additives and the other things that's in there.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:25.000
How would you treat to reflux, if not using?

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:30.000
So I would say the short answer would be a peppermint tool that you can take internally.

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:35.000
Okay? And another quick question. I think we may take one more, and then we move on. Paddle.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:36.000
Nope, yes. Okay.

00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:56.000
Would that be no second question from Carol? And if you had to have a course of high dose antibiotics say, for example, and after after an operation, and what's what's the easiest and quickest way to restore a good gut by home?

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:02.000
The easiest and quickest way would be to get some probiotics you have to find a really good brand and so that's what's really important when you're looking at probiotics.

00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:10.000
And this is a whole topic for another. Another talk, which is a fascinating one.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:13.000
You've got to look at the spread and the depth of it.

00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:18.000
So it's not just how many billions and trillions of the probiotically got in there.

00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:23.000
The particular one, but it's the strands is the number of strands, and how they are.

00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:27.000
Deliver to you and to your body, if you like.

00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:28.000
Okay.

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:30.000
Okay, right? I think that's us. For now.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:41.000
Oh, yeah, thank you for that. Some really great questions. So before I move onto the next slide, I want to ask you a question, and you can pop your comments into the into the chat to be like, what would it mean to you if you knew and understood.

00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:49.000
And could rely on your immune system doing everything for you.

00:20:49.000 --> 00:20:56.000
What difference would it make in your life if you could actually have an immune system that you understood and you could support it?

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:04.000
And it worked perfectly for you.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:24.000
So while you're just putting some chats in about 10 years ago ago now, I was very, very poorly, and my immune system was definitely not working for me, and I have worked hard at getting my new system back up to scratch again, very very pleased with the fact that I have and that's another story for

00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:29.000
another time, I'm sure, or you can find me and read on my web page.

00:21:29.000 --> 00:21:39.000
You can. But the next slide will tell you what it kind of means to me when I know that my new system is gonna work for me, and I have confidence with that.

00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:57.000
It doesn't mean but I will never be able. It doesn't mean that I won't have accidents, but what it does mean is, I can approach illness and disease in a very different mindset, and far as fear I can save time and money, I try lots of different things that you thought you heard on

00:21:57.000 --> 00:22:02.000
TV, for example, and I can go straight to what I know works for me.

00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:05.000
And.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:13.000
I can get well much more quickly. I'm less susceptible to snake or salesman who offer wonder drugs.

00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:18.000
And that's really important to have the confidence and know that you can research things, research the the drugs, etc.

00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:23.000
And know whether they're going to be okay for you.

00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:31.000
You'd have a better understanding of how medicines work, and which, and which medicine some medicines are most likely to make.

00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:35.000
You say, and you can protect your children from day just microbes.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:52.000
And I think that's really important. One of the things the biggest things that I've been able to help and support people with is reducing the toxic load in the home which automatically improves your immune system and also helps you put at the same time and so that's the sort of thing that it needs

00:22:52.000 --> 00:23:01.000
to me, and I'm really looking forward to reading the chats later on to look at your comments and see what it means to you.

00:23:01.000 --> 00:23:12.000
So let's move on to what you can do about your immune system, because we've now we've talked about several things and what it would mean to you, and why don't don't get colds so early on in the tour.

00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:25.000
I've mentioned that I was going to talk about. So let's go straight to what Vitamin C is, and and how it can help you.

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:30.000
Let me see, is your natural visiting. You can't get supplements in these again. Good quality.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:36.000
Ones, but it's strongly, and it has proved really successful.

00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:41.000
Against viruses tested so far, it really helps heal.

00:23:41.000 --> 00:23:53.000
Sorry. I'm just gonna.

00:23:53.000 --> 00:24:02.000
Sorry about that. So it really helps heal the body as an antioxidant in the sense that it clears out the toxins, and it gets rid of them.

00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:07.000
It's a natural ant histamine. That means that you could use it in summary.

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:13.000
If you've got natural allergies to things pitimacy also blocks the protein in the virus to stop it, replicating or spreading.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:26.000
These are common things that vitamin c is a function for here in Bristol we actually have a special department where they give intravenous vacancy for the treatment of cancer cancer recovers.

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:37.000
Your've had ready chemotherapy and if you want to know more about the team and there is a fabulous video which is called C.

00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:45.000
3, complement again from the immune series he talks about vitamin C, because compliment is all out all the way through our body.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:58.000
If we have vitamin C, but supporting compliment, which is literally in every part of our body, then we're going to be healthier, and so you can you can't supplement with vitamin C.

00:24:58.000 --> 00:24:59.000
It's a great thing to do. We talk about those 1,000 a day.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:15.000
We take, they recommend, we take 1,000 a day research has shown you can take more than 200 times that amount and not have any adverse effects which I find absolutely fascinating.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:27.000
And goats don't get colds, because they automatically, internally produce 17 times that amount in their body every day in their little boat bodies, so they never get cold colds at all.

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:30.000
So you're going to see if you're going to decide.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:52.000
You want to start taking some doses on it, I would suggest that use start with just a small amount and then increase it slightly each time, because if you increase your levels it doesn't affect your system with a bit of a shock, and also once you decided to go on it when you come back office, you should also

00:25:52.000 --> 00:26:10.000
decrease it slowly as well. We have something what we call bowel tolerance, and that is where you take the vitamin C, and if you're taking it too quickly, you'll get sort of you get diarrhea, or you'll become a little bit windy shall we

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:13.000
say, and that's your first sign that the vitamins C is actually not being forced out for your system, as people will talk about.

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:22.000
That's actually another misnomer. It isn't automatically flushed out through your system.

00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:34.000
It's actually changed into collagen, which is a great thing for us to have access vitamin C can be recycled in the form of collagen getting back to how you would take it.

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:43.000
Take it in small doses to start with, and then increase the amount on a daily way until you find that you've got your level of tolerance and that lead you to that.

00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:53.000
Just keep it at that. You can use it as a treatment if you're feeling a bit under the weather, but you can also use it as a deadly supplement to just keep things at bay.

00:26:53.000 --> 00:27:04.000
So that's let me see. And then the other one that I wanted to talk to you about things that you can do to improve your immune system is to explain why everybody is going on about the vision.

00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:10.000
Indeed, and so I really love the slide, because you can see very clearly where we are in the map.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:30.000
Here and there's some grace where we get most of our vitamin d from is the main concentration of it is here, so you can see that for 6 months of the year we actually don't get enough light from the sun in order to look for it to react on our skin for us to be

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:44.000
healthy, and vitamin d is really important. When I was at school, and I was learning about it, it was a fat, soluble vitamin and it was called the Sunshine vitamin, and that was it it's actually so important for our bodies.

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:47.000
They've reclassified it in levels of importance.

00:27:47.000 --> 00:27:52.000
It's a hormone. It works on the same level as as a whole number.

00:27:52.000 --> 00:27:55.000
And so from about October to March, although we can store it in data.

00:27:55.000 --> 00:28:05.000
So we have really great summers, and we stole the Britain and seeing our bodies. But you can see if we're not getting it over those 6 months.

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:09.000
We're actually using the Pollar stores. And it kind of fits, doesn't it?

00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:12.000
By February March we'll get a lot of calls.

00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:27.000
Most people can just about be okay in January, and then by February March it starts so definitely recommend that you take vitamin D, and it's better so it's vitamin d and K combination.

00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:32.000
And this research about why that is the case. If there's anybody out there that wants to know about that.

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:41.000
So all. Why is it so important if we look at point number 2, all immune cells have vitamin d receptors called Vdrs.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:52.000
So if you imagine that you've got vitamin a cell receptor there that's fighting against a particular type of book before it can even react to that book, it's got to have a vitamin d a cell receptor on it.

00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:57.000
And so, if we don't have enough vitamin d.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:05.000
This is why we don't have enough of army I mean, system isn't functioning as good as it should be.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:13.000
So you can, you can actually change the amount of the ways your B cells, are they react to the virus.

00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:17.000
That's your first on hand your soldiers to see the virus.

00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:21.000
In the first place, how they are responding to the first attack.

00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:24.000
They respond so much better if you've got this. Okay.

00:29:24.000 --> 00:29:25.000
So that's a good reason for having vitamin dies.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:39.000
So what we've talked about tonight, just to recap is the sort of things that go on in your goals which give you a portion of the.

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:49.000
And then what happens? Because you're not getting the nutrients for your body to fight off all these bugs and keep your body healthy then we're under nourished.

00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:55.000
And so the vitamin a bit vitamin c and vitamin c, and really help with that.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:30:05.000
And I hope that that's given you something that you can look for in terms of where we're going, with supporting our immune system.

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:15.000
So there are lots of things you can do, and we can do talks on this, how to improve your, but naturally how to improve your immune system.

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.000
Naturally different things you can do, reducing your toxin load.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:26.000
We can actually do that, you know, a really positive way, but not tonight, because it's not there's not enough time basically, to go into the details for it, which is a shame.

00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:34.000
But that's great. We at least you've had a taste of today.

00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:41.000
So let's just go to now where we are, with what you can do yourself.

00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:47.000
So how do you actually get started if you were going to do something yourself tonight, or you can tomorrow.

00:30:47.000 --> 00:30:50.000
The first thing you want to do is a self-aware.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:53.000
It. And it's really helpful to start that way.

00:30:53.000 --> 00:31:02.000
You can look at your body where you are, you can do an audit in terms of your health as in mental health, physical health.

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:05.000
You can look at an audio. How many toxic chemicals you've got in your home are your cleaning products?

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:16.000
Have they got chemicals in them? You'll know if they've got chemicals in them, because they've got a swallow crossbone on the bottle or the container, and that's telling you it's actually not very good for you.

00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:32.000
But this letting you have it as a clean product. Now, of course, we all sensible we're not going to actually eat or drink those products, but we can inhale them, and we can have contact in our skin.

00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:50.000
And so having to self audit of how many toxic products you've got in the home, how many things that you've got this on going with your health at the moment that you might want to address, this is what we call a a self audit I think also it's really important to

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:57.000
find someone who can work with you, because when you do a cell phone, it can actually be quite overwhelming.

00:31:57.000 --> 00:32:01.000
Sometimes you'll think, well, okay, where do I even start?

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:08.000
And that is the tricky bit sometimes, once you've got a you've got yourself audit done, and you see everything that's got to happen there, you'll think to yourself.

00:32:08.000 --> 00:32:12.000
I don't know. I don't know what start.

00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:19.000
It would be overwhelming, and though and then what happens is, you do very little and that's a shame.

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:25.000
So choosing what you want to want to start with first is a great idea.

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:32.000
How do I get started? Well, if you look at it, and it's a great big elephant, the saying goes, how do I eat an elephant?

00:32:32.000 --> 00:32:33.000
Well, it's one out at a time, isn't it?

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:36.000
So, whether for you, it's getting rid of the the toxins in your home, or looking at your own health.

00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:46.000
First, then that's a decision that you might want to wait.

00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:49.000
You may want to work with somebody to help prioritize you.

00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:57.000
You could then across of action. So let's just say, for instance, it's just I always get the winter blues.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:00.000
What can I do about that? You can plan a course of action.

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:07.000
But why do you get the winter blues? Is it because of a vitamin d deficiency could you take more of it?

00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:12.000
Indeed you soon have. You looked at the food you're eating, and is it a balanced food?

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:16.000
And are you absorbing it properly? It's not just about.

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:21.000
Are you eating the right foods? But is your body absorbing the nutrients?

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:32.000
So if you get indigestion, or you have bloatedness, or you are constipated, or any of those are the good issues. It's very likely that your body is not serving the nutrients.

00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:36.000
It needs to absorb. And so that's not gonna help you keep.

00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:49.000
Well, I'll keep. Think about the time. Here's an example thing about the time when you have, for instance, just a glass of water you're feeling a little bit Thursday, and you just all right.

00:33:49.000 --> 00:33:55.000
Yeah, I'll have some. I'll have some water and you drink it.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:56.000
And it's really refreshing how much energy that gives you.

00:33:56.000 --> 00:34:13.000
That's all to do with your body, and how it's being so getting to know your internal doctor, as I call it, which is how your body feels, and it will tell you what it needs whether it needs food, nutrients, water, whether you you're feeling run down if you're not sleeping, well.

00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:22.000
all of these things are impacted on your book. So there's lots of things that we can do to improve our health naturally, that we can take control over.

00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:29.000
And it's a case of starting. But for many of us, and I know this from talking to lots of people.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:41.000
We just don't know where to start. So I'm hoping tonight I'm gonna help you to find a place where you can start, or at least start to think about whether you do want to move forward with a particular area.

00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:52.000
If your Health or detoxing in your home, that you want to tackle so planning a course of action is always a great start, but then, sticking to it is a good one, isn't it?

00:34:52.000 --> 00:34:58.000
And we all know that in January it's not always a good time to start things, because by February we've forgotten.

00:34:58.000 --> 00:35:12.000
So, sometimes joining classes, going to a club, having somebody who wants to do this with you, and accountability, partner is a great way to start and to keep it up.

00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:14.000
So that's something else that you might want to consider.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:19.000
So? What I wanted to do today. And I've actually not done as much talking as I was going to, because I wanted to leave over the questions to you, too.

00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:38.000
And I want this make this year. If you want to make some changes, make this year the year that you take control of yours of your situation and come up with some plans for yourself to move forward.

00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:42.000
So just sort of summarize what we've talked about tonight.

00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:48.000
We talked about, how the goats is actually totally connected with your immune system.

00:35:48.000 --> 00:36:01.000
Your immune system is a wonderful system that works 24 over 7 year in, year out, to actually just make sure that you function and it's under a lot of pressure from lots of environmental toxins.

00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:05.000
And also stresses in life that stops it, functioning.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:10.000
And those stresses also really heavily impact on your stomach.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:18.000
Or yes, so once you've got your stomach this out of work, and you've got this out of work, and your new system is going to really struggle.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:28.000
So the 2 are really tightly intertwined, and if you look after your your new system, will then be able to look after you so I'm hoping that that's all.

00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:36.000
Being a really interesting information for you, I mean. Now, I think we can take some questions that will be great.

00:36:36.000 --> 00:36:47.000
Got lots of questions, and right let me find where to start. Now.

00:36:47.000 --> 00:36:52.000
Hold on a second. I'm just trying to scroll through here.

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:54.000
Shall I stop the share?

00:36:54.000 --> 00:37:03.000
Yeah, and yeah, question from Carl, I mean, what advice would you give to people with good allergies?

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:07.000
Is, it is something I guess, that's coming more and more to the forward, isn't it?

00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:09.000
People with intolerances and allergies to things strictly food.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:17.000
Yeah, typically food intolerances are due to the again, it's the leaky guts syndrome.

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:18.000
And it's it's the condition of the gut.

00:37:18.000 --> 00:37:30.000
So everybody is unique, and what you have to do is look at what that, what foods they are reacting to, and what you can do with it.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:37.000
One of the things that I have to say that I don't do rather than what I do do, because again, as I said, I'm not a doctor, so I can't do.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:38.000
Oh, well, let's have some ant histamine or something.

00:37:38.000 --> 00:37:48.000
I don't do elimination. Diets is a food nutrition, because if you think about it, most of the stresses that our body is seeing is a result of our our immune system, saying, Hey, you're not playing right with me.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:38:05.000
You're not looking after me, and I can't do my best for you, so I'm giving you some signs that things are quite right, and so if you deprive your body of food you're even making it worse.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:06.000
So that's not a good thing to do.

00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:16.000
And that's why I don't say to somebody oh, you've got to miss all this, so that's not a good thing to do, and that's why I don't say to somebody.

00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:22.000
Oh, you've got it's a case of working through the case, working right down, drilling right down into it and saying, Okay, let's have a reasonable starting point.

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:31.000
But let's not start the body, because the immune system needs those nutrients.

00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:37.000
Okay. Thank you. Okay. A question here from Patricia. She's talking.

00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:38.000
Hmm!

00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:52.000
She's asking about and and the risk of autoimmune disorders. As as a result of this, is there anything that we can do to reduce the risk of that through our got it?

00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:53.000
Yeah. The 5 per mile. There is no to immune this.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:38:55.000
This will of 200 of them, and usually they don't run alone.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:39:14.000
So you don't just have fibromyalgia as not. I mean, you'll have other ones as well, and it's been Alex Alex Alexander is the guy that host identified that this 3 main causes of autoimmune.

00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:18.000
One is you've got, the other is a traumatic experience.

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:23.000
And then the third one is a predisposition predisposition towards that particular condition.

00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:31.000
As I mentioned before, about rooms, time, arthritis. So there are more than that now.

00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:32.000
This was a while ago, when we did that that piece of research.

00:39:32.000 --> 00:39:48.000
But really, what that means is that if you look after your guts again and you, de-stress, and you find somebody who understands exactly what's going on, and actually makes with you a plan so that you can move forward.

00:39:48.000 --> 00:40:05.000
I find often, and I work a lot with autoimmune, I find often it's you can't see the wood for the trees and having somebody to peel back the onion skin layers so that you can actually have it in bite size pieces and understand what's going on and also find

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:12.000
natural and Pain. Relief medications, for example, things that are good to challenge the system anymore.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:16.000
Okay. So that's how I would work with people with fibromyalgia.

00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:20.000
And it says it is a difficult thing to do, because everybody is unique.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.000
So what works with 100 a mile person doesn't work with the other.

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:25.000
Yeah.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:31.000
Okay. Thank you. Now, a question from Glennis.

00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:37.000
And can you get enough vitamin c from eating, such as fruit?

00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:45.000
That's an interesting question, because everybody's needs for biting is different.

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:46.000
Hmm!

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:47.000
And we just talked about all the new vitamin D and bitten C.

00:40:47.000 --> 00:40:51.000
For instance, I can give you, exact figures on vitamin d for somebody who's got autumn.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:58.000
In need at least vitamin d. Every day in the 3 figures.

00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:01.000
And yet the national, the natural recommendations between 50 and 18.

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:11.000
These are just 2 figures that I'm looking at, I'm just saying to you, you can actually and see for yourself if you look at the vitamin d society.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:13.000
There are 2 different scales of measurements. So I'm just using the one that we use in the Uk.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:25.000
So we need more is what I'm saying. Somebody with any kind of auto renew you would just need to have much more opportunity than anybody else.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:26.000
The same way you'd need. Naturally more sleep than anybody else until your body can get stronger.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:34.000
Your immune system can get stronger. So it's difficult to say.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:52.000
How much you should have, I certainly would agree with the same with the 1,000 is not enough, and knowing that we can actually have 200 times that amount, that's 200,000, I'm happy to take 5,000 a day in a teaspoon.

00:41:52.000 --> 00:42:05.000
That's 5 grams. It it's a teaspoon of vitamin C over just to keep my immune system tipped up over the winter so that's a great thing to do.

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:10.000
But it's up to the point you need, and, as I said before, with vitamin c.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:12.000
You. You have a bell tolerance to it.

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:16.000
So that's how you know how much you need. Yeah.

00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:20.000
Oh, that was gonna lead me on to a question I was gonna ask cause.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:30.000
We had a question. Similar questions from Mark and from Louisa about how do you know when you've kind of reached your tolerance level?

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:31.000
I guess.

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:32.000
Yeah, yeah, great question, because vitamin. C, you do have that gauge for it.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:35.000
Vitamin d you don't have a gauge for it, and you can't actually overdose on it.

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:45.000
As far as the research says today, your body does story it as well, which is always a good thing.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:51.000
So I'm hearing from the research that the latest research have read is that vitamin D is okay.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:56.000
Even if you got too much vitamin C, you would know that you were.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:43:05.000
Taking enough vitamin C, because you would have start to get diarrhea and be a bit windy.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:10.000
Okay, thank you. Hopefully. That answers question there. Okay. And we have a question from David.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:13.000
Actually, it's about vitamin d as well.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:21.000
He had thought, that vitamin d is actually not a vitamin, but a steroidal hormone.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:22.000
You see right there.

00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:24.000
Yeah, yeah, it's it has been reclassified.

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:25.000
I think I might have mentioned that earlier, when I was, as as I say when I was at school, and I was learning about it.

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:50.000
It was just the sunshine. But with research. Yeah, they've really found that there's so many, many users for now, you know, in fact, the mean receptors have a vitamin d tag on it, so that the viruses it connects with the viruses it's

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.000
so important, you know. And that's recent, relatively recent.

00:43:54.000 --> 00:43:56.000
When you consider that when I was at school, not, it was just.

00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:01.000
It was just, you know, that was phones and teeth.

00:44:01.000 --> 00:44:02.000
Yeah.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:05.000
So. Yes, it's huge. What we can do along with chaos.

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:17.000
And actually, the research is just started to come through showing that if you take vitamin D on itself, it's not a sc good as with written in K, you can have adverse effects and that's to do with the way it's metabolized in the body.

00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:21.000
So you will see if you want already seen plenty of supplements on there with Bitcoin D.

00:44:21.000 --> 00:44:36.000
3 and K, and that's really important, whereas few years ago you would have just seen Vitamin D and people happily taking it.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:42.000
Okay. An interesting question here from Brian.

00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:52.000
Obviously, you know, most of us have our main meal in the evening, meaning that your microbes are working away and your your intestines overnight.

00:44:52.000 --> 00:44:55.000
Can that activity be the cause of this sleep?

00:44:55.000 --> 00:45:05.000
Oh, absolutely. In certain people, definitely, there's a whole school of thought on intimidated passing now where you can give your good arrest.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:16.000
And it's it's very, very healthy for you to do that, and I know a lot of people do intimidate investment, and by that I mean, they shorten the window from which the time is that they eat so it could be.

00:45:16.000 --> 00:45:20.000
They'll have their first meal at midday. This and their final meal at 40'clock, and the rest of the time they're not eating or drinking.

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:30.000
While they're drinking water, and her teeth and things like that, but not coffees and whining.

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:39.000
You know what I mean. So the eating time is just within a short window, and for people with gut issues, disbiosis.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:44.000
It gives us a greater time window for the immune system to work and repair.

00:45:44.000 --> 00:46:03.000
And so that does impact on it. So if you're having a meal late at night and your body is trying to digest that, it's also making it really hard work for your immune system.

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:04.000
Hmm!

00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:07.000
Okay. And just on vitamin d again. And from Amal can I lack of vitamin d cause aches and pains, and particularly after Covid.

00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:18.000
Yeah, a lot of vitamin D is really quite chronic and critical.

00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:19.000
Right.

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:27.000
You will find that you can hardly barely function. It's not important, and I speak from personal and professional experiences as well.

00:46:27.000 --> 00:46:28.000
Hmm!

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:34.000
So. Yes, it really is a very, very important, but it's one that you can supplement with very easily, and that makes me feel so pleased and actually excited for people who struggle with that.

00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:43.000
Okay? A question from Annette. I don't know if this is one you will be able to answer actually, but I'll ask, anyway, and you can see what you think.

00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:49.000
She's asking, is it possible to get rid of Goldstone's? Naturally?

00:46:49.000 --> 00:47:01.000
Hmm! I don't know whether you how you call, naturally, but there is a doctor, Holder Clark, who has a protocol again, which I have used personally, and also I've used it professionally, I know many people have used it.

00:47:01.000 --> 00:47:06.000
You can simply Google, it. And it's basically natural ingredients.

00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:10.000
So it is grapefruit and olive oil, and then there are Eps and salt, and it's a particular protocol.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:20.000
You go through over something like 2 days and it's a very effective way of cleansing your goldbladder.

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:25.000
I've had some people talk about it, not being very affected for me.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:30.000
And for some of my people I've worked with, it's been transformational.

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:35.000
So. Yes, it is possible to unclock your.

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:46.000
Okay, so obviously, this is supposed to question from owner here, we've talked about some of the things you can do around vitamins.

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:52.000
What about? What about exercise? What part can that play in helping?

00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:53.000
Yes, huge. So if you think about your heart, pumps around your blood circulation.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:16.000
But just think about the fact that your lymphatic system, which is also an elimination pathway to get rid of to toxins.

00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:17.000
Hmm!

00:48:17.000 --> 00:48:24.000
So our body functions best way. It detoxifies really efficiently under a 7 11 elimination pathways, but just not to go onto a hold on that and just go to the question if you think about exercise, it pumps the heart and so it circulates increases the circulation of the blood blood is one of the main

00:48:24.000 --> 00:48:31.000
ways of getting rid of the toxins and the dead cells in our in our bodies, and also with lymphatic drainage.

00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:35.000
We have not got a pump in there, so you have to do some fine.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:42.000
The some kind of exercise in order to make that work, and lymphatic drainage is really important in keeping us healthy.

00:48:42.000 --> 00:49:00.000
So you've got the 2 reasons. There for doing some form of exercise, and just so that we can add onto that, the exercise can be something as simple as Tai Chi and Chibong for those of us that are not change through the or want to hit Gym everyday it's not that kind of thing

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:09.000
it's some sort of physical movement that encourages your blood and your circulation to move around your body so that you can remove the toxins.

00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:15.000
Okay, right? We've got a couple of questions here about.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:21.000
We'll quite often see them in your works, don't we?

00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:26.000
No this is come from Liz and Peter, and also from Jane to sort of related kind of questions. I guess so.

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:33.000
We're rolling into 2 and we're told that probiotics are very beneficial for us.

00:49:33.000 --> 00:49:37.000
Majority of them sold in yogurt, which is then killed by the stomach.

00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:44.000
Acid, and also from Jane. Are these products effective, or are they hype?

00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:48.000
I mean we know all the brand names don't way that we see in the supermarket.

00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:49.000
And what would you? What would you say about that?

00:49:49.000 --> 00:49:58.000
Yeah, I think it's really, it's really important to look at that, because and be aware of the power as it's been suggested.

00:49:58.000 --> 00:50:12.000
So if you look at the first ingredients, and if you've got sugar on there, and you know that, no matter what happens, the sugar is going to counteract any any goodness that you've got because sugar is just one of the biggest enemies of our bodies our internal system it

00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:15.000
really doesn't like it. Natural sugars, yes, but I did sugar to food and things, and salt and fat.

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:25.000
These are the biggest dangers, tourists. So what sort of program is, can you have?

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:26.000
Well, it's you're gonna have to become a label detective and look at what's on the label.

00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:35.000
So the things that I would go for is it double encapsulated?

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:36.000
That means it's not going to be dissolve and damaged in the stomach.

00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:43.000
But the actual specific bacteria are not going to be killed off in the stomach.

00:50:43.000 --> 00:50:46.000
So it's called Dublin Catalogue.

00:50:46.000 --> 00:50:53.000
Double encapsulated, and also look at the strands, and I think I've perhaps mentioned a little bit earlier.

00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:02.000
You look at, not just the number of strands or the amount that's in there, because they'll say all we've got billions and trillions, but it's also the diversity of it.

00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:14.000
So as it only got 2 or 3, got 5, or 7, or 10, or 15 different strands, and if you really want to do your homework, then you can actually look up those strands and see what they're good for because each.

00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:19.000
Of the bacterium have a specific purpose, and that's what it's for.

00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:21.000
So you don't just say, Oh, I'll overload on lactobic tiles then, cause that's what a lot of the Yoghurt support.

00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:33.000
But we have. And so, you know, that's one of the easiest bacteria that we can have in our.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:37.000
But we need the the diversity of it, and so we need a bigger range.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:41.000
So if you're just gonna go for laptop, I would not.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:49.000
That's not something I would recommend. Look for a bigger variation of the different strands of the bacteria.

00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:56.000
Hmm, okay. And a question here from Elaine. This is a question about the guts itself.

00:51:56.000 --> 00:52:00.000
If they got leaks, where does the leakage go to and what exact one does this leakage take?

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:08.000
I suppose it probably depends on where it is.

00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:09.000
Yeah.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:10.000
This is a fabulous question. And I love so basically.

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:11.000
And I can again. This is a whole election itself, because for a long time it was never believed.

00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:20.000
It was true I've got has what we call villa in it, and they're finger-like predictions.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:27.000
And so if you just think very, very quickly about how the body is constructed, you've got your gut and your intestinal lining.

00:52:27.000 --> 00:52:34.000
All have similar structures, instead of having a smooth surface which is got, say, from A to B, 5 cm of surface area.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:39.000
Then in there you put your fingers, and this is now your service area.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:44.000
You'll know it's much greater. Okay? And these are the villa.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:49.000
What happens when we don't do food properly, or we've got a cat chemicals in there and toxins in there that the body doesn't like.

00:52:49.000 --> 00:52:58.000
They get trapped in here and just slightly built. So where my knuckles are on my hand.

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:05.000
These are what you call it's got cellular. It's gone into the cellular level here, and here is called Tight Junction.

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:09.000
So these are little gaps where it directly relates to the blue.

00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:18.000
The blood system. So what happens is the lumpy bits of food that hopes that haven't been digested properly go straight into split screen.

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:22.000
This is where you get your food and tell. This is from to your food.

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:25.000
Intolerances occur more often than not through leaky builds.

00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:34.000
They kind of curse through other reasons. But if you've got a whole range of food intolerances, then that's come through a leaky built, and that's what the leaky got is.

00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:46.000
So the particles that shouldn't be going through into the bloodstream are getting in there, and setting the immune system on alert and saying, I don't like this it shouldn't be here and I'm gonna send you a message.

00:53:46.000 --> 00:53:47.000
So you might get eczema or some.

00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:54.000
You might get hives, which is like an each year to Carrier Rush, just as a reaction to things.

00:53:54.000 --> 00:54:00.000
And that's how you know. Oh, I can't eat tomatoes anymore, or can't have whatever anymore.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:13.000
It's not an allergic reaction such. It's an intolerance, because the particles have gone into the bloodstream. So that's a really quick way of explaining leaky. But I hope that's okay.

00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:24.000
Okay, right? Got lots of comments. Here. Hold on. Second, let me just find out where I got to question from Sarah.

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:33.000
You had mentioned concerns about antacids, and taking too many of those, what would be your view on PPI drugs again?

00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:34.000
I'm not entirely sure what PPI means.

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:43.000
Absolutely same, terrible, terrible, terrible, only because and I know people have to take them, because what they say is that the acid is burning.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:51.000
The esophagus, and this and the spin to muscle that connects the stomach to this so the oesophagus or the color. And I agree.

00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:55.000
But if you can calm that situation down, and then you can let it heal itself, which will do with the proper natural products, then you can actually not need to take them anymore.

00:54:55.000 --> 00:55:09.000
But you've got to re-educate you got as well, because it's it's very, very intelligent, and it will very quickly learn that.

00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:13.000
Okay, you don't want me to have acid and it's a vicious circle.

00:55:13.000 --> 00:55:25.000
The PPI is are to stop acid production, and they actually work on the nerves on the stomach lining, saying to the body, I don't want acid, and it stops your body producing acid.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:38.000
So you're on a hide into nothing, because your body then can't absorb the food, and the nutrients the food isn't being broken down, which then gets trapped into your gut, which causes Leaky gut and there's a whole range of scientific papers on this

00:55:38.000 --> 00:55:44.000
so it is one of my passion, because it when I first started the my own business.

00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:50.000
This is what I was coming across my table a lot in those days.

00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:55.000
Okay. Alright!

00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:58.000
Okay, let me see, for other questions. We have.

00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:04.000
I've just seen the one that lines up so is it a PPI?

00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:05.000
Right? Okay.

00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:08.000
Yesterday. It is. Yeah. I just thought, I throw that one in Fiona. Yeah.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:12.000
Yeah. And the question here from Joe, actually, what's the difference between?

00:56:12.000 --> 00:56:18.000
I think you talked about Vitamin K. And what's different between Fitzman K. And K. 2.

00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:33.000
It's the actual structure it is now, I think, going from memory one is a vegetarian option in the sense that it's not coming from an animal, and I would have to look better if I'm being Italian, so I can't remember I don't hold a Lot

00:56:33.000 --> 00:56:39.000
of information in my head. A lot holds them, but that I haven't got in my head.

00:56:39.000 --> 00:56:49.000
And okay, no, let's have a look.

00:56:49.000 --> 00:56:50.000
I wonder if you could maybe talk again a little bit about.

00:56:50.000 --> 00:57:08.000
We've got a few sort of questions here about the sort of the sort of, and the doses that you of the different vitamins that you've been talking about, that Nancy and vitamin d and if you could talk a little bit more about that and the levels.

00:57:08.000 --> 00:57:09.000
I think people are a little bit confused between C.

00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:14.000
And D, and what you would be recommending.

00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:21.000
Yeah, so vitamin d is not. I'm just wondering if I've got me right.

00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:25.000
They recommended in front of me here. Possibly I'll have a look in a second.

00:57:25.000 --> 00:57:37.000
But vitamin c the recommendation is about a 1,000 a day, and that was has been going on a long time, and that's why you get those little tables that you can dissolve 1,000 a day.

00:57:37.000 --> 00:57:40.000
That's where that comes from. But it has been long recognised.

00:57:40.000 --> 00:57:48.000
I would say at least the last 10 years that vitamin c needs to be increased because it is a powerful antidoteant.

00:57:48.000 --> 00:57:54.000
Now the limits that you can take to see for is it milligrams?

00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:59.000
I think I've just seen the question a 1,000 what I think is milligrams.

00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:10.000
So, it's really bad habit, isn't it, to read the questions while you're trying to talk the same time? Oh, I'm I'm not going to look.

00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:15.000
I'm looking the questions. It's great. So which means is, was recommended a 1,000.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:27.000
I know now that there are a lot of people that are regularly taking anything up to 5,000 a day without any problems, as they've got older, because it's actually helping them with the antioxidants and getting rid of stuff.

00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:33.000
After the body. So how you increase to that is gradually okay.

00:58:33.000 --> 00:58:39.000
Now the is, and I've I've got a brand here.

00:58:39.000 --> 00:58:45.000
I'm not gonna talk about the brand in particular, but it's it's saying, vitamin D and K.

00:58:45.000 --> 00:58:54.000
2 drops. So it's the 2 together, and they recommended value is.

00:58:54.000 --> 00:59:03.000
Is saying, 1,000 Iu hold up. Now I know what I was really poorly.

00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:07.000
My consultant put me on 10,000 a day.

00:59:07.000 --> 00:59:14.000
Every day for 3 weeks, and so I know that again you can take more time than you know.

00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:15.000
What is recommended. So that's the information that I've got.

00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:28.000
I would honestly for vitamin D. I would go onto the vitamin d society because it got it's got some website for your information.

00:59:28.000 --> 00:59:38.000
You can even get pre-testing kits to find out what your own level of it is, because you know so.

00:59:38.000 --> 00:59:55.000
Okay, and a question that I'm going to answer and David, and you're asking about where you'll find the recording of the lecture today, and I will email you tomorrow morning to let you know where you'll find that so let's have another look we're just about out of time.

00:59:55.000 --> 01:00:01.000
Like scroll through a little bit. Just a comment here, actually, from Patrick.

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:09.000
I don't know whether you'll have some thoughts on this and about grapefruit being dangerous for people on statins and blood pressure medication.

01:00:09.000 --> 01:00:10.000
Yeah, very interesting. The grapefruit itself. Yes, I would agree. You can, in fact.

01:00:10.000 --> 01:00:24.000
And I know this. If you could find a grapefruit essential oil that you can take internally, you can take that, and we do.

01:00:24.000 --> 01:00:27.000
Actually in in our house cause. My other half has good pressure problems.

01:00:27.000 --> 01:00:33.000
And so we put some of that. A couple of drops of that into it tonic water, and it makes a lovely drink.

01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:41.000
So. Yes, it is true that that is the case. Unfortunately, it's just to do with the makeup of the the fruit.

01:00:41.000 --> 01:00:42.000
Okay.

01:00:42.000 --> 01:00:44.000
I guess, but because the essential role comes from the zest.

01:00:44.000 --> 01:00:51.000
Yep, outside of the fruit. It doesn't affect people with statins or.

01:00:51.000 --> 01:01:08.000
Alright. Okay. Okay. Well, thank you very much, Carol. I think we're just about time folks, any questions that we haven't been able to get to will certainly take a look at them afterwards, and, as I say, we will post the recording of the lecture on the members area of the website and the

01:01:08.000 --> 01:01:14.000
answers to the any additional questions there as well. Okay, so let me launch my usual poll for you.

00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:15.000
Hello, everyone! Welcome to the the first member lecture of the year.

00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:26.000
Lovely to see so many people. It's a horrible cold January, and it is nice to have something nice to have something slightly different to do on a weekday afternoon.

00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:36.000
So lovely sea, or I'm going to talk to you today about silent movies with a with a particular, a particular look at how the music of silent movies worked.

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And you're probably thinking. But that's crazy. They're silent movies they didn't have music.

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What? Of course they did, and we're going to look at a few different methods of how they could have music, how they might have survived and come down to us, and and and and how that whole industry works, because it's far more sophisticated than we than we think in fact our whole image of silent

00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:08.000
Movies is is wrong. And, in fact, even my image of silent movies is wrong because 85% of all silent movies.

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And we we mark the transition from silent to sound to be about 1,92785% of all the films made before that day are lost.

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They either weren't kept in the first place, or they had been lost in the intervening years in fires and things like that.

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Early film was very flammable, so a lot of them went up in smoke so the silent movies we have represent 15% of the silent movies that were that were made and we have no way of knowing.

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Really, if that was if that's a representative, 15%, or if or if we've got all the outliers, it's very hard to know.

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Certainly there were people that were massive film styles in the silent era that we have.

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Yeah, we have none of their movies. But we do have 15% of them.

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So what's why is our image of the 15%?

00:01:52.000 --> 00:02:10.000
We've got wrong. Well, it goes back to the early days of TV in America, when when TV was was was was born and became popular at the beginning of the fiftys, one of the things that TV stations realized they had was large archives of silent movies and this they thought this will make great this will make

00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:14.000
Great fellow. We'll stick this on TV. People will will love it.

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But did 2 things to it that have really adversely affected our opinion of silent films.

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First thing is, they showed them at the wrong speed. Silent films were often filmed, using hand client cameras to begin with, but later, thanks.

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And thanks, for with governors they generally took 18 frames a second.

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So 18 little pictures. A second, you run those you run those through the projector.

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And 18%. A second is enough to give you the sense that something is moving fluidly.

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It's about the bottom end of to give that persistence of vision.

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Now, when the Americans invented TV, their their TV standard over there is 30 frames, a second is actually 29.9 7 frames a second, because of where it's something weird to do with electricity as is 25.

00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:10.000
There's there's almost 30. So if you take something that was filmed at 18 frames a second, and you play it back at 30 frames a second.

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It all looks really fast. You're playing, but you're playing the pictures back much too greatly.

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It's expensive, and time-consuming to convert it.

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So they didn't bother. So this image that we have in our heads of silent film, looking incredibly jerky and fast, all comes from these, these unconverted sort of early presentations.

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The other thing. Of course, they found when they looked in their archives was what these are.

00:03:33.000 --> 00:03:34.000
Side films. They don't have any music attached to them, so we need to put some music on.

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They would find the cheapest out of copyright music.

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They possibly could, and sometimes do. A silly voice over, and would render the whole thing sort of cheap and silly, and those those presentations of silent films on TV lasted for years and years and years.

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It's only a couple of decades later. After that sort of into the Seventys.

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Eightys, that the there's real interest in restoring silent films to the to the to the right, to the right, to run at the right speed, to have the right aspect ratio to look as good as possible, and in cases where they had actual musical scores to restore those musical

00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:16.000
Scores. Now, how could they have musical scores will look at that shortly.

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First, I want to show you 2 different 2 very different modern presentations of silent movies, how you might come across science movies in the modern world.

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The first step I'm going to show you is from a film called Teddy at the throttle from 1917, Teddy at the throttle is a 2 reelers, a 2 real comedy which means it's about 20 min long it's like a little

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Comedy short, now the trouble at Teddy at the throttle is being made in 1,917.

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It's passed into the public domain, which means that anybody can make a copy of.

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Teddy at the throttle and sell it that a car boot sale on ebay, whatever they want, and because anybody can do that, it means nobody really is particularly interested in looking after it.

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It's the unfortunate fate of things that pass into the public domain.

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It's hard to find a good copy. It also means that anybody can stick any out of copyright music onto it, or even their own music and sticking on a DVD.

00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:11.000
And that's how you might receive it. So I'm going to show you a clip from Teddy.

00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:16.000
The throttle, which is as it's presented on DVD.

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At the moment with a with a and what is apparently an ounce of copyright soundtrack.

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Although this clip of this clip is piece together from from 2 clips that used to be on on Youtube, and you'll see that there's some attempt made in the in the soundtrack, to sort of mirror some of the on-screen action.

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But it's very. It's very broad. It's very simple, and it's not really very sophisticated.

00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:49.000
And it's probably not how we would have experienced Teddy at the throttle if we were to watch it in 1917.

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But it is in itself quite a funny movie. So I think you might enjoy this little short clip we're gonna have here the clip.

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We're gonna watch is has a moment of a damsel and distress being tied to railway tracks, which you probably think happens in every silent movie.

00:06:04.000 --> 00:06:22.000
But the way thing about that that idea is that we don't know what the first movie was that that included that every every movie that has a damsel and stress tied to the railway tracks by a mustache twinning twirling body seems to be a pastiche of an earlier

00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:31.000
movie that we don't have so we'll we'll never get to the To kind of version 0 of that, though it did occur in some place in that in the mid nineteenth century.

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But I digress. Here's a little bit of teddy at the throttle, as it appears today.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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I'm gonna leave him there. So I'm gonna leave you in suspense a little bit and was it remissive me not to point out that Teddy is a dog?

00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:11.000
Ted the the Teddy was Teddy, that also known as Teddy the Wonder Dog, who was belonged to the Mac Senate studios, and appeared in lots and lots of films, and it's a big style.

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:20.000
But I trust that that is how that's how you remember silent movies in many ways, that's that's a very sort of sort of classic presentation of silent movies as a sort of bare piano track.

00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:32.000
Not doing anything particularly too complicated. Apart from sort of propelling the film along with a with a with a rhythm, and pictures that are, you know, that are okay, but not exactly not.

00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:44.000
Exactly 4 K. I want to show you something immediately, to compare that to that is something that's preserved in a completely different way.

00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:47.000
I want to show you a clip of a film called The Last Laugh from 1,924.

00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:51.000
This is from Germany, directed by F. W.

00:10:51.000 --> 00:11:02.000
Mannow, and the music, written for the last half, was by an Italian composer called Joseph Becky.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:06.000
The last laugh is a really interesting film. It's really sophisticated.

00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:14.000
It. It has no institles throughout the whole film. We call them subtitles, but I cool I I call them, instantles to differentiate them from language subtitles.

00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:20.000
They were good subtitles in their day, and for a European film.

00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:35.000
It was a very clever idea to knock titles on the screen explaining what was going on, because European films would get distributed in America, and the distributor would cut them up as much as they possibly could and make a new story out of them or just simply by adding new titles if they didn't like

00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:51.000
the idea, and so by making a film with no titles, it's instantly more sophisticated, and it also preserves your story because all the actions happening on screen a an editor and a you know, an another country can't get hold of that movie and change it to to fit something you

00:11:51.000 --> 00:12:02.000
didn't want it to be so. The story is told visually and through them through the music the clip I'm going to show you is a it's a dream sequence.

00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:07.000
It's a the story of the film. It's about a a doorman at a big hotel who is getting a bit long in the tooth, and it gets fired from his job.

00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:24.000
Being a beer doorman, but he he's summertime to the to the prestige of being a dormant at the hotel, and he's a and he's so attached to the status it gives him that he pretends he hasn't been

00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:30.000
Fired, and the the films that are unfolds from there. Really?

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:33.000
Well will the presents hold will he get rehired?

00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:35.000
So it's sort of it's a points quite a serious meditation on, you know.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:44.000
A work and aging and and and that kind of stuff, and it has some funny moments this moment we're going to look at.

00:12:44.000 --> 00:13:00.000
Here is part of it is a a, a, a dream sequence leading up to a leading up to to to the waking up, and the the score written by Giuseppe Beckett has been, re-recorded, exists in paper, form, and it's been

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:02.000
Re-recorded for this, for for this DVD.

00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:05.000
Of the of the film. So we're listening to it.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:08.000
How an audience would have heard it if they went to the premiere.

00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:15.000
Probably if they went somewhere. That cinemas are different size, orchestras, and different numbers of musicians that could play.

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:26.000
So it's I think this is, this is how it would look while we'd go to the premiere and watch it with a with a with a full orchestra.

00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:56.000
We'll return to that idea in a minute, but I want to share the clip with the so let's have a little look at the last man

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:46.000
Was.

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:50.000
Leave him there. And it was all a dream. It's very.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:55.000
It's a very strange little film, but I hope you agree.

00:18:55.000 --> 00:19:02.000
That is a very different presentation of a silent movie to to tell you the throttle in terms of the in terms of the way the music works.

00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:07.000
Specifically, it's a much more sophisticated score, and it survives intact.

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:10.000
It does a lot of the work that we want film music to do.

00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:11.000
It's sets the tone, it follows the action.

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:13.000
It says something about the characters. It has a real narrative function that we want.

00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:20.000
Film music to do it's that it plays out like modern film music.

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:28.000
It hits, it, hits, beats. It tells us what's happening, and there is even some, some, some clever things that you could only really do. You.

00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:37.000
Could anybody do in a sign of them like the the the sort of mirror effect of the the West at the beginning, and the and the wife laughing, and how the those 2 2 sounds sort of suggest each other?

00:19:37.000 --> 00:19:40.000
Is, a, is, a, is a clever, clever kind of thing.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:41.000
You would only do in a silent movie because you can't hear that.

00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:47.000
They are the wife, laughing.

00:19:47.000 --> 00:19:54.000
The reason this comes down to us in such good condition is because it was made with money from from euphor.

00:19:54.000 --> 00:19:55.000
The the the German State, broadcaster, and they saved everything.

00:19:55.000 --> 00:20:14.000
They were the German BBC. If you like, of the of the Twentys, and they absolutely saved everything, and an archived it all, and it survived the Second World War, because the Russians captured the bu for our archive, and and preserves it all.

00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:18.000
So the whole everything euphoric exists, and survives a really good form.

00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:24.000
Not everything does so let me give you a little bit more background about what's actually going on in the silent era.

00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:27.000
Why do we even have music with some films, from Vario D.

00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:40.000
Simon films. The reason is very early. Silent film projectors were incredibly noisy and early cinemas were small, some very early cinemas would only would only seek a couple of dozen people, some even smaller than that.

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:42.000
And so you have a large projector at the back of that.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:45.000
It's basically like sort of like a motorbike engine running.

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:46.000
And you're watching a film. It's distracting.

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:54.000
And it's horrible, and the very earliest idea was, well, we'll we'll perform some music and drown out that horrible noise.

00:20:54.000 --> 00:21:06.000
That's where it comes from. Initially, almost all cinemas in the early days had a piano player, and at least one other musician, almost always violent big town cent cinemas.

00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:14.000
So like the the Roxy in New York, which was the you know, the biggest of them all, had a full symphony orchestra.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:21.000
They were who were based there, who lived there. And so you could create silent film. And you could you could write a score for it.

00:21:21.000 --> 00:21:35.000
And you know that when it got performed at its, if it had a screening at the Roxy, you know that that you get a full orchestral accompaniment, that was worth writing that score, and then, as the film went into smaller and smaller cinemas they might play a a

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:50.000
Reduction, of that score or something similar, or they might do something slightly different we'll come back to that by 1,926, which is like the sort of second to last year of science movies 26,000 people in the us were employed a cinema as cinema

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:55.000
Musicians so it was a. It was a big industry. We don't actually know how many cinemas there were, because some of them are so small.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:58.000
But for reference there's about 5 and a half 1,000 cinemas in the Us.

00:21:58.000 --> 00:22:05.000
Now, which has fallen from 7,025 odd years ago, although, of course, they'll have multiple screens now. So it's not.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:25.000
It's not a fair comparison, but in 906 you had 26,000 people doing that for for a living I've said it was normally at least 2 musicians, but as soon as as soon as the Whirlitzer organ got invented they realized that one person could run it

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:27.000
Over a royalts or organ, and so it becomes a.

00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:30.000
It becomes a one-person job. They're louder.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:33.000
They have a greater range of sounds. Lots of the early world.

00:22:33.000 --> 00:22:39.000
Well, it has even had sound effects. Keys, they called it the the toy counter.

00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:44.000
So a big war lecture with multiple manuals would have to toy counter, and that would there be keys that would do.

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:45.000
Gunshots, or whip cracks, or the kind of sounds you're gonna want in that.

00:22:45.000 --> 00:23:07.000
In sign of pictures. So it becomes a really useful tool. The worldlitzer and it starts to it starts to push push musicians out in in cinemas that can afford them, although it's it is interesting that the the late silent period is also the period of where film

00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:12.000
Critics become very important, and the film press becomes very important.

00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:15.000
The film critics who would write about films before they came out.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:16.000
Almost always saw the films without any accompaniment at all.

00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:21.000
They would be sent a copy of the film, and they would just watch it in a screening room.

00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:38.000
So films are almost always reviewed cold. So they like this very often not a review of the of the of the of the music, which is a shame so crucially, I think, from the point of view of what we're looking at today, we really want to answer the question when you know where does the music come from how

00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:42.000
Does it? How does it get there? How does music become attached to a silent film?

00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:48.000
Because you can't actually record it on the on the film, and it can get separated from it, and it can get lost. And you can.

00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:58.000
It can be done. Using different means. But how does what is what is the methods by which a sign of film can be said to have a sort of fixed musical soundtrack?

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:02.000
They're already 3 sources. There are really 3 different, 3 different types of music.

00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:09.000
You can, you can use, and 3 different methods. The first is the first 2 are closely related.

00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:29.000
You could score your film with songs, and you could rely on the skill of the of the accompanists in the cinema to play certain songs that fit certain bits of your of your of your film out of copyright songs folk songs and all cinema musicians would

00:24:29.000 --> 00:24:34.000
Would know a bunch of those. The second is slightly more sophisticated. Version of that.

00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:42.000
You could do something called Q. Sheets. When you send the film out in this little tin, this room in that box to put a few sheets of paper as well?

00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:43.000
What if you put a few sheets of paper in? But explained what music you want?

00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:56.000
Played at given parts of the film with even a few little musical examples, and that piece of paper could stay in the tin, and it could travel from town to town, and it'll get lost at some point.

00:24:56.000 --> 00:25:04.000
But it could go from Townstown, from cinema to cinema, and so Friday change of film, you sit down at your piano.

00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:18.000
The projectionist opens the tin and gives you the music, and you've got a few short musical phrases and suggestions, with a few things that happen on screen by the time by next Friday, by the time it comes to change film again, you're gonna have that inside out you're gonna

00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:20.000
Know that, Brittany, and it's gonna be time to swap it around again.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:27.000
But you as a as a filmmaker, you can put in enough little suggestions on your queue sheets for the kind of thing you want.

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:31.000
You want the the musicians to play? We've got some queue sheets that I can show you.

00:25:31.000 --> 00:25:33.000
Let me show you what I'm going to show you is from, and I'll show you this image first.

00:25:33.000 --> 00:25:41.000
A film called

00:25:41.000 --> 00:25:50.000
Ace of action, starring with Wally Wales, Wally whales in ace of action, pretty obviously a Western, of which there were hundreds of thousands.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:26:00.000
Westerns, Westerns galore the Great, The great American story, the Western ace of action, is lost.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:07.000
We don't have the film funnily enough, but we do have the Q sheets, so let me open up the 2 sheets, and I can show you what they might look like.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:13.000
And they all the second

00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:14.000
So here's the here's the title page.

00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:17.000
We open the box, and here we are. The distributor.

00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:22.000
Well, it was aceive action, and we've got 3 pages of of cues.

00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:28.000
I hope you can see this big enough. You can see over the over, the short running time of base of action.

00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:34.000
We've got about 3 pages worth of little little melodies, that we might, that we might play, and you can see they're written on one stave.

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:37.000
They're not piano music. They're just simply melodies.

00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:47.000
Excuse me, a single, a single fiddle player could play that anyone anyone could pick that up and play those melodies, and you can see they're marked up for particular points of the film.

00:26:47.000 --> 00:27:01.000
So, Wally enters lunch room. We play the Girlfriend by Rogers for a minute and 3 over 4, and there, and here's and if you don't know Rogers as the girlfriend, well, here's a little here's a little and you can see each one

00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:05.000
Has a each one has a copyright note underneath it, so the music is still in copyright and it's a little music publishing money.

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:15.000
Spinner for the, for the, for the music writers it's a little you've got a music publisher and they'll they'll well, we'll get your music in pictures.

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:23.000
We'll get, you know, 4 bars of something you've written into the into the hands of you know what whatever film studio is distributing this film.

00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:27.000
And it's a it's a little. It's a little licensing thing that you can do.

00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:33.000
And and then it it. It's a tiny payday for the for the composers.

00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:38.000
You can see. How many is there you can sort of this one there. I'll come back to that in a minute, so there might be some traditional ones as well.

00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:40.000
That are out of that are out of copyright. That's all.

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:46.000
Also obviously a very, a very handy thing you can do.

00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:49.000
But you can see there's not tons that's it.

00:27:49.000 --> 00:28:06.000
That's the 3 pages you you may well know some of these pieces there may be in in in circulation, and so, as a as a cinema musician, you're gonna probably get quite good at this, and you're gonna probably you're gonna probably develop a quite a quite a deep knowledge of

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:10.000
these, of these little snippets and bits and bits like them.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:13.000
Now

00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:19.000
Here's a name. So track by galloping fairies is by a composer called Rapa.

00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:25.000
You see, we probably saw Rappay on the previous page as well his name's going to pop up a lot.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.000
He's not on that page. But I did see him on the first page as well so agitated.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:33.000
Mysteriouso. The queue is also by a composer called Rap Bay.

00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:37.000
So who's Rapa? Wrap his earn a rappay?

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:43.000
He didn't just write queues to be to be utilized like like this, like as one off.

00:28:43.000 --> 00:28:51.000
He also wrote a massive great book, and these books were called Fake Books, in which he compiled little bits of music that he had written for every possible eventuality.

00:28:51.000 --> 00:28:59.000
That you could have in a on a cinema screen, and, in fact, the very first version of it wasn't a book.

00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:04.000
It was a thick carpool box. Not many of these have survived. I don't.

00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:12.000
Own one, unfortunately. But maybe one day big thick carpet box containing loose leaves, and it's indexed, and you pull out the page you want, so I can let me show you a single page of it.

00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:21.000
Here's one

00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:28.000
That would be a second

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:38.000
So here's a here's a page from from the from the I know, and our rat may box, and this is a queue called among the Arabs.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:54.000
We wouldn't call a queue that these days, but we do back in the day, of course, films that take place in exotic loces, particularly particularly the Middle East, particularly Arabia, in that part of the world.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:01.000
Very popular in the silent days so you're going to need quite a few Arabic-themed cues.

00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:13.000
Biblical Stories, sword and sandal epics, very big in the in the silent era, one of the reasons being because it's a good opportunity to have some quite scantily glad heroines in cinema.

00:30:13.000 --> 00:30:18.000
Nobody can say oh, they were more than that in Biblical days, because nobody's nobody's around to tell us so.

00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:26.000
It's a it's a sort of trope of early cinema that a that a sort of the Queen of Sheba, the early gate actors, etc.

00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:29.000
Is a bit of a bit of a something for the dad's opportunity.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:36.000
So they make tons and tons of these movies. So we're going to need a few cues among the Arabs is just one.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:37.000
You can see if you look down the the far left of the page.

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:50.000
There part of the just part of the index, and you can see some of the the some of the of the subdivisions that Rappa is still are important.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:53.000
What kind of things will we need music for aeroplanes are relatively new.

00:30:53.000 --> 00:30:56.000
We're going to. If we see an aeroplane on them, we're gonna need some airplane music.

00:30:56.000 --> 00:30:57.000
But we can. You can. You can scroll down and see all sorts of interesting ones.

00:30:57.000 --> 00:31:09.000
The dances is interesting. You see, I'm the dances. There's a sort of submenu Gavox Marches, Masurkers, Minuetts, pokers, and so forth.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:12.000
Amazing, how much dancing there is in silent cinema.

00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:13.000
It's almost like it's put in just as a little gift.

00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:27.000
For the cinema musician to play something, and if you know your you know your minuetts from your masakers, then it's a it's a it's a really good opportunity to do something to do something interesting against the scenes of people.

00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:30.000
Dancing. And yeah, there's some. There's some quite.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:33.000
There's some quite odd sort of offbeat ones, grotesque and gruesome.

00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:38.000
Happiness and horror. Keep going down it neutral.

00:31:38.000 --> 00:31:40.000
I don't know what neutral music is. Nothing's happening in the same have some neutral music, you can see there's one for orgies, romanologies.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:47.000
I think the is what they're referring to there.

00:31:47.000 --> 00:31:56.000
Oriental, very broad. We know that Hollywood never composers, never really dug too deep into into what Oriental or Arabic music would actually be.

00:31:56.000 --> 00:32:02.000
Hardly any of them ever actually sat down and and learned anything about microtternal composing.

00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:05.000
Or you know, did any sort of real sort of ethnic musicology?

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:15.000
Hollywood uses very much a shorthand to say, Here we are in Egypt, or here we are in ancient Rome, and these kind of cues are partially the reason for that.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:23.000
But I think you could probably make scores for almost any kind of movie you could imagine using those using those queues downside their weddings.

00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:26.000
Westerns, sea storms, quite a lot of sea storms inside of pictures you've got the lot there, and you can see looking at the page numbers.

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:39.000
That goes up to the to the several 100 pages. So it's a massive, massive undertaking, and Rapp Facebook is just one of several fake books that existed at the time as a cinema musician.

00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:54.000
You would become, you'd become extremely well versed in the cues, and you'd probably have some favorites and the some bits of the book would probably have some very nice thumbprints on wave, where you should use the same ones again and again, and again, and filmmakers would know

00:32:54.000 --> 00:32:57.000
that

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:09.000
So I thought it might be nice to listen to a couple of the things that Rapa suggests against the same pictures, and we can we can decide which we like best I thought this might be a nice a nice little experiment I've got a I've got a clip.

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:16.000
Of. That's a short compilation of love scenes, love scenes from silent movies.

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:31.000
I didn't make this. It's just some very randomly strung together love scenes, and I thought I looked in the rap a book for love, and he suggests a couple of pieces of music that might suit up scenes.

00:33:31.000 --> 00:33:42.000
One is Buckingham, Rafs. Cavatina, opus 85, number 3, and one is Padreski's chance to more.

00:33:42.000 --> 00:33:50.000
Opus number 10, with apologies to if I've mangled those at the pronunciation, particularly of Paderewski, I assume it's Panorasky.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:55.000
Both of those are suggested as as potential accompaniments for love scenes.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:57.000
So what I'm going to do if I can make it work is I'm going to play the clip.

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:08.000
And first of all, I'm going to play you. Which one should we do first? First of all, I'm going to play you cavatina, and then I'm going to play you chance done more.

00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:28.000
So we'll have the raft first, and the Paderewski second, and then afterwards I'm going to ask Fiona to launch a little pole, and you can all vote which one you like better, and we'll see if this will see if this works and we see if we've got

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:29.000
Sure.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:35.000
The same result that we get the last time I did this, so if you're ready with the poll field and we'll do it after I've shown the clips, let's get the clips up and running, and then I'll play both of the snatches of music and and We'll look them over the

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:46.000
Same pictures. So here's the here's the love scenes, and here is the the cabatina to begin

00:34:46.000 --> 00:35:16.000
Begins, hearing

00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:46.000
Let's pause the let's pause.

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:54.000
The pause. The raft there, I'll take the pictures back to the beginning, let's have the second clip, which is the Paderewski chant dumb more, which comes in about him.

00:35:54.000 --> 00:36:00.000
We'll have to make it. As, take it as scientific an experiment as we can.

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:03.000
We'll have over the same pictures

00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:33.000
Okay.

00:36:59.000 --> 00:37:02.000
You get the idea, we'll leave them there. So which did you prefer?

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:06.000
If I stop here, if you and maybe you can, you can launch that sift notes.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:08.000
Alright. Let's let's try this

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:16.000
The phone and a lesson in democracy. Pretty. So let's see let's see this planet. Oh, the votes are flooding in already.

00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:18.000
Who's in the neat? Oh, interesting!

00:37:18.000 --> 00:37:20.000
Hello!

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:28.000
Oh, it'd be 50 50! We've got a the rough is staying in the lead

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:29.000
This is this is instant democracy. We should make every decision.

00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:30.000
This way, right

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:33.000
This is

00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:36.000
I was getting. It's it's drawn closer together.

00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:39.000
How interesting.

00:37:39.000 --> 00:37:48.000
Oh, it's 52, 48! That sounds strangely familiar.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:49.000
Hmm.

00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:55.000
There we go, a slight win for the for the raft, but but there you go, but but but something to to everyone's taste, fascinating

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:56.000
So there we have it.

00:37:56.000 --> 00:38:00.000
Yeah, then we have it. Democracy and action. 52, 48 for Raf.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.000
Thank you very much. I'm glad that worked for you, and thank you for doing that.

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:05.000
You're welcome.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:19.000
So do I. Hit. Stop sharing on this now, perhaps I do we'll get rid of that, of course, there's lots of different types of of music for for love scenes, because there's lots of different types of love there's you know, there's romantic love that's passionate love.

00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:26.000
That's familiar. Love. So that's why he digs into so many different versions, so I hope I get to that kind of compared fairly against each other.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:27.000
They're quite different in their own way, aren't they?

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:46.000
And you can see how there's there is an element of choice in when you, when it comes to being the the musician and the cinema, you can put out whichever version of love themes you want, and so where you see a film with that kind of score will to time will determine how it how it

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:54.000
Sounds so the very last way that you can, that you can make sure that that your film has a score is to write a complete through written score.

00:38:54.000 --> 00:39:08.000
But before we talk about that, I just want to mention there was one other important use of music in the silent era that you could only use in the silent era, and that is you could have music on set while you were filming.

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:16.000
You're not recording any sound. The film is silent, so why not have musicians playing songs as you actually film the film just out of shot?

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:22.000
And it happened all the time, and it was another really nice little employment opportunity for musicians.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:30.000
During the during this period, of course, when sound film came in very much like the you know that these guys were on the on the doll queue as well with the with the guys that have been playing the music in the in the in the cinema.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:39.000
But for a while all the studios had their their own little on somebles and groups.

00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:46.000
So if you're filming a love scene on any given day, and you're an actor, and you say, Oh, I really, I really like this particular brilliant piece of music to to get me in the move to the for the for the love scene.

00:39:46.000 --> 00:40:06.000
Well, the the director will arrange for the orchestra to come on the other side of the camera and play the music to get you to get you feeling what you should be feeling to to perform your scene, and it's something that something that lots of directors and lots of actors absolutely hated when

00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:10.000
They weren't able to do anyone, because early talk is couldn't be dubbed.

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:13.000
You had to record the sound there and then. So there was no sense that you could record it.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:14.000
Silent and then put the words back on to get rid of any noises you wanted.

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:28.000
No, you had to record the sound there and then, so you couldn't have, bit of mood music in the background while you were filming, lots of people complained to Director William Wellman particularly went on record, and said it was.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:31.000
It was. It was awful you know. It was a real.

00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:35.000
It was a real step step backwards. There's loads of examples, some of which survive. But there's a really nice one.

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:55.000
I can show you. The actor, John Gilbert, who was a big star of the he really liked moonlight and roses as a as a romantic tune to get him in the in the in the romantic moment when he was filming the big parade which is 1,927 the big

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:58.000
Parade is the highest grossing, silent picture.

00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:04.000
It's the most successful silent film at the at the box office. Now.

00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:13.000
The big parade has a score. It's got an original score based on cues not completely written, but a set of queues all written by a composer called William Axe, that seems to have never actually been recorded.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:27.000
It only exists on paper. So for the presentation now of the big parade, there's a score written in the 1,900 eightys by Carl Davis.

00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:28.000
Carl Davis was one of a number of guys in the Eightys.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:43.000
That sort of took it upon themselves to to sort of salvage and restore a lot of silent movies that were in danger of sort of falling into disrepair and one of the sort of treats he gave himself for doing that was that he put new scores and some of them so the the

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:44.000
Big grade has a 1,900 eightys.

00:41:44.000 --> 00:42:02.000
Karl Davis School, which is rather nice, though I would like to hear that the William Axe version one day what I'm gonna do is play you the clip of the big parade as it as it appears now of probably a sort of slightly random clip of it with it and you can hear

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:08.000
what the Karl Davis score sounds like, and then well, I'll pick a little bit and play moonlight and roses over it.

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:20.000
I've no idea whether this was the romantic scene that he that he but where he th that he wanted moonlight and roses to be to be over, it's not.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:23.000
It's not completely clear. But there is a tiny romantic moment here, and I think I think you'll sort of see what I mean.

00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:30.000
But first of all, let's just have the clip as it as it exists now, with a with a sort of replacement, 1,980 score. So here it is.

00:42:30.000 --> 00:43:00.000
The big parade

00:44:01.000 --> 00:44:07.000
So we we drop that sound out, and have moonlight in roses, and see if it makes us feel romantic at it.

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:11.000
May this may be one of the many moments where he wanted it to get to floats his romantic boat.

00:44:11.000 --> 00:44:24.000
Let's see if it works. I've got a period recording of moonlighting roses, so it might be the kind of thing he he heard. Let's see if we can make this work

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:35.000
Why?

00:44:35.000 --> 00:45:02.000
About eagle me so

00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:19.000
Me!

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:25.000
Of your people.

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:27.000
G

00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:31.000
Did it

00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:38.000
That's that's leading that it doesn't quite fit it's a bit too frantic a love scene, but it's and it's interesting to kind of look at it.

00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:43.000
Maybe how he saw it on the day. And this idea that he's hearing the music.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:49.000
But then we're hearing different music. Many years later. It's quite interesting, but it's, you know, just an indication of that.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:03.000
There was you could you could do that on a silent film, you could have the actors here, and whatever you wanted so to finish just want to look at the the the very last kind of type of score you could have we've we've had the idea that you could just list a bunch of songs or list.

00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:10.000
A bunch of cues, or, you know, sort of build a sort of semi-builder score through these cues.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:12.000
In these bank books. Of course you could have a composer.

00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:33.000
Sit down and write a score for the film exactly like we do now, and he would score the entire film, or she probably he would write score for the entire film, and and then that's called can be written, and like we you know that that that could that could survive and it's it's

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:51.000
written form, and it could and it could come down to us, and it could be performed in in different, in different settings, so like we saw with the the last laugh, you can have it as a as a symphony when you when you had it some screen somewhere, massive and and and and and fantastic and

00:46:51.000 --> 00:47:04.000
then smaller ensembles could play a smaller version of it, and then if we're lucky that you know that printed version could survive into the into the present day, of course you have to write a lot more music for a silent movie than you would do for a movie now because you need music sort

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:13.000
Of Walter all really so. It may surprise you, if this surprise you to learn that the very first film, to have a fully composed store.

00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:20.000
A, a, a suite of music that's designed to be always performed alongside the film goes right back to 190.

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:21.000
8, it's the assassination of the Duke.

00:47:21.000 --> 00:47:25.000
Geese, directed by Charles Labarji and 1908.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:30.000
So a very early movie

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:33.000
And the composer is none other than Camille Sansom.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:40.000
And it's he bases it on his Cho concerto and a minor, and it really is very similar to his general concerto in a minor.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:54.000
He just kind of lift the bits he likes at the cello concerto and sort of slightly some squeezes it against the pictures, but it is a prescribe score that you're always both here with this film, and despite its similarities to sounds really work.

00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:58.000
It it is a unique piece of music. So I'm going to play you a bit of it.

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:01.000
I'm not going to play you much of it, because it's very stagey to look at.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:05.000
It's 1,908 and cinema silent movie is very staged at this point.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:08.000
It's it's the sort of paradigm is like is that you're in a is that you're in a theater.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:12.000
You've got the best seats in the theater.

00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:20.000
It's like watching a play on screen, essentially. And the the music sort of fits. And it sort of doesn't.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:28.000
But I want you to be able to come away from this today and say and guess what I heard the very first score to ever be attached to a motion picture.

00:48:28.000 --> 00:48:29.000
So you can say you've heard it. We'll just have a couple of minutes of it, just to just to to finish up.

00:48:29.000 --> 00:48:38.000
So in a second, while I take it out. The fascination.

00:48:38.000 --> 00:49:08.000
Yes, assassination of the Duke. 2 keys. There it is.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:50.000
You get the idea. It's quite a. It's quite a hard watch, and the music is is is, you know, because it's very similar to this to to his early chateau.

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:59.000
But it's it doesn't follow the action or sort of knit with the action on it, with the narrative and the way that we're used to, the way that we're used to film scores doing now.

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:04.000
But you can say you've seen it the very first time to ever have a score that is always supposed to be played with it, and it's in some ways it's the beginning of everything.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:51:12.000
It's the beginning of the entire model that we that we use now.

00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:13.000
So I've got over a tiny bit. And I've included a lot there.

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:24.000
I hope that was fun. I hope you. I hope you learned something that I hope you enjoyed it, and I've left some time for questions, so I hope there'll be some

00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:41.000
That are. Thank you very much just for really interesting to hear how her music was used and handled in that era, and I love the idea of the music and the 10.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:45.000
Hey? Ryan? Yeah, it's a it's a tragedy a little bits turn up every now and then something lost.

00:51:45.000 --> 00:51:46.000
Something thought lost. It turns up in a in the, in a back room of an old cinema in South Africa, or something you have somewhere, far, far from where, somewhere at the end of the distribution chain, where things were supposed to be destroyed, they turn out to not be destroyed, but just gathering dust somewhere.

00:51:46.000 --> 00:52:03.000
I think that's a fabulous thing, and it's but it's just such a shame that so few of the films survive.

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:07.000
but those findings get less and less as time goes. I'm afraid

00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:17.000
Okay, right? Let's go to some questions then, and we've got a question from Sheila and was rough, financially rewarded for all his contributions to these films doing

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:29.000
Yes. Yeah. And but it's it's the real heyday of music publishing, I mean, every one of those, every one of those of those those cues has a copyright notice by.

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:32.000
And it's so. There's it's it's music publishers doing what music publishers should, which is finding, finding, out finding ways for your work to get royalties.

00:52:32.000 --> 00:52:41.000
So absolutely. It was a proper, you know, legitimate avenue for musicians to be to get paid.

00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:46.000
Yeah, for sure.

00:52:46.000 --> 00:52:58.000
Right. Okay. Now, another question from Lavo. Did any of the live musicians become celebrities in their own rights?

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:09.000
That's a really good question. I've never heard of any. I imagine.

00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:13.000
No, as far as I know, they remain mostly unsung.

00:53:13.000 --> 00:53:34.000
No, every now and then when I, when I deliver a varying on this talk, someone, someone pops up and tells me that there aren't great aunt or great uncle was a was a cinema musician.

00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:35.000
Hmm.

00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:37.000
That lots and lots of people did it. It was a it was a big industry back in the day, but I don't know if any of them became services. It's an interesting question, though, if I can find any out, I'll let you know

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:55.000
Little little research project for you. Can I just say, and, Sandra, I can see you've raised your hands, and if you're wanting to ask a question, if you want to pop it into the chat, we'll be able to ask that for you okay, but oh, yeah, thank you okay, so another question here's a

00:53:55.000 --> 00:54:03.000
Question from Chris. Does any composers become known to the public as film composers in the silent era?

00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:08.000
Or did that really only start to happen when the talk is came alone?

00:54:08.000 --> 00:54:15.000
That's a good question. I don't think from hmm!

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:24.000
Thinking about the kind of the the sort of popular film press of the time was very, very star-based.

00:54:24.000 --> 00:54:27.000
Once once we got the idea of film stars. That's what the popular film press was.

00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:32.000
So from sort of late teens it became about who was on the screen.

00:54:32.000 --> 00:54:37.000
I don't think there was a kind of a much sort of celebrity culture of the musician.

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:49.000
Certainly people would have known who some of them were. There's an interesting kind of era in the early Talkies, where, particularly in Britain and Europe, composers who composed straight music for one of a better word non cinema music like got got involved in it.

00:54:49.000 --> 00:55:08.000
So sort of crossed the other way. We we had a period where, like Vaughan Williams, ends up scoring films after bliss ends up scoring films in 30 so that people already knew as as composers sort of come in as film composers, but I

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:11.000
Don't know if it happened the other way around until you get as this.

00:55:11.000 --> 00:55:17.000
I started sort of mature, more mature kind of look at at the at the film industry.

00:55:17.000 --> 00:55:22.000
It's hard to tell, because a lot of them are sort of celebrities in in my mind.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:27.000
But my mind is not not a not a reflection of the world as a hollow. I know

00:55:27.000 --> 00:55:34.000
Okay? And where any of the composers, women

00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:35.000
That's from Anna

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:43.000
Really good question. Not that I can think of. There's a there's a probably the earliest one I can think of as a British film composer called Doreen Top.

00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:50.000
Car. I don't know how you pronounce it.

00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:53.000
Car Withan, who was? I think it's doring cover.

00:55:53.000 --> 00:56:04.000
Then she's one of the earliest female composers I can think of, and she composed for British films but that's sort of going into the thirties and forties even now it's you know.

00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:09.000
It's a an industry with a massive, with a massive gender and balance.

00:56:09.000 --> 00:56:13.000
You know there's the sort of yeah. Even now there's someone like Rachel Portman who scores films.

00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:23.000
And then, you know, fairly right to Portland. There's there's 30 men, so I'm afraid it's a it's an industry that always historically had a gender and balance

00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:35.000
Okay, hope that answers your question, Anna. Okay. Another question from Jilly did many silent era actors go on to be talky actors

00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:56.000
Well, some did, and some didn't. The transition to talk is is a really interesting era, because the the kind of received wisdom that the way people talked about it for a lot of years was well, there a lot of a lot of actors in silence were European Eastern European may have

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:01.000
had quite quite thick or heavy accents. And that was fine in the silent era.

00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:09.000
But the moment we had to record their voices. But it was, you know, it was revealed that that just that that just wouldn't work.

00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:13.000
And so there's a bit of a coal of actors at the end of the silent era.

00:57:13.000 --> 00:57:21.000
And you know, ostensibly because their voices didn't record, for whatever reason, accents or just, you know, turns out they've got a squeaky voice that doesn't record.

00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:29.000
Well, but actually the it's more the case that the the studios used the transition to to talk is as an opportunity to get rid of actors.

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:35.000
Before and out of favor, so probably everybody's voice, or far more voices recorded.

00:57:35.000 --> 00:57:41.000
Well than people thought, but actually that was used as an opportunity to get rid of actors whose contracts were too lucrative to the actor.

00:57:41.000 --> 00:57:50.000
An opportunity to get rid of some people that are perhaps the star system had made them get a bit too big for their boots and sort of reboot.

00:57:50.000 --> 00:57:56.000
The industry with some sort of younger and and sort of more more malleable actors.

00:57:56.000 --> 00:58:08.000
So some big names from the silent era disappear at the end of the Simon era. A few, a few do move across, but the yeah, the car isn't the color of actors isn't necessarily what we what we sort of thought it was.

00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:14.000
Initially a sort of color of technical actor, you know, because someone's voice sounds bad.

00:58:14.000 --> 00:58:25.000
There's there's more to it than that, but it does feel like a bit of a bit of a reboot, and you get a lot of younger actors suddenly popping up into the air of the of the of the talking someone like John Gilbert for example.

00:58:25.000 --> 00:58:30.000
And we saw in the big parade was enormous in the, and the he orbit disappears

00:58:30.000 --> 00:58:38.000
Hmm. From Anne. How long? For how long did silence coexist alongside talkies

00:58:38.000 --> 00:58:51.000
About 10 min, not very long at all. The moment the 1,927 is the crossover year in Hollywood, and it's a bit of a it's a bit of an industrial race.

00:58:51.000 --> 00:58:52.000
It's a bit of a Vhs. Versus Beta.

00:58:52.000 --> 00:58:58.000
Max moment all the studios are invested in different different sound technologies.

00:58:58.000 --> 00:59:01.000
Some of them have the sound. Effectively burnt into the film.

00:59:01.000 --> 00:59:09.000
Some of them have the sound on a little record that you have to play synchronized with the film, and you can imagine all things that could go wrong with that.

00:59:09.000 --> 00:59:26.000
And so everyone's back to different technology the moment it becomes clear which technology is one, it's a massive race to retrofit cinemas and to sort of rework films that are already in production to make them talk it so there are films that are in production at the beginning of 1,900 and

00:59:26.000 --> 00:59:40.000
27 as silent movies that finally get released as talk is, they have to be half re-shot, or someone has to come in and do voices over the top, because the moment the talk has happened the studios say, well, the public aren't going to want non-talking films it becomes a

00:59:40.000 --> 00:59:45.000
Massive, promotional thing. So. By, you know, at the beginning of 1,927, it's all silent.

00:59:45.000 --> 00:59:47.000
By the end of 1,927 in Hollywood.

00:59:47.000 --> 00:59:50.000
No, one's making sign of pitches. It just isn't gonna happen.

00:59:50.000 --> 00:59:56.000
It takes slightly longer. Globally. We, the jazz singer, which is thought of as the first.

00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:05.000
The first Tokyo. That's not the first all-talking film, is 27 in in Hollywood comes to London, and 28 Paris in 29, maybe the other way around.

01:00:05.000 --> 01:00:08.000
I think it's that order. And so silent film hangs on in Europe for a bit longer.

01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:18.000
We're not into such a rush, because we're not because we're not so in Meshed with the, with the industrial side of of having to refit the cinnamon because their energy works slightly differently.

01:00:18.000 --> 01:00:28.000
There's not so much of an imperative to quickly move everything over, to, to, to, to talk is so 2829, 30.

01:00:28.000 --> 01:00:32.000
There's still silent films popping out of of Europe.

01:00:32.000 --> 01:00:35.000
But beyond that, yeah, they they do dry up

01:00:35.000 --> 01:00:44.000
Okay. Another question here. Is there a version of metropolis with an offense score

01:00:44.000 --> 01:01:00.000
There is, and the interesting thing about the score from a metropolis is that it's having said all I said about you for the beginning, and how they preserved everything when Metropolis got sent over to the States, the the Americans didn't really like the inherent message of metropolis which

01:01:00.000 --> 01:01:05.000
is that working people are essentially put upon and treated like slaves, and deserves to have their deserve to have their moment along with everyone else.

01:01:05.000 --> 01:01:16.000
It's a it's quite a sort of fiercely anti-campus message, and it didn't really wash with the Americans at the time, but they still wanted to show it.

01:01:16.000 --> 01:01:31.000
So they chopped the film to pieces heavily, re-edited it, changed the the, subtitles to change a lot of the relationships between the characters and sort of gutted the story, I made it much shorter and took out a lot of the social commentary stuff now for a long time that

01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:40.000
First of metropolis that got distributed in the States was the only copy we had, and then gradually bits started turning up, and we thought, Well, maybe maybe we can use the bits to put together metropolis.

01:01:40.000 --> 01:01:51.000
How it was originally intended. Now it does have an original score by a composer called Gottfried Hooverts, and hope that is the thing that Euphor did keep, was all Whoberts is written.

01:01:51.000 --> 01:01:58.000
Music, but what it done is hit on all across all the written music he'd written for each bit of musical cue.

01:01:58.000 --> 01:02:02.000
He'd written, what's happening on screen in quite a lot of detail.

01:02:02.000 --> 01:02:05.000
So here's written music, for the film was the most useful tool to restore the film because it contained information that wasn't contained anywhere else.

01:02:05.000 --> 01:02:10.000
He was such a good noteetaker that his score was able to be the the scaffolding.

01:02:10.000 --> 01:02:17.000
But the whole reconstruction of the film was able to to hang off.

01:02:17.000 --> 01:02:25.000
So it does now exist. It was released a few times in the eighties, with people doing experimental music for it and colorizing it and things.

01:02:25.000 --> 01:02:39.000
But the version that exists now, if you, if you go to the Bfi and see it, or by the blue rate, is that essentially as close to the original version as we can get a few bits in it, look a little bit Robie there from a very degraded print and there's a few seconds

01:02:39.000 --> 01:02:48.000
Missing of it, but I think it's it's thought that it's a essentially the almost the kind of Berlin premier average as it exists, and with its originals Hubert Score.

01:02:48.000 --> 01:02:52.000
And it's only because of the score that we get to see that

01:02:52.000 --> 01:02:57.000
Okay, right? We're gonna have one more question. And then I think we'll need to wrap up folks.

01:02:57.000 --> 01:02:58.000
Forward!

01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:01.000
And now we can. We can't talk about silent phone without talking about chaplain, can we?

01:03:01.000 --> 01:03:10.000
So question from Christopher. Is it true that Charlie Chaplin can pose music for his silent phones?

01:03:10.000 --> 01:03:16.000
He did for later. Once the talkies I know. So what can you tell us about Chatlin?

01:03:16.000 --> 01:03:24.000
He did. Charlie Chaplin was the he was the the quadruple threat writer, actor, producer, and also the composer.

01:03:24.000 --> 01:03:29.000
He did write music for his silent films. I was just listening to something the other day.

01:03:29.000 --> 01:03:32.000
Actually, I was trying to find an early version of the gold rush.

01:03:32.000 --> 01:03:34.000
What one thing Chaplain did which was interesting, is he?

01:03:34.000 --> 01:03:39.000
He went back to his, older, to his older silent films and and reworked them into the thirtys to try and sort of keep them fresh from modern modern audiences.

01:03:39.000 --> 01:03:49.000
And so there's a version of the gold rush which goes back to 1,925, which for which chaplain wrote the music.

01:03:49.000 --> 01:03:50.000
And then he reissued it in the Thirtys, where he and he wrote new music for it.

01:03:50.000 --> 01:03:54.000
The votes of the thirties music for it. It's actually quite hard to find a twentys copy.

01:03:54.000 --> 01:03:57.000
But yes, Chaplain Chaplin composed he was.

01:03:57.000 --> 01:04:01.000
Yeah, lots of like, lots of things. Champagne was part of the United Artists.

01:04:01.000 --> 01:04:13.000
The United Artist Studio, and lots of the lots of the the 4 United Artists to set it up.

01:04:13.000 --> 01:04:16.000
Fairbanks, and and and Pickford and Chaplain and Dw.

01:04:16.000 --> 01:04:17.000
Griffiths. They could all do, or most of them could do multiple things.

01:04:17.000 --> 01:04:24.000
So Mary Pickford, was a film producer as well as being an actor.

01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:26.000
We think of her as just an actor. It's just a film star.

01:04:26.000 --> 01:04:34.000
But she had been a producer by the time it was 1920 she produced dozens and dozens of films, and Chaplin the same.

01:04:34.000 --> 01:04:39.000
But and yeah, his skills also extended to composition. Dr. So

01:04:39.000 --> 01:04:40.000
Fantastic. Well, thank you so much, and we have run on a little bit.

01:04:40.000 --> 01:04:46.000
But I think absolutely well worth it, and I hope everybody enjoyed that, and feel it was a good way to kick off our New Year of of Member lectures.

00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:25.000
So i'll get straight on Okay, so i'm going to start the talk before the 1,000 years, because a lot of the Christmas sufficient.

00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:40.000
We still have nowadays, and went right the way through from beginning actually date back 2 before that 1,000 years started, and we still carry or have some traditions that links to in the very least.

00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:44.000
Some that were even before Christianity, and one of the main ones.

00:00:44.000 --> 00:00:50.000
We need to look at is goes back to the time of the Norse, which is called the Wild Hunt.

00:00:50.000 --> 00:01:03.000
In those days they regarded the 20 first of December or midwinters a night as the day when they needed to pay the respect to the gods, because they wanted to make sure the spring actually came around one of the

00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:08.000
traditions of the time, which was to do with the weather as much as anything else, was that

00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:19.000
They had a belief that Odin, who was the king of the gods, would ride through the night through the air, with the wind, with his magical beasts around him.

00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:24.000
Flying past all the houses and Odin in mythology.

00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:29.000
Was it a big, it's bigger with a a portly belly with throughout?

00:01:29.000 --> 00:01:38.000
I had a green coat, collective of nature, and he was supported by a number of elves and the number of magical animals.

00:01:38.000 --> 00:01:43.000
You know, of course, about his ravens, that he had his horse also as a magical horse.

00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:45.000
He had magical wolves that support supported him.

00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:55.000
As he was riding through the air, and a lot of the stories about a mystical figure that flies through the air at Christmas time.

00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:13.000
Do actually come from this bigger of Odin as he was in the Norse mythology, and he was maintained in our anthology, even when Christianity was introduced to the country, and varyingly from the fifth to about the

00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:17.000
eleventh century. so once Christianity had set in.

00:02:17.000 --> 00:02:29.000
Of course, our view of Christmas change. What didn't change was our view of this figure, this Father Christmas figure a Christmas

00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:46.000
Again harking back to some of the older traditions. We had something called the Lords of Miss Rule, and the lords of Miss Rule were people who normally not of high standing, who took over the the the rule of the parties took over

00:02:46.000 --> 00:02:59.000
the rule of the celebrations at Christmas, and the Lords of Misrule were figures like, for example, King Christmas, who would normally be a normal person who would then give up the rules in some houses.

00:02:59.000 --> 00:03:06.000
His role was taken by Prince Christmas. Occasionally they would call Captain Christmas, but Father Christmas was always slightly different.

00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:11.000
He wasn't so much a lord of the mistral in the same way as the others were.

00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:16.000
He was always dressed in a green clothing, one or a green coat.

00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:29.000
Often he would arrive with a big stick or a club in his hand, to bang on doors, slam it down on tables, make a lot of noise, and be very, very a brilliant, as he was traveling around the houses

00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:33.000
or the house that he was partaking of at that particular time.

00:03:33.000 --> 00:03:39.000
So even back as far as the thirteenth century, 1222.

00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:49.000
Father Christmas was there in some way shape or form in uk Christmas celebrations Christmas.

00:03:49.000 --> 00:04:03.000
We didn't use to have Christmas for the children initially What happened at Christmas time was that all of the workers who were working in the houses.

00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:11.000
He'll work on the farms or working for other people as tenants have the time off.

00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:26.000
Even people who were ostensibly working for themselves because they were farmers, would have time off at Christmas, starting on the 20 fifth of December, and the day of starting the time was the 20 fifth of

00:04:26.000 --> 00:04:30.000
December 25 of December itself.

00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:35.000
The biggest gift that people got was that holiday. They they had

00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:43.000
There were 12 days without work with that school, and the children and the who had the time off, would go out.

00:04:43.000 --> 00:04:48.000
Often in those days it would be snowy at Christmas, so snowball fights were common.

00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:54.000
Ice skating, not just on the river Thames, but all around would happen.

00:04:54.000 --> 00:05:11.000
Because ice was often around at that time. the yeah it in those days the the river Thames was particularly good for ice skating, because while in the thirteenth century there was only one bridge over the river Thames the way that it

00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:18.000
was constructed with the wooden pillars going down into the bed of the Thames.

00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:24.000
Around those pillars the ice would become particularly thick, and that would spread out for quite a way on either side.

00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:29.000
So when you're going ice skating normally with they often use bones for skates.

00:05:29.000 --> 00:05:34.000
But that area would be really good for ice skating, because the ice is quite thick.

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And the time between the twelfth 20 fifth of December, and of course, the sixth of January, Twelfth Night.

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With the time of these investors, and that was the main thing.

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People got out of Christmas at the end. Those days, which was the feasts and the festivals of the time in Christmas Day was not originally a time or giving it.

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Such. In fact, Christmas Day itself was a core today, and a quarter day was a day when the lords of the man actually collected rents from people.

00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:12.000
So a lot of people actually were giving their rents in on Christmas Day.

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So. so. The big thing that happened on Christmas Day itself in those days was that the feast of Christmas Day?

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The the Christ's mass on Christmas day. and it it was biggest thing of that for that day, I as when time went on. it didn't become the biggest feast in fact, Easter at the time wasn't the biggest celebration of

00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:45.000
the year. So Christmas wasn't the biggest celebration yeah Easter was the biggest celebration of of of the year.

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But the big face at Christmas. One of the things about the the Christmas piece, as it went back originally was that the feast was another cut time when things became Topsy Survey and a Christmas time But tradition was that the

00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:11.000
masters of the in the whole they were expected to provide a feast for

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The servants, and in some places what would happen is that the servants would go to the Hall on Christmas Day, and they would be given the banquet by the master of the

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The the place and there's there's records for example, that say that Christmas feast was a male with past past this philosophy and blackboarding 4 courses of fish foul roast meats and a final

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cast custard tarts, nuts, and sweetmeats.

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However, as with all the a lot of these things, those this tradition also changed, and towards the time of the Tudors it tended more to be that selected people would be invited.

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So rather than all the servants, maybe a certain, or a couple of those, rather than all the tenant farmers being invited, maybe one to represent all.

00:08:06.000 --> 00:08:18.000
So, and that was the the extent of the giving, as far as it went on Christmas Day, when the big feast had been finished on Christmas Day, another.

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So outside of giving, if you like, was charity as much as anything else.

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So one form of charity was that all the leftover food from the table would be given to the poor and the sick and infirm of the parish.

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So they would get the the the extra treats from the the day you need to remember.

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Of course, in those days it was quite a tradition that we instead of eating off plates, what they did eat off plates, but on top of the plate they'll be sitting on the trend job, and the trencher, would be like a slab of

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bread, and so the food would be served on to the trencher.

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The people at the party, or the face would eat the food off the treasure.

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And then the trencher was another item that could be taken to the for for them to eat these types of bread. that were there.

00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:21.000
Another thing that used to happen was that for example min's pie in those days when you had a mince pie you ate the inside of the inside, but you didn't eat the pastry the pastry wasn't there he was there to cook the

00:09:21.000 --> 00:09:29.000
pie in, and so the pastry that had the minister in and anything was left would also be something We get in that report.

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On Christmas Day itself. One of the things, of course, was going to church.

00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:41.000
There would be at least 3 services on Christmas Day, and add each of the services.

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It was expected that the people who went to services would give to in the arms boxes in the service.

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Another version of giving at Christmas was to the mummers and was sailors.

00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:59.000
And again. This was a very similar situation in the poor and in firm.

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It was a parish. People would want to beg for those leftovers and to get earn their leftovers at Christmas. The mummers and the what sailors we travel from house, to house, and they would knock on the door

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:17.000
and on their little displays they would wearing masks that look like animals.

00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:25.000
It was making noises, dancing, singing, using backpipes, and they would ask for food or for drink, or for money.

00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:31.000
From each of the houses they went to and what it was the tradition that any leftovers could go in as well.

00:10:31.000 --> 00:10:36.000
So let me get left over. alcohol left over food from the past.

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Sometimes a little bit of money would be. a few pence would be given for the mummers.

00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:52.000
So that was another thing that would use to happen. So a lot of the things that were happening really on Christmas Day what to do with the adults?

00:10:52.000 --> 00:11:02.000
The adults were getting a holiday. The adults were getting the leftovers from the table, the adults being in to the Christmas party with the rich people.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:11.000
The adults are getting 12 days holiday. not the children didn't get these things as well, But it was mainly able to the adults in the community.

00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:14.000
Since Stephen's day more giving took place on Steven Day.

00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:22.000
Really the needing on Christmas Day itself, on since Stevens day, which is the 20 sixth of December. You remember the story?

00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:27.000
Okay, good King Wednesday's last he went out on pieces Stephen.

00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:43.000
He took gifts to The poor man who had was walking through the snow, and the tradition of since Stephen's day is again charity. that's the this is the thing that happened on Steven state and what

00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:55.000
would happen was that all the arms that were collected in the church services the previous day, Christmas Day they would be gathered, and all the amounts of money that were collected would be distributed among the people who are needy and

00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:09.000
deserving in the in the area another tradition of Christmas. apart from the other arms boxes being open was for Peggies piggies is a a word that comes from pig play.

00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:27.000
It's nothing to do with the animal the pig and what you used to happen is the pig clay pots would be made in small pots, and money would be placed inside these little pots often baked into the

00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:32.000
clay and these little pots would then be given out to.

00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:48.000
Were the individual, sometimes choristers, sometimes students, sometimes people who have been working, and the the tradition was that these pigs would then be smashed open on since Stephen's day, and the few pence that were inside

00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:57.000
the the people who had been given them would get take that, and they would buy themselves some sweet meat, or treat themselves to to something on.

00:12:57.000 --> 00:13:05.000
Since Steve's day, not on Christmas day let me get to the Feast of the Circumstances.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:13.000
Now, different countries have different traditions as far as the piece of so, as far as giving was concerned.

00:13:13.000 --> 00:13:21.000
At Christmas, and the feast and circumcision which was 8 days after Christmas, New Year's Day.

00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:26.000
Was the big day, if you like, in the Uk.

00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:36.000
For giving. so on the Feast of the circumstances decision, which, as I said, was the first of January, also known as the Feast of Fools.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:49.000
There would be a kind of party where people together normally happen that they would get together in all kinds of houses from the King right down to the ordinary people, to have their little party of the day.

00:13:49.000 --> 00:14:00.000
The Feast of Fools Day. Things used to happen like, for example, people would arrive with their clothes on backwards, so people would wear masks like the war for their mummers.

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:13.000
Sometimes there were stories that people people taking donkeys into the church deliberately on feasts of fools, because those are the kind of Miss rule things that used to happen during the Christmas period, and particularly on the piece of fools

00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:25.000
day. they would burn old shoes instead of incense in the church to make a stinky smell rather than a pleasant smell, because it was the Feast of Fools Day.

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:27.000
But the other thing that used to happen on the fees Falls day.

00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:33.000
On the first of January was the vision of giving gifts.

00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:38.000
It was not officially New year's day until 1752.

00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:43.000
So in Tudor period. while it was an unofficial New Year's day.

00:14:43.000 --> 00:15:00.000
They still kind of held to the march idea of that being New Year's day, when they asked cycle restarted with Aries new Year's day was more of an informal new year's day until it was a agreed on in 1,700 and

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:05.000
52, but what they did used to do on the octave day. was.

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:22.000
They used to exchange. Yes, this would course was the piece of circumcision after 74, and Jesus is naming day 8 days after Christmas, going back to the Jewish tradition Actually, this happening on the eighth a day

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:44.000
of a child's life, and on Jesus Christ I do This is naming date And again we are talking about gifts really not so much for the young of the area, although they did get some treats and some suites.

00:15:44.000 --> 00:16:02.000
and some small things gifts we talking about really after the adults, because if we think about it, particularly in the higher ha! a wealthier families, this was a time when people could pay a allegiance to their lords a time when they could

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:09.000
pay homage to their kings and give gifts that were suitable, or they're ranked.

00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:19.000
It didn't, of course, mean. that the people of rank in these particular societies would necessarily accept your gifts, but you could give them and see what happened.

00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:34.000
So, for example, in 17 32 sorry 1732, and Berlin, who wasn't even married to the time god had me the the gift of some rich richly decorated

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:42.000
pruning in Boston. Henry, in 1532, was a teen hunter, and he would be very pleased with these.

00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:57.000
Both spears, and in return he gave Anne Boleyn some cloth hangings with the gold cloth of silver and embroidered satin, and these, of course, would have been what used in the bedroom for the beds and for

00:16:57.000 --> 00:17:04.000
the walls. So The politics behind this, as you can see with these particular gifts, is obvious.

00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:16.000
Here is i'm giving Henrietta a rich gift, and the gift that Henry gave back was a gift for the bedroom, which was has obviously got connotations.

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:24.000
On the other hand, cast in varying, who was still married to him with the eighth time.

00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:30.000
Her gift of a gold cut was fused by him in the eighth, and send sent back again.

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:37.000
So, and this was obviously a a 1530 to an important year in the relationship between Henry and Katherine.

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:42.000
But these kinds of gifts were as I said political between Elizabeth's time.

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:46.000
We have great big lists of all the gifts that we're getting out as well.

00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:51.000
So we can check these lists. but in Queen Elizabeth's time.

00:17:51.000 --> 00:17:58.000
Robert Dudley gave Queen Elizabeth some silk stockings, and possibly the first ever wristwatch.

00:17:58.000 --> 00:18:02.000
And they were. These were precious gifts given to the the Queen.

00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:12.000
Again. what you're trying to do in this particular situation is get get favor from the Queen in order that you could be favored for the rest of the year.

00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:19.000
So Philip Sydney, for example. He gave Elizabeth first of jeweled width.

00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:31.000
And this was because in the previous year sitting you had written I'll comment to the fact that he believed that the Queen shouldn't get married.

00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:41.000
Queen had taken offense at this from the idea of the fact that Sydney could have the effrontery to suggest that he should tell the Queen what to do and how to behave.

00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:45.000
And so he gave the whip in order to say, Now you have the whip.

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:56.000
You have the upper hand, and you can control me. So in the 2, the times and many times in in.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:04.000
But Christmas was a time for the parents, the adults. more than anything else the adults got the gifts. the adults got.

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:11.000
The holiday is the adults who are in need. They have the charity from other adults that were around.

00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:21.000
The adults were the ones going out doing the was sailing and the mumming and trying to get the the charity and the the gifts from the others.

00:19:21.000 --> 00:19:25.000
The adults have the fine and fancy males.

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:32.000
Epiphany is another important day in the Religious Cycle.

00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:45.000
This was on the sixth of January. Now the reason why this is important is, of course, apart from the fact that it was the end of the period of Twelfth Night and the day when the workers actually were supposed to go back

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:58.000
to to work. The sixth of January has been the date of the wise men brought their gifts to the baby Jesus, and in the East Orthodox Church sixth of January is the day that

00:19:58.000 --> 00:20:07.000
they give the they give their presence to each other, and in our country, of course, we have

00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:15.000
The traditions to do with the arrival of the Majori, and throughout Christmas and particular the twelfth January sixth of January.

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:24.000
Pardon mentivity plays were presented, and processions in the streets happened, and other celebrations celebrate.

00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:42.000
Celebrate not just the fact that it's epiphany, but also kind of celebrate the fact that the 12 days of Christmas are over, and so they have one big last celebration on sixth of january I say that this

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:57.000
is the end of our 12 days of celebration. In fact, in 2 times the Twelfth Night celebrations were bigger than almost any other celebrations in the Hampton Court Palace, For example, Henry the Eighth.

00:20:57.000 --> 00:21:04.000
Had Well, 600 guests staying with him the at least that amount number.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:08.000
Again who came to the party on Twelfth Night.

00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:12.000
They had to have it special boiling houses built on the back of the Thames.

00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:17.000
Just for that one occasion. So sixth of January.

00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:20.000
All is also famous for something called 17 pudding.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:25.000
And again. This is a tradition that We have carried on We don't have a 12 mike pudding anymore.

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:31.000
The Twelfth Night, putting in those days was more like a a huge scan and a kind of thing we have nowadays.

00:21:31.000 --> 00:21:38.000
But within the Twelfth Night pudding they would bake a dry P.

00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:42.000
Or a beam so similar to the way we have shillings.

00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:47.000
Or up until recently shillings were left in Christmas puddings.

00:21:47.000 --> 00:22:00.000
Whoever had got the shilling was the lucky but one for that year, when in this case the dried field drive that Dean meant that you would be the King or Queen of the Night, and that happened on on Twelfth Night in

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:08.000
fact. It even happened in royal house or it's one of Mary lean Scott's servants. Mary Fleming.

00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:15.000
It was a lady in waiting. A one Twelfth Night was adopted as the Queen of the P.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:30.000
And there's a quote to suggest that the queue Mary, Queen of Scots, dressed herself in black, and only wore a gold ring she got, whereas Mary Fleming had virtually every piece of jewelry in the house and very

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:38.000
bright clothing to show that she was the Queen. So what about our traditions of Santa Claus?

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:48.000
As we would like to have him known we've all said that our talk is about giving, but it's also about how how we get our idea of what sample laws is like.

00:22:48.000 --> 00:23:00.000
Well. So Nicholas was the person who, based on Santa Claus on today mainly in the third century.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:03.000
So Nicholas was actually a a wealthy Greek.

00:23:03.000 --> 00:23:09.000
His family were very rich, and he inherited the wealth from them.

00:23:09.000 --> 00:23:21.000
And one of the big things about some S. Nicholas in his life was, of course, that his good deeds mainly involved in giving away this wealth that he got throughout the course of his life.

00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:31.000
And so our sample law is coming from Los Angeles is seen as somebody giving away charity to other people.

00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:35.000
So. So Nicholas died on the fifth of December.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.000
Which is, of course, why the same State is called St. Nicholas Day.

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:44.000
On the fifth and sixth of December.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:50.000
So while in England we were celebrating our giving of gifts and presence.

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:53.000
On the first of that January in other parts of the world.

00:23:53.000 --> 00:24:02.000
They chose different days to do this. so in Belgium and Holland.

00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:11.000
They, their character was called sin to class, and since the class was named because of St. Nicholas. it's a derivation.

00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:17.000
Austin send to class traveled around the countryside in a red costume.

00:24:17.000 --> 00:24:27.000
So, whereas off all the Christmas will green center class wore the red and red, being synonymously bishops and cardinals, which is why the color does.

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:43.000
He is adopted that his costume wearing a bishop's hat and going around in red clothing. Obviously, since the class is depicted generally, as you can see in the picture as an older man with a long beard

00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:54.000
but since the class was generally thought of as being fed this is because it's Nicholas in his giving away, he used to hey?

00:24:54.000 --> 00:25:11.000
He would travel quite a lot of walking but also he wasn't he wouldn't really indulge himself in in that way, and he was generally known as not being very fine. so the thin character of santa claus would

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:17.000
travel around on a white horse. originally Well, originally it's been going like a long time but recently.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:20.000
The course they had was a horse called Amargo.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:34.000
We was actually a dressage force, a white research horse, but the amarigo was retired a while ago, and he's been place by a horse called Osochnell, which is a again shnell being fast in

00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:44.000
a Dutch. Oh! so now, oh, so fast was the name of the the that horse that is going around on nowadays in Belgium.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:26:01.000
The horse's name was flexible. which means bad weather today, or another horse you sometimes write is there. ventog, which is nice weather today, but that's deciding point Really, the important thing is We have

00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:16.000
a red figure of Center class going around through the Countryside and it's big celebration for them on the fifth and sixth of that is December in and Belgium and around that area.

00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:31.000
So center class normally arrives on the eleventh of November, which is obviously quite considerably away before the fifth of December, when he's given his gifts but that period between the

00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:36.000
eleventh of November and fifth of December.

00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:43.000
He goes around shopping centers. he goes around villages, he goes, place place

00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:57.000
Everyone comes out to see him passing, and while he is going past past Black Pizza, he has a number of black Peters who are with him throw sweets and small cakes to the children, and you can see these the idea

00:26:57.000 --> 00:27:06.000
that, given the small gets to the children at this point the tradition of the black pizza, whether it's 2 different versions.

00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:17.000
One of them says that the black pizza is has a black complexion because of getting sort on his face from climbing down all the chimneys.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:32.000
The other one, which is more likely and more reasonable, based upon the story of is the fact that because, since Nicholas is coming from Spain, in the medieval period, of course, Spain was a country that the Moors

00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:41.000
were populating, and of course the Moors coming from originally they that cut the African continent and around there.

00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:57.000
Then the Moors would, of course, had a dock collection and it's been suggested that obviously that's where black pizza comes from all the black features, because often there are more than one

00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:02.000
On Christmas or on the fifth of December.

00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:12.000
So Nicholas or Synthetic class comes with his gifts for all the good girls and boys. he has the gifts to give.

00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:21.000
Okay. The children open them on the sixth of December, so they arrive on the fifth, and they are opened on sixth of December.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:23.000
The children leave out gifts to synthesize.

00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:29.000
They might leave the carrot for the horse, or some, hey for the horse, or some water for the horse.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:35.000
They might leave out some beer for Black Theater, and they might need out some coffee.

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:50.000
Send to class but what they do always the that is a shoe, and the shoe that they put near the fireplace in there front of the house is where they leave the shoe so that syntax black Peter can leave

00:28:50.000 --> 00:29:02.000
in it some gifts. traditional gifts, like the picture on the the right could include a chocolate letter which is in the name.

00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:18.000
The letter name for the child. So then, in the game of a did leave a letter A for the child, sometimes a mandarin in a medieval period or later course, our engineers were quite expensive, and so a gift of an orange

00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:26.000
was a definite treat for children, chocolate, coins, biscuits, etc.

00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:30.000
So the the kind of sometimes will kind of bred and treat ready.

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:41.000
Treat some kind of kind of stoleny type of thing, or biscuits like the scene on the previous page, and these would be the gifts that are left in the shoe. doesn't mean they were the only gifts

00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:53.000
that would give them to the children on the day that sent a class that on but these are the ones that would be found by the shoe when the children work up.

00:29:53.000 --> 00:30:00.000
And then Of course Syndiclass had his big red book.

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:11.000
Now the big red book, the center glass has includes the names in it all the children who've been good and and the children who are being bad.

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:21.000
They will get presence, not from us into glass himself, but from from Black Peter and some of the depictions of Black P.

00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:36.000
To go and bask back into the past have included black black pizza, walking around with a a a birch set of sticks tied together as a threat to the children that they were going to get whipped by the birch if they've been

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:46.000
bad. Of course. the children who had been good black people would give other gifts to, so i'm the 2 list of children who'd be good.

00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:58.000
They would get something from Black Peter, and one part of the the fun, if you like, off the Nicholas is day for this particular community.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:18.000
And these peoples. was this pretense on the sixth of December that some trick had happened, and these amazingly the sack of presence had arrived, or some pets, and the Black Peter had given orders to the

00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:35.000
family that that child should look in a certain place and It's all a big pretense, and again, if you like that they should, if you like, find the presence on the day after some Nicholas day.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:43.000
Okay, So as you can see, there's more than one tradition going past back into the past of who got presents.

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:48.000
What presence they got, how the presence was given when they were given.

00:31:48.000 --> 00:31:53.000
So some kind of rationalization was needed, and it was fell to the

00:31:53.000 --> 00:32:04.000
The Church actually to do that kind of repressionalization, and in 1,536, Martin Luther, he actually gave a a sermon.

00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:15.000
And fundamentally as part of the sermon that he gave he's gave forward the the notion of that rather than it in

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:22.000
Some nebulous figure that was giving to the other people at Christmas time.

00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:28.000
It was the Christ child, the Christ, Kit Kent, that was given the gifts.

00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:34.000
Because of this the date of giving presence moved. in some places.

00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:37.000
It moved from fifth of December to the 20 fourth

00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:51.000
In Okay, of the English. We were doing ours on the eighth of the first of January, and again it became more formalized, and the date for the giving of presence move from the Fifth from the first of

00:32:51.000 --> 00:32:58.000
January again the 20 fourth of December, and that was the traditional day for given gifts.

00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:11.000
The 20 fourth of December Christmas Eve. So by the time it got to Queen Victoria in the nineteenth century, that was the tradition.

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:20.000
Victoria and Albert and her children, and as does our Queen actually, currently as she rather she did.

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:23.000
And then I don't know King charles is going to carry on the same condition.

00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:28.000
I would imagine you will. but on Christmas half in Christmas is passed off.

00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:35.000
We and the family would actually have all their gifts and exchange that gifts on Christmas Eve.

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:45.000
I've read that they had a a private trele table out, and the presence we placed on the trestle table, and they would go and collect from the festival.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:56.000
But it's Christmas Eve. This is taking place not on Christmas Day, which a lot of the tradition of opening presence of is for Christmas Day.

00:33:56.000 --> 00:34:05.000
The tradition of opening presence on Christmas Day, hey? as a more sense of practicality, as much as anything else.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:18.000
If you go to remember that the day off for a lot of people wasn't Christmas Eve people still working on Christmas Eve.

00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:25.000
A lot of the time they would have the half half the day off and go home during the afternoon on Christmas Eve.

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:43.000
And this is the point the point is particularly in the crystal Victorian period, when industrialization is growing, and when people were not necessarily working and living in the same place, people would be traveling on Christmas Eve and they

00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:51.000
Wouldn't often arrive home until Christmas day itself So while the tradition of the presence arriving on Christmas, C is Santa Claus was there.

00:34:51.000 --> 00:35:01.000
The actual day for open presence became the day when the family was altogether, and you can imagine the day and the family were all together Wasn't Christians evil all the time.

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:20.000
It was actually on Christmas Day itself, and so that's Why, as much as anything else, a lot of people change the day of open presence to Christmas Day we have another factor to take into consideration.

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:30.000
When we are trying to piece together our picture of Santa Claus, and this man is probably among, I would say the cost.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:37.000
The people are most responsible for our present day. Image of a Santa Claus.

00:35:37.000 --> 00:35:44.000
This man is a man called Clement Clark. more Clement clock, more.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:49.000
He was a wealthy American. is one of the richest men in New York.

00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:53.000
As a matter of fact, he had the time that

00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:58.000
This in this took place in the 18 thirties, I believe.

00:35:58.000 --> 00:36:08.000
He was married with a young wife, and they had 3 children at this particular one he had.

00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:12.000
He eventually had 5 children, and his wife passed away when she was 30 says before.

00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:23.000
That stage. but at this point you had 3 children, and more was a very intelligent man.

00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:29.000
He was interested in religion. Excuse me. his family was very religious.

00:36:29.000 --> 00:36:34.000
He was also interested in languages and the cultures of past.

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:39.000
And so in 1822, he wrote this poem for just for his family.

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:49.000
It wasn't intended to go any further than just his own family, and it was a poem that he wrote it wrote to read to them and share with them.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:04.000
However. the chain being very interested in this poem, and very please in this poem, showed it to other people.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:22.000
In 1823 Christmas of the following year. the time of it appeared in a newspaper called Theory Sentinel, and it's been become one of the cornerstones of credit Christmas tradition.

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:37.000
If you like or us. Our notion of what Santa Claus is like since publication in 1923 more Clark More himself went on to become a professor of Oriental and Greek literature at

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:49.000
a academy, a religious academy. so he was a very clever man, and he at a right to the famous in his own writers as a clever man.

00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:54.000
But he's actually become more famous writing this one piece of poetry.

00:37:54.000 --> 00:38:01.000
That is still remembered. the piece of poetry is twas nights for Christmas.

00:38:01.000 --> 00:38:15.000
I'm not gonna read the whole of the piece but for because it's quite a lengthy time to you. but there are some sections i've chosen snippets that I think are worth looking at so for

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:28.000
example, this there stops, when, what to my wondering, I should appear with a miniature slay, and 8 tiny reindeer, with a light little old driver.

00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:32.000
So lively quick. I knew in a moment it must be set.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:43.000
Nick. So we've got an idea of this sleigh, and this rain there driver, you know, v vision of Christmas.

00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:59.000
We tie that in with our Odin myth, in that this sleigh and this driver, and the rain there fly through the air like Odin did in the on the in the wild hunt all those many centuries ago.

00:38:59.000 --> 00:39:15.000
The magic, but is imbued with this father. Christmas character comes from that Odin story as much as it does from Clement Clark Mores tale again straight from the poem.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:20.000
Now Dasha, now dancing our France from Vixen on Comet.

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:23.000
On flew Cupid, on Donna and Litzer.

00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:28.000
So the top of the porch, the top of the wall, and dash away, dash away all.

00:39:28.000 --> 00:39:31.000
So we get from Santa Claus his own lips.

00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:42.000
The names of the raind we still today site with and associate with for the Christmas and

00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:45.000
Obviously there's no rude off because we don't came along later.

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:50.000
But these are the reindeer that clock more wrote about in his time, and he made these names up.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:56.000
These are purely fantasy of his brain they don't come from any other myths.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:07.000
So purely what Clark more decided, he would then call the the right there

00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:18.000
Another piece of information we get from clock more. as I drew in my head and was turning around down the chimney, said: Nicholas came with the bound.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:23.000
He was dressed all in the fur from his head to his foot, and his clothes were all tarnished with access.

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:29.000
I'm sure so so in clock moore's version of the story.

00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:33.000
We have sounds close to me down the chimney center class.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:38.000
Never profess to come down. coming down the chimney. Guess the presence was delivered by the chimney.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:45.000
Black Peter supposedly use the chimney to come in and out but it wasn't set, and santa claus himself

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:50.000
But now in this story it's St. nicholas who's coming down the chimney.

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:57.000
Also you'll notice that it doesn't mention anything here about a red coat.

00:40:57.000 --> 00:41:09.000
He. He was dressed all in fur, and they dressed all in fur, is more similar to the kind of clothing you associate with the Wild Hunts and with Odin going through the the

00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:14.000
Sky at night rather than the center class character that we've we've looked at here.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:20.000
We know, depressed in a red bishops coach.

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.000
His eyes. How they twinkled his dimples, how merry!

00:41:24.000 --> 00:41:35.000
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry, his drove little mouth was thrown up like a bow, and the bed and his chin was as white as snow.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:43.000
So again the picture with it. we're painting there isn't a thin go on figure like Syntax.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:51.000
This is a figure that is more full of life and full of fire, red cheeks, and a rosy nose.

00:41:51.000 --> 00:42:14.000
Again. You could draw parallels here with the Odin character more than with the synthetic last character first on his back bright eyes a magical element to him flying through the air so as you can see there's a lot

00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:22.000
of links to what we've seen from before so today.

00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:29.000
Of your Christmas is very different from what it was. in the past.

00:42:29.000 --> 00:42:36.000
We have our vision of Santa Claus, which, as I say, tends nowadays more to be a conglomeration of different views.

00:42:36.000 --> 00:42:40.000
Of what the Santa Claus figure is like.

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:42.000
I mean, we, as adults, know this figure as a fantasy.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:42:45.000
We know that is, Santa Claus doesn't actually exist.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:50.000
But where do the ideas come from? where the thoughts of sense of laws?

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:55.000
Derive from Well, Santa Claus from the past.

00:42:55.000 --> 00:43:00.000
Starts off with the ood in on the Wild Hunt.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:12.000
This force of nature in his green clothing. The key to the ode in myth is the fact that Odin has else that work for him.

00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:17.000
He has magical creatures that fly through the air like these horse supplies, like the wolves that fly for him.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:22.000
His 2 ravens that he has thought and memory.

00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:28.000
Odyssey has magical powers. Odin is a larger than life character.

00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:38.000
Normally portrayed as being bigger than the average person, and we get a lot of that in our sandwiches today. We, in fact, he can fly.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:45.000
The fact is a larger proportion. The fact that he has this magical elements about his nature goes directly back.

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:50.000
So do the wild hunt to Odin and send to class.

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:53.000
What do we get? Where do we get from syntax as well?

00:43:53.000 --> 00:44:06.000
Obviously, since the class is a character so nicholas first thing we recognize is that he goes around in a red bishop's clothing and our sample laws is normally depicted in where as wearing red the trim on

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:12.000
the it again could be harping back to more. It could be harking back to Odin again.

00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:15.000
Center class is to be always depicted as being older.

00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:23.000
With the white bid on being somebody who is gray hat and again,

00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:39.000
Our sample tools is like that also within the class. We get the motion of charity and gift given. You didn't get with Odin and the whole notion of Nicholas, giving and sent to class giving all Tied to

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:48.000
together. Clement More, in the 1820 S. was really just tying in a lot of these stories that already existed together.

00:44:48.000 --> 00:44:58.000
And he's he kind of ties in some elements of both into a character that actually is different from both, since it lasts.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:05.000
And Odin, but is one that we recognize as being the Santa Claus that we have today.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:08.000
And the important thing, I suppose, is not much with anything else.

00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:21.000
With a clever, more story is the fact that the media then has an image of San Francisco to pick up and run with When said the story of that Twelfth Night before Christmas was published in the trace Sentinel it was

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:29.000
tremendously popular, and the fact we still have it today is, is tribute the back that it was so popular as a good piece of poetry.

00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:35.000
But even nowadays view looks through film. You look through representations and adverts.

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:43.000
You look through representations we get in the newspapers our notion of what's undergone Looks like has grown.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:59.000
If you like, and being built on the to myth for the mythical creature of this red suited figure, with the boots and sack and the gray hair and the white did built over centuries of different figures.

00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:09.000
But what about Christmas itself? As has been mentioned, the notion of giving gifts Christmas has changed originally.

00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:16.000
The big gifts were political presence. they were presence for adults.

00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:30.000
The celebrations as a celebration of the birth of Jesus was a time for the adults to get together, to have their feasts, to go to church, to pray, and set to celebrate.

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.000
Yes, there was some elements of the children involved, but it was more for the adults.

00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:39.000
On the the date of Christmas change, of course, in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:44.000
Their fellow celebrations. on the sixth of January.

00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:48.000
In 2 the times up until we we took over the

00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:58.000
The date from the Germans. We were celebrating our gift day as first of January in Holland and Belgium, and those areas.

00:46:58.000 --> 00:47:10.000
The fifth of December was the day when gifts were exchanged, and now we have our tradition of presence on the when it came the 20 fourth of December. but that's now become more a

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:21.000
day when the present delivered, or rather after midnight, on the 20 fourth, the day of opening presence is nowadays more likely to be

00:47:21.000 --> 00:47:39.000
The the 20 fifth december so as you can see hopefully from what I've presented today, our idea of what sampled laws like has changed over the year are in the idea of present giving has changed over the past

00:47:39.000 --> 00:47:56.000
1,000 years. And so so we get to the point today. When in a lot of households, the the main presence are reserved for the the children and a lot of the time. The adults well they get nice gifts not necessarily the

00:47:56.000 --> 00:48:02.000
same as what children get, and that is the end of my presentation.

00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:08.000
I hope you enjoyed a quick talk today. and i'll hand back to the owner.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:15.000
Thank you very much, Tim. What an interesting journey! Who knew there was quite so much behind.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:19.000
How we look at Christmas now, and I certainly wasn't aware of that Norse connection personally.

00:48:19.000 --> 00:48:30.000
Which is very interesting. Okay, let's have a look at some questions, and we've got some comments as Well, no, this is a question from Duncan.

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:40.000
No, Obviously you touched the few times throughout the talk about this notion of 12 days particularly, you know, going way back, you know.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:49.000
The big thing about Christmas being time off 12. days. off presumably that's linked with the 12 days of Christmas from a sort of religious standpoint.

00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:53.000
Don't know if you can tell us a bit more about the significance of that.

00:48:53.000 --> 00:49:07.000
And what does mean? Yeah, that's certainly so when it was decided, and this was decided in, I think the fourth century, the 20 fifth of December would be the day of Christmas data set the celebration and the price

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:15.000
birthday. They looked at the calendar with the next big day, if you like, and the next big day was a pipeline, which is the sixth of January.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:27.000
And so at that time they decided that should be the holiday, and it was written down by the church like at the time that between Christmas and Epiphany no work should be done.

00:49:27.000 --> 00:49:34.000
And that's when they when the holiday, starts and finishes because of those 2 big dates.

00:49:34.000 --> 00:49:48.000
Of course the other thing about that which is a slightly different is that the the date that they chose for Christmas itself is kind of arbitrary is not actually based on every any evidence. it's just because I can go on that

00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:52.000
day. it's just a date that they chose hmm interesting.

00:49:52.000 --> 00:50:01.000
What that answer your question, and Duncan and we've had a I really interesting question from, Andrew.

00:50:01.000 --> 00:50:10.000
I don't know what you'll make of this so whether you you'll be able to say something about this Andrews asking, Is there a link between the appearance of center and the marketing of

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:29.000
coca-cola. I think the link is always comes out hopefully. but I think the link is that if you like the other way around the the image we have a santa started first clement, moore's description of him and the picture

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:42.000
of center class, which a lot of the traditions from Belgium and the Holland went to America with the people who went there. and that picture of Santa arrived in people's brains.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:47.000
And then coca-cola kind of magnified it as much as anything else.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:54.000
Turned it into more than actually actually was so a lot of what yeah, you're totally right.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:50:58.000
And that as an image is often what we associate some.

00:50:58.000 --> 00:51:06.000
But the the picture of the red hat, red suited man and bid, and the glasses that was their first coconut just built on it.

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:13.000
Okay, thank you right let's see let's see any other questions Here.

00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:20.000
I'm just meeting here

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:27.000
I don't think we have any direct questions here. but Let's have a look at some comments actually

00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:37.000
Let me just scroll up. And yeah, Andrew was saying, Obviously, you know, you were talking sort of early on in the talk about.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:44.000
You know the sort of the rich giving to the poor and and that kind of thing leftovers from feasts and that kind of thing.

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:53.000
And Andrew is making the comment that in the military the tradition is for the officers to serve the ranks on Christmas Day, which is obviously the opposite.

00:51:53.000 --> 00:52:00.000
So that's quite interesting I don't know if there, if there's there any other comments that you would want to say about that.

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:11.000
And then a comment from Bridget you've seen last year she was enlisted to sneak into the house of of German neighbors .

00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:19.000
To ring some bales to signify that sounds like fun.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:28.000
Bridget What else do we have but lots of comments here which i'll make sure you get some.

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:35.000
Let's have a kid just to say Morgan's been in touch asking about how to access recordings.

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:40.000
Morey, and I shall email you tomorrow morning with some instructions on how you can do that.

00:52:40.000 --> 00:53:03.000
No! this is Here's a question from ruth was the date, and i'm not entirely sure what date risk is referring to was the date connected to Roman Saturnalia and also winter Solstice when I

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:09.000
said that the date that the Church of the Church of Rome, as it was and chose for Christmas, was arbitrary.

00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:23.000
There is a very much, was the data. these other pagan festivals, and what they were trying to do was put their Christian festival in the middle of it.

00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:30.000
So that people who went to these other things would be attracted to that festival instead.

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:48.000
So the date was was chosen because of when Satania took place, and when the wind sources took took place, Sassan Ali was a little bit earlier, I think, end on the 20 first of December, right

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:55.000
okay? and another question here from kathleen is there any connection between

00:53:55.000 --> 00:53:59.000
This is a time I've not heard is there a connection between green green.

00:53:59.000 --> 00:54:16.000
Haather Christmas and beginning Man of Fork Tales. Well, the the green that Father Christmas war in Tudor times was deliberately chosen because of the Green Man method and green map men just go go back So the

00:54:16.000 --> 00:54:21.000
Father Christmas himself was a kind of also a kind of mixer between green man and

00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:29.000
The owed in world hunt story as well. in the houses at Christmas.

00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:39.000
Of course they would sort of take in any kind of greenery from outside to the houses would be decorated with any sorts of greens or green heather.

00:54:39.000 --> 00:54:48.000
What i'm in with you and basel and rose marin obviously mistletoe as well, and they all brought in for the house.

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:52.000
There are lots of greenery around, and lots of references to nature.

00:54:52.000 --> 00:54:59.000
Okay, right, let me just have another quick look to see if we get any other questions.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:10.000
I think that might be us. Just give me 1 s

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:17.000
Neat. Okay, no, I think that's us so thanks for all questions, everybody.

00:55:17.000 --> 00:55:23.000
And thanks again to you, Tim, and I hope you all enjoyed that, and feels that it was a a fitting way.

00:55:23.000 --> 00:55:26.000
And to round off our remember lecture program. for this year.

00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:19.000
Hello, Hello, Everybody lucky to see so many of you and I'm, hoping that at the end of this evening that you're all going to be as fascinated and interested in Alexey Sawyer as I Am the reason that I'm

00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:25.000
I became interested in, and actually so it was I started doing some research into into cookery books.

00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:36.000
And discovered this man who is a contemporary of other people who are known to be great cookery book writers.

00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:41.000
Eliza Acton, and Isabella beaten, but nobody seems to have heard of him.

00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:59.000
And then, when I found out more I discovered that he's not only just a cook, but most of the extraordinary character who did so much for so many other things relating to social social development, and to military health, and all kinds, of things

00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:05.000
So i'm gonna tell you a little bit about him as much as I can in the time that we have together.

00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:13.000
And I hope that you're going to find him as fascinating as I do, and that at the end of it you'll realize why I think it's important.

00:01:13.000 --> 00:01:18.000
That more people know something about it. So let me introduce you to.

00:01:18.000 --> 00:01:25.000
And next I saw you

00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:46.000
Right usually got the this. this small problem which we can solve very quickly

00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:50.000
Sorry about this. We did chess test slide share before, and it decided it was going to silk.

00:01:50.000 --> 00:02:02.000
So

00:02:02.000 --> 00:02:07.000
So this is the next issue. Yeah. Here he always wore his hat like that.

00:02:07.000 --> 00:02:14.000
He was known to be a very colorful dresser, and he always wore his hat at an angle like this.

00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:21.000
He called it allah zu zu a word that he'd made up himself. He doesn't have any derivation from anything but

00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:31.000
He is a remarkable character. This is a an image, a portrait painted by his wife, who we might, we might get to a bit later on.

00:02:31.000 --> 00:02:36.000
But he was the first man to actually publish a succession of really successful cookbooks.

00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:43.000
Sally more than a quarter of a 1 million copies in his lifetime, which even Isabelle be beaten, didn't manage.

00:02:43.000 --> 00:02:48.000
He was the first person to produce a series of branded goods that had his name on it.

00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:56.000
So you know the Hester Bloom and tells, and the Jamie Oliver of our lifetimes were beaten to the post dialects.

00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:06.000
They saw you. He was the first to understand the importance of nutrition and mass catering, particularly to those people who were on the margins of society.

00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:12.000
You, and he nurtured a personal image and a visual present that was very unique at the time.

00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:15.000
You know in a way that we expect from our celebrity chefs.

00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:28.000
Now. he was well known as a personality. he was somebody who people wanted to know about, and would you know there would be opportunities to to go and visit him

00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:34.000
At She's various places of work and he did a lot to keep his profile very high.

00:03:34.000 --> 00:03:44.000
This is another painting of him by his wife and this kind of characterization of somebody cheery, who's into his food with something that a lot of people talked about.

00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:50.000
He was a very popular man, and was known to be a great entertainer.

00:03:50.000 --> 00:04:01.000
He was born in Muir in France, of course, a small town that was famous for its busted and was not, originally, as far as the legend goes, destined to be a chef.

00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:05.000
He was supposed to begin the family member who was going to go into the priesthood or so.

00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:21.000
The legend has it, but, like his elder brother he decided that there was going to be more money working in kitchens, and started by learning to his trade in Paris, and then came to stay with his brother, who was already working

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in Britain at the time, and he started by working in several large hangings around the around the country, which was the way a great many chefs started.

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They they were employed by the very best, the very highest of the Victorian aristocracy. and you know, having a good French chef was part of your reputation in this particular case.

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However. So it had a really remarkable relationship with his.

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His first employer, who had a secondary interest. Then that secondary interest was developing the Reform Club in London.

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He died very young. He was just 48 years old. and he died in 1858, and this may actually have contributed to the reason why his his story isn't well known, but it seems to have been a combination illnesses that he contracted whilst

00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:24.000
he was in the Crimea, he wrote a number of books during his lifetime.

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A variety of things that first 2 were to do with his.

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His particular interest in the history of food itself. the first one, the p.

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The pantry fuel is essentially a history of eating, and looks at a variety of different foods in from that respect.

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It's not a very interesting book, as is food coat cooking and dining in ancient times, when he wanted to look particularly at the eating of of ancient room.

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Because we have cookbooks in that period that are very widely available.

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What gets more interesting is the follow is the ones that follow, because what he does is he starts writing hookbooks for ordinary people, not for chefs like himself, not for people who are trying to do big country houses, but for people

00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:20.000
like him, and the most famous of that is the one that I highlighted.

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There is called the Shilling cookery. for people and it was deliberately designed and written by Sawyer to be something that would be accessible to the pool.

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It was, I mean it's a shilling is still fairly expensive.

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But here's the whole idea was to try and create a series of recipes that could be made by the poor for not very much money and feed them nutritionally, and he created this little booklet that was home you only

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had to pay a shilling for, and it is full a little recipes of how to make the best of the food that you have, and it was something that he was very very concerned about.

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He knew what it was from childhood to be, what it was to be hungry, and he also knew how valuable food was to, you know, developing to people being allowed to work to having those options.

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And those are things that he continued to investigate during the course of his life.

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The share shilling cookery for the people, if you are interested, is available as a Pdf.

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So you can download it and have a look for yourself.

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He's particularly good on soups I mentioned just now that he was somebody who I originally started out working in the big houses of of England.

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Particularly in Shropshire, where he learned a great deal about how to cook English game.

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For lots and lots of shooting. parties that he's then Employer was holding, but his employer at the time was also a member of the Reform Club.

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The Reform Club was the gentlemen's club that belonged to the Liberals.

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They use a very political building, and what they decided to do is that they wanted to have a building that could can that could challenge any of the clubs in London.

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So they set out down the process of building themselves a brand new club, and this club had a ground floor with with all kinds of sitting rooms and dining rooms, and then the upper floors were given over to bedrooms which could be used by club

00:08:34.000 --> 00:08:41.000
members at any point that they wanted. If you remember the club, it was that, you know it was accessible to you at that time.

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That meant that anybody who was in the in the at the Reform Club was going to be fed, and they were going to be fed by by Sawyer.

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But it was a brand new building, and Sawyer insisted that the kitchens were to be designed by him.

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So it was the very first kitchen commercial kitchen to be fueled entirely by gas.

00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:09.000
He wanted the very best, and you wanted the very most up to date.

00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:17.000
And he went out of his way to make choices about the people who were going to work there.

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He was known, for example, to take people to take young people off the streets.

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I'm keep you in the chill just basically you know chopping vegetables.

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Excuse me, and to help and do it there. This is kitchen was so unique and remarkable.

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It became one of the places that if you were coming up to London you would want to come to to see.

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So this is A drawing of the kitchen

00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:09.000
And these These drawings were sold i've steven here

00:10:09.000 --> 00:10:16.000
They were threatens plane like this, or 6 months if they were colored.

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And you can see from this the division that saw you introduced into his kitchen in the middle.

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Here in the central area was where the food was carefully prepared and and arranged before going up through

00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:47.000
This area. This is like like a I don't wait to that we go up to the dining rooms, and you can see that this is hexagonal. I'll give you a flow step with that in a minute so a number of chefs could

00:10:47.000 --> 00:11:02.000
work around the outside of it. On this side is the hot area where all the all of the Evans are, and on this side is the cold area where the any desserts, and so on.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:15.000
Were prepared, but also where things like fish and so on restored That's what these these tanks are in front of you. And you see, there's quite a lot of people busy around and over in this corner.

00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:23.000
Was was Sawyer's office. which was the place where he was for pretty much all of the day.

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He worked about 14 h days and apparently slept very little.

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He was known at the end of a day of working at the phone club to then go out to a user call with his friends or to dine with his friends.

00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:43.000
And kind of this energy this restless energy drove him on.

00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:49.000
Now I mentioned giving you a closer to some of the the arrangements. That

00:11:49.000 --> 00:12:06.000
So you brought in. So here is this hexagonal table, and in the center of it is this cupboard, and in this cupboard every day would be placed fresh herbs and fentiful supply of the spices that would

00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:10.000
be used all of the kind of garnishes, and so on.

00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:22.000
That would be there necessary for his chefs to use it, and the table had pullates just like this one, which were the chopping boards so they can be pulled out, and chops and everything else could be laid, out and then passed

00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:30.000
on, and the shape of it was designed specifically, so that you could have at least 8 people working around it at one time.

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Then over here we've got an example of of sawya's invention when it comes down to to stoves.

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So you've got a surface stove here with all of the different kind of things.

00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:43.000
Arrange it. you've got ladies that are hanging from the chimney.

00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:51.000
So they were easy to access, and they usually had Rebecca or would around them.

00:12:51.000 --> 00:12:55.000
So you take them off the chimney, even though the chimney is hot.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:06.000
You had warming ovens underneath It it's all very compact and very organized, considering that at various points, if he was doing something large and enormous, there could be something at like up to 200 people in the

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:11.000
kitchen, plus the visitors that were the expected to access.

00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:16.000
You can imagine how important it was to be very organized.

00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:24.000
So his kitchen was considered to be one of the marbles of the world, and visits to it were very much part of your trip to London.

00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:39.000
If you were going to go up to town, and therefore it started to influence what was going on in other kitchens across the country, ranging from the very grandest houses dying to, you know, ordinary people starting to think about closed

00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:56.000
stone. A lot of houses were still dealing with open staves, open fires, and the idea of having clothes stoves with a hob on the top of it was something that was very influential from swollen designs He

00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:12.000
was also influential in the way that food was dressed, and these are a couple of images that from some of his grand banquets and the idea of flowers on the table, the idea of big stands that was so high that they had

00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:28.000
to make gaps in them as with this one here, so that people could talk to each other across the table, and increasingly that became something that was frowned upon as a as a No, no, as far as etiquette was

00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:34.000
concerned, and then huge, enormous, elaborate deserts.

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:48.000
He became known for creating these massive constructions that would be promenaded into into the dining area in a way that Hadn't been seen since medieval times.

00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:58.000
The moment of his triumphs came when he was invited to create a banquet for Ibrahim Pasha, the Reform Club.

00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:13.000
Tasha was in first. It was the head of the Turkish government at the time, and of course, as we were starting to lurch toward war in for the Crimea, this link to having a positive experience from Turkey was really

00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:26.000
vital. So Ibrahim Pasha was invited to coming and meet Queen Victoria in 1,846, and subsequently invited by the wigs to dine at the reform club and

00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:37.000
it was so you saw it as his opportunity to make a big splash to get as much publicity as he possibly could.

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He knew it would get a lot of attention because of all the people that were being invited, that he wanted to make sure that he was part of the focus.

00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:49.000
So he arranged this enormous banquet.

00:15:49.000 --> 00:16:02.000
A 154 guests who actually were allowed to sit down and meet the food, although they were something like 500 other people who were also in the Reform Club at the time, and I get a from the newspaper reports at the

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:14.000
time. It seems that people crammed outside in the same way as they would do now for a film premiere, or something like it. to see the dignitaries going in.

00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:22.000
But these guests were served 7 different courses, and each one of those courses had a minimum of dip.

00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:29.000
4 different dishes, one of the courses. The main meat course had 7 different meat courses.

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:43.000
It was a huge undertaking, and the one of the climax of it. The black climax of it was a huge castle, made out of prophetic rolls and cream, and all kinds of other things.

00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:52.000
That was was called was named in honor of the Pasha

00:16:52.000 --> 00:17:09.000
It was reported in all the newspapers. so suddenly Sawyers was the name that was on everybody's lips.

00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:19.000
At the same time as Alexa Sawyer was doing this, he was also thinking about the poor.

00:17:19.000 --> 00:17:29.000
He started by He heard somebody telling talking about some of his fellow countrymen who we were living in Spittlefields.

00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:37.000
The silk developed silk weaving area of London, and who was starting to have difficulties.

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:42.000
Because of mass manufacturing, and that people were starting to starve.

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:57.000
So he visited the area, and with one of the local churches set up a soup kitchen there, and he became very interested in how to feed a lot of people from who were poor and then the Army potato famine

00:17:57.000 --> 00:18:06.000
became something that was becoming well known that people were knowing that there were lots of people in Ireland who were suffering and starving.

00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:17.000
As a consequence of the blight that was on potatoes that was the main source of their their food, and one evening

00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:22.000
So we went to a dinner with these friends, one of them being George, make piece that backery.

00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:36.000
The author of Vanity Fair, and he He picked up a copy of the Times, and in this copy of the Times there was a report of the starvation that the in the Irish are suffering.

00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:48.000
So he wrote to the Times, offering his services, and he wrote that a belly full of my soup went a day together with a biscuit will be more more than sufficient to sustain the strength of a strong and

00:18:48.000 --> 00:19:04.000
healthy man. He got permission to leave his work at the Reform Club, and they gave them a a leave of absence, knowing that he'd set up the kitchen in such a way that it could run quite happily without

00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:14.000
him for a few weeks, and he set off and went to went to Dublin to go through the process of setting up a seat kitchen.

00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:19.000
It wasn't just enough, though, for him to to be able to make soup and feed people.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:29.000
He wanted to do it in such a way that it was modern and efficient, and that people were going to dig, going to get the most out of it.

00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:34.000
So it was especially built thing. It was temporary.

00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:40.000
It has a canvasery from wooden walls, but inside it he had these big soup.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:46.000
Good huge enormous suit kettles made.

00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:52.000
He had big ovens to date the biscuits and we're talking about something like ships biscuits here.

00:19:52.000 --> 00:20:07.000
So something very solid and very nutritional to be able to get as many people through as possible, and he arranged it in such a way as what was happened was that people would come in through one door they would sit down a 100

00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:14.000
people at a time they would all be served, and then those 100 people would go out through another door as another 100 people kept.

00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:21.000
It came in, and the whole idea was to try and feed as many poor people as possible.

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:33.000
And then there was some controversy over it. Some people said that what Sawyer was doing was not going to provide enough enough food for somebody, particularly

00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:37.000
A man in his prime to be able to have enough energy to work.

00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:45.000
But the other argument was the alternative was they ate nothing and certainly

00:20:45.000 --> 00:21:04.000
He's capacity to move through as many people through as humanly possible, was something that is deemed to have saved a number of lives, and because at least one meal a hotmail made with sawy as usual

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:09.000
care was something that was going to. If it was as an alternative to starvation.

00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:18.000
Couldn't have been better, and he believed in using as much fresh vegetables as he could.

00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:26.000
He believed in using not great amounts of meat, but certainly enough to give it flavor.

00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:40.000
He believed in using a good range of seasoning, So the very first thing he did was that he invited all the notables in Dublin to come, and they were the first 100 people through, and when the Mayor of Dublin at the

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:54.000
time, said that he would quite happily come back and eat his dinner there every day, because the what was on offer was more than satisfactory, and he didn't stop there.

00:21:54.000 --> 00:22:01.000
Having been discounted, interested in helping out with what was going on in Ireland.

00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:16.000
He then turned his eyes to the Crimea, and the crimio ball was in full flow by this time, and as some of you may already know, if you know anything about Florence Nightingale, it was very very badly organized in terms

00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:21.000
of supporting the troops levels of fuel and supply to in order to keep the army moving.

00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:38.000
We're very, very, low and very, very poorly organized. There were situations where food was arriving in Sebastopol at the port, but not getting out to men, and that was certainly true of other things like clothing

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:52.000
heavy, due to into coats and when Florence Nightingale arrived, and she started to set to set to work to try and do something about the situation in the hospital.

00:22:52.000 --> 00:23:03.000
Reports were starting to come back to England, and we already established that Sawyer was a reader of newspapers, and he realized that there was more to be done.

00:23:03.000 --> 00:23:17.000
So he went, he, he on his own expense. he went out to the Crimea to see what he could do to try and help feed, not the people who were ill, but the people who were actually fighting the wars at the time.

00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:22.000
He knew and liked and got on very well with Florence Nightingale.

00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:29.000
Not an easy woman to like but was quite happy to stay out of her way and get on with something else.

00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:45.000
Now. he'd already had some experience with thinking about traveling and this image on the left hand side here is saw his portable stove, and he had toured the country, demonstrating how you could cook on this thing and the whole idea was

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:53.000
that it was. It was a little portable stove, it's about the size of a mantelpiece clock.

00:23:53.000 --> 00:24:09.000
He's probably the best best measurement I can give you and he was demonstrating how to cook comics on it had to cook some of his fable suit, your whole idea being that you could take it with you if

00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:14.000
you were out hunting, or you were at fishing where you were on a journey.

00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:20.000
It could be quite a lot of them got sent out to India because they were quite transportable like that.

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:25.000
But they He had this idea of kind of enlarging this whole idea.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:32.000
Now, when he got to the crime, he discovered that the situation with the way things were organized was not satisfactory at all.

00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:38.000
One of the things was to do with the way that rational meat was rationed.

00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:46.000
Hi meat was rationed by weight, and it would be given out to a group of men, usually about 8 of them, and they would then have to decide.

00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:54.000
Yeah, one of them would decide what they were going to do with it, and the tradition was for the army was that they would take their meet again.

00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:59.000
Remember this by wait, so it wasn't a solid piece of meat.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:02.000
You could have a bone in it. it could have a lot of gristle in it.

00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:06.000
It could have, you know, an I to layer of skin on it if it was pork.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:11.000
And get their meet. The men would tie this meet up.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:22.000
They would tie something to it to identify as theirs and then they'd throw it in a massive communal kettle, and they boil it before several hours.

00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:34.000
Then somebody would come along and retrieve it, and they would try and eat what was left. Now Sawyer recognized 2 things. One, the stuff they were tying up with was often bits of clothing a bit of wood from the floor something

00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:39.000
that would identify as theirs. He knew that was unhygenic and not healthy.

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:47.000
He also recognized that by boiling this meeting, this liquid, all of the nutritional value of the meat was going into the water.

00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:51.000
This is a man, remember, who is French and who is obsessed with soup.

00:25:51.000 --> 00:26:00.000
So his first job was to try and persuade these men to stop doing that and to do something else

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:06.000
The second thing that he did was excuse me it's my my clock.

00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:14.000
The second thing that he did was he said, Well, we we have to have people who know how to cook.

00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:19.000
So he asked for volunteers amongst the men of those people.

00:26:19.000 --> 00:26:34.000
He was going to give some basic cooking skills, too, and from that grew. What we now know is the arm catering core because he taught some men how to cook for everybody else. So they weren't wasting food that the food that they were getting

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:47.000
was going to be balanced and edible, and not a waste of the the particular rations that they were given, which was a revelation.

00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:54.000
Suddenly everybody got hot meal. Suddenly everybody got me all I could eat, and this was remarkable.

00:26:54.000 --> 00:27:01.000
The other issue was, of course, this stove there was very very little fuel in the Crimea.

00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:05.000
By the time that they've been there very for a very short time there was. there were no trees left.

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:17.000
There had not been many trees to start with so there wasn't it wasn't a lot of fuel there wasn't any cold there wasn't very much what they do have they were going to scan to trying to get

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:22.000
warm. So Sawyer came up with the idea of these stoves.

00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:32.000
If you look in the bottom, in the picture, in the bottom right hand side you can see these stows, and you can see how similar they are to the ones that were in his kitchen.

00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:37.000
And these staves he designed them so that they were light.

00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:54.000
They were portable. they could burn any fuel that you chose, anything that you could get your hands on could heat one of these stows because they were so light, and it meant that they could create something that was really really worth having they were

00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:59.000
designed so that the the bottom half of it could be used as a soup kettle, and the top half of it could be used as an oven.

00:27:59.000 --> 00:28:03.000
So there has a section that could be slotted into the top to bake in.

00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:09.000
So you know, bread and soup could be produced very easily from these things.

00:28:09.000 --> 00:28:20.000
And what is truly remarkable about the sawyist dough is that they became a standard thing for the British Army for almost 200 years.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:29.000
The last use of the Sawyer stove was actually in the Gulf War, and the reason for that is because of this low, fuel consumption.

00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:33.000
You can see the live on on the side side of this this version.

00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:41.000
Here the little tiny plate which was behind that was the firebox, and you can see how small it is.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:44.000
But so we're not talking about something that's like a steam engine.

00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:48.000
We're talking about something that's very domestic and very small.

00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:51.000
They were very, very light and very portable they were.

00:28:51.000 --> 00:28:57.000
They were adored by the army, because they, you know, they could be multiply, produced, and produce good work.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:07.000
They even had to get some of the night of the museum of army catering and send them down to the Falklands, because the Falkland suffered from the same problem as the Crimea was that there

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:21.000
wasn't much fuel and they discovered that any of the modern stoves that they had sent down to try and feed the troops in the Falklands was weren't successful, but the Soyisto could be

00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:26.000
ran on Pete, so they cut peach from the

00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:35.000
The Falklands land and use it to keep these staves, and I am told by people who were there at the time that saw it. Stove produces very nice bread.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:45.000
So it was also, as well as being a bit of a philanthropist and an inventor.

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:50.000
An entrepreneur. He came into the world for no money, and he liked money.

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:58.000
He liked to spend it, so he decided that he was also going to use his fame, and he liked being famous as well.

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:11.000
The to promote a series of goods, so that other people could have a taste of sawyer in their own homes, and he creates an a range of preserves and sources, and relishes under his own name and he

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:19.000
got together with A couple of people who were in the bottling trade were known as Cross and Blackwell.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:25.000
To take these recipes and to bottle them and sell them with his name, with his picture on the front.

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:30.000
If you look at the sawyus source bottle right at the bottom.

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:44.000
There you can see both the Cross and Blackwell. and as for Sawyer prominently displayed, and he made a very good living out of these, and he was always being asked by Cross and Blackwell for the next thing.

00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:48.000
It was There was. There was some discussion about whether or not he they might move into soup.

00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:57.000
But you never actually got anywhere, I think, partly because once the money started rolling in, Soya got bored with it and decided to go and look for something else.

00:30:57.000 --> 00:31:01.000
The other thing that he did was that he created a range of physi drinks.

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:10.000
Yeah. He was very interested in picnics a legacy of the time that he'd spent in the in the large houses in Central England.

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:17.000
Because techniques were a thing but not picnics, as we know it, where you stick us a whole bunch of stuff in a tupperware container.

00:31:17.000 --> 00:31:20.000
But kind of the big, elaborate coordinates with picnics.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:25.000
We big, beautiful hampers and people laying out chairs for you.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.000
And so people want to something interesting to drink. So he decided that he would do this.

00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:38.000
But he wanted to have something where they It was easily transportable, and he came up with the idea of trying to keep the fizzing it.

00:31:38.000 --> 00:31:45.000
By devising the bottle, which had a marble in the end of it, and you push the marble down.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:48.000
Now he came up with this about the same time as several other people did so.

00:31:48.000 --> 00:32:00.000
We can't necessarily claim it as his invention but certainly he was one of the first people to employ this particular technique for for preserving the fees in busy bottles.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:09.000
And the examples You can see that's an individual one and one that was supposed to serve 3 people, and they were designed to be kept on their side like that.

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:19.000
So you would lie them at the bottom of your picnic basket, and rather than upright, as other bottles might be.

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:25.000
It was inevitable when the Great Exhibition started that Sawyer would be involved in that.

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:35.000
In some respect he was asked to originally to to take on the catering for the Great Exhibition.

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:42.000
His fame was such that, that was certainly expected of him. and she turned it down.

00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:48.000
It was given to another person to another man who delighted in the in the name of George Schwps.

00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:56.000
Who i've no doubt that all of you have invested in your Sharpstonic water for Christmas, and for that is where he made his money.

00:32:56.000 --> 00:33:04.000
That's the it allowed him to start up the soft drinks industry that we are now familiar with. That Sawyer decided.

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:09.000
He wants to go one better. If the world was going to have a great exhibition, then

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:17.000
The world was also going to have a great exhibition of Sawyer's baking as well.

00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:34.000
So what he did was he bought a house from a bankrupt, and I think she was a baroness, and completely remodeled it inside and out to into different garottos.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:38.000
There was an ice grotto with icicles hanging from the roof.

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:49.000
There was a flower grotto. there was a grotto that was covered in feathers, and each within this this place, this sawyer symposium.

00:33:49.000 --> 00:33:55.000
There were different levels of capacity for people to go and eat.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:34:00.000
So there was, you know, a sort of tea room. So if you wanted to smack.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:05.000
But also there was, you know, a grand dining hall, where you could all dine together.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:11.000
And then there was also sort of more select eating in a different part of the of the building.

00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:17.000
The grand dining hall had a giant tablecloth about which amusement was made.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:28.000
There's a very funny yeah cartoon from Punch, which shows the washerwoman trying to wash it because it was almost a mile long.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:39.000
And the whole idea was that it should be a communal table that you should sit next to your peers. Unfortunately,

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:49.000
So he is. Symposium, which should have been a raging success to so many of his ideas were was a financial failure.

00:34:49.000 --> 00:35:02.000
First of all, he spent too much money on it second of all he had a very poor business partner, and third of all he Hadn't, accounted for peoples going to the great exhibition in a particular way.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:16.000
What was happening was that people going to the Great Exhibition, and they were staying there all day, and whilst the food that was provided within the exhibition halls was not good, nobody had a good word to say about it, if you

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:20.000
left the Exhibition hall, and you hadn't got a season ticket.

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.000
You would have to pay to re-enter so people didn't do that.

00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:33.000
So people might think. Oh, it might be quite nice to pop across the road to to saw your symposium and have a bite of lunch.

00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:36.000
Only if they've got a season ticket and that only meant the very wealthiest.

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:46.000
Could they actually do so? a addit to which so almost certainly managed to price himself out of the market.

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:52.000
And this is an advert for Sawyer Symposium, and you can see at the top how much it cost.

00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:58.000
So a single ticket. so one person had to pay a guinea.

00:35:58.000 --> 00:36:10.000
Now that is a lot of money for the vast majority of people at this time. and while so that what he's saying in this, I mean, he talks about the encampment of all nations where a splendid collation will be

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:18.000
prepared on on a on a table 300 feet long, covered by magnificent monster table club.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:25.000
You know it all sounds very attractive but it's also very expensive.

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:37.000
It's 3 guineas, for a family now that is an awful lot of money when actually wasn't that much to get inside the great great Exhibition, and it became a sort of thing where there was a day out involved in

00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:44.000
it. those special trains and things laid on for it you couldn't add this kind of level of money to what people were doing.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:49.000
So poor Sawyer had actually missed the boat in this particular case.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:06.000
It also suffered from the fact that his grand plans were so complicated, so elaborate, that the the the symposium didn't open at the same time as the great exhibition.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:17.000
It was opened 5 weeks later, with the result that of course, people got used to the idea that they weren't going to get anything to eat except what was in the great Exhibition.

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:22.000
In many respects it should have been the end of soy's success.

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:29.000
But of course, because of the other things he was interested in the sale of the cookbooks, the Cross and Blackwell connection.

00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:41.000
He managed to stay financially afloat but he had a couple. A couple of few did desperate years, because the other issue was, of course, in order to run this, he'd had to leave the reform club.

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:50.000
So he didn't have a regular income anymore. and he was doing sort of part time catering

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:56.000
Along the way, I should tell you something a little bit about his wife as well.

00:37:56.000 --> 00:38:02.000
This is Emma Jones. they were married in 1837, and

00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:13.000
She was the love of his life. He was not. She was not the only woman that he was involved with, but he was deeply in love with her, and she knew how to manage him.

00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:20.000
Lots of people said about how difficult he could be, and she knew precisely how to deal with him.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:30.000
One of the things that she did famously was that she He would spend spend many, many hours at Reform Club.

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:44.000
As I mentioned, he was working 12 to 14 h days at the Reform Club, and she once arrived to see him turned up in his office, was told by one of his underlings that

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:50.000
She. If she waited a minute, he turned up they'd go and tell him that she was there, and she waited and waited and waiting.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:39:04.000
He didn't come so in the end she drew a picture of herself on the wall in his office in the Reform Club, and said, This is how you're going to see me in future, unless you do something better and he was so delighted

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:10.000
with this joke that he told everybody about it, and insisted that the picture remained on the wall.

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:15.000
And regularly took people to go and see it, because he thought it was.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:22.000
It was a mark of her wit, and he was deeply, deeply in love with her and share.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:28.000
And this was a sign of showing his his affection for her, and unfortunately,

00:39:28.000 --> 00:39:44.000
He traveled to phones in the beginning of August, in 1842, when she was pregnant and was there to see some members of his family, and you know, also to converse with some

00:39:44.000 --> 00:39:53.000
suppliers and She was having problems with her pregnancy, and there was a thunderstorm and she was apparently very Brad.

00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:59.000
Badly frightened. she went into premature labor and died that same night.

00:39:59.000 --> 00:40:05.000
And Sawyer, when he was told, was utterly devastated.

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.000
And It took him a great deal of time to recover from this seat.

00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:14.000
Never, never forgot her. and He raised this monument to her.

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:22.000
You can see the picture in the top right hand corner and it's simply recorded to her.

00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:27.000
Because to him that's all she was she would that's what she was.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:33.000
She was the woman She was the only one so to her and it's still there.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:43.000
It's in in highgate cemetery and the reason I thought I've mentioned Emma is because of this painting on the bottom right there.

00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:49.000
Some of you might have seen it before, because it was featured in The Bbc.

00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:56.000
One television program, fake or fortune, which looks at the provenance of of paintings.

00:40:56.000 --> 00:41:09.000
This particular painting of emma's which was part of an elaborate, an abolitionist movement, whilst Sawyer was interested specifically in

00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:14.000
Looking after the pool. Emma was a known abolitionist.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:22.000
She was very interested in getting slavery band. the world was, and this picture was part of that particular movement.

00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:31.000
But there was a discussion in in the particular program about whether or not it was by her or not it was proved that it was.

00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:35.000
There are a number of other pictures in in her yeah collection.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:40.000
But all part of this, this, this desire that she had.

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:50.000
So you can see i'm just going to come to the end that

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:58.000
There is a lot, all of him and and fascinating stories from Alexey Sawyer.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:14.000
He hits a number of big moments in the victorian period and yet she's very little known about he's starting to become a bit more of a figure, and see Oh, or perhaps it's because i'm a bit more sensitive to

00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:27.000
his presence. I recently read a detective story in which he features. as one of the characters, but there are not many books about him, and there's not a lot of people who are considering him he certainly doesn't have as much fame

00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:31.000
as as Isabella beaten who didn't even really write her own cookbooks.

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:45.000
So. my mission to you is my message to you is Please go out there until everybody about Alexa Sawyer, because I think she's a really interesting character, and he should be much more widely known. and and thank you for listening to me banging on about

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:53.000
him. Thank you very much, Allison. What an interesting character! And really what a shame that he died.

00:42:53.000 --> 00:42:58.000
So young it does make you wonder what he might have gone on to do. Exactly. Yeah.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:07.000
I mean having a cheese so much already. Okay, right let's go into some questions, and I've got 2 to here.

00:43:07.000 --> 00:43:12.000
So if you want to ask a question just pop it into the chat and we'll we'll get to it.

00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:23.000
No, we actually the first question we had in was what date was the Reform Club belts, and one of our other members is said finished in 1841.

00:43:23.000 --> 00:43:28.000
I don't know if there's anything more that you can tell us about the the club post.

00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:45.000
Well, I can tell you that whoever said that is absolutely correct, but also that it was it was one of those classics scenarios where the the the they set a budget for it, and of course, the budget exceeded it by a

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:52.000
long way, and quite a lot of that was a consequence of Sawyer's design for the kitchen, and everybody kind of went.

00:43:52.000 --> 00:44:07.000
Oh, you know, let's we want all of this we should have this, and of course there was a lot of discussion about how it should be managed, because all of this this publicity from people coming to visit the kitchens you know I

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:24.000
mentioned the selling of the The little images that with that were was going into saw his pockets, and he was 3 times recommended by the club.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:27.000
And they care Every every now and again they kind of go I think we're gonna have firing.

00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:30.000
We're gonna have to sack him because he's taking too much.

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:35.000
Too much effort out to get too much money from it, and every time they go.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:41.000
Actually. No, we quite like he's cooking to this day if you go to the Reform Club.

00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:52.000
They? Then they will offer you on the menu lamb cups to salary reform, and that is one of Sawya's recipes, and it's never been taken off the menu since 1,800 and

00:44:52.000 --> 00:44:58.000
44, and we hope that answers your question jean and no.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:07.000
A question from Enids Yeah, we've talked quite a lot about the sip kitchens, and that he he developed who paid for all food.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:13.000
Was it him or someone else? the special fields suit kitchens?

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:20.000
Yes, he paid for a great deal of the food. the other kitchens, the

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.000
The kitchens in Dublin were paid for by public subscription.

00:45:24.000 --> 00:45:31.000
Here, but he invested a great deal of his own money into it himself, into the actual building of the place.

00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:39.000
But providing the food came from the notables of Dublin mostly.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Okay, Okay, no. What if we got next right here's Another question from June?

00:45:49.000 --> 00:45:56.000
What brought him to England in the first place we we're not quite sure.

00:45:56.000 --> 00:46:02.000
We don't have a lot of actual documentary evidence as to what it was that brought him over.

00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:13.000
We do know that his brother was working in one of the large house in in in London at the time, and it seems likely that.

00:46:13.000 --> 00:46:24.000
I saw it was working in it's French restaurants we didn't have restaurants in England at the time like like we do now.

00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:27.000
And the in parish there already were that that kind of restaurants.

00:46:27.000 --> 00:46:36.000
But of course the work was hard and not terribly well paid, so I think the possibility is, and this is merely speculation on my part.

00:46:36.000 --> 00:46:43.000
From what I know is that his brother wrote to him and said, Look, there is often opportunities here to be head of your own kitchen.

00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:49.000
They pay better. The circumstances are better. Why did you come over and get a job?

00:46:49.000 --> 00:47:03.000
And that seems to have been the way it went exactly Why, it was We've got no documentary evidence, but we know that his brother was already here, and he stayed with his brother on arrival we We know that much

00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:10.000
Okay? Oh, right, What we got next for you and got question from Angela.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:16.000
And has anyone ever published versions of his recipes and more recent times?

00:47:16.000 --> 00:47:34.000
Not widely. No, I mean when I was doing in my overall course on on various cookbooks. I wrote transcripts of I did some work to test the rest of that. That's how I know he soups.

00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:43.000
The very good but nobody's actually transcribed them because there, you

00:47:43.000 --> 00:47:51.000
And this should be this thing that people aren't just aren't interested in, and I I find that a baffling because there is a lot to locked.

00:47:51.000 --> 00:47:58.000
Commend him. so not not in the same way as you would find.

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:04.000
Is so many versions of updated beaten and that data delights are acting.

00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:18.000
I think it's partly because eliza action has got the caught the fancy of Delhi Smith, who rates her as one of the best right when the best cookie writers ever and she's transcribed quite a lot of

00:48:18.000 --> 00:48:22.000
her work. But no, there, there is no one who is you know.

00:48:22.000 --> 00:48:26.000
Famous in the same way he was celebrating the work of Sawyer.

00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:29.000
So i'm afraid you're probably gonna have to go back to the originals.

00:48:29.000 --> 00:48:35.000
Or will email me and i'll send you what i've gone. Seems a bit machines isn't it?

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:46.000
Okay, here's a question from sheila and was he recognized with any awards, especially for his work and kind of trivia in the Army No.

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:57.000
Because he was French. We were still down on the French so he wasn't nobody was prepared to give him any awards for it, or anything like that.

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:01.000
And and of course part of it was he just moved on.

00:49:01.000 --> 00:49:05.000
He was not a he was a businessman, but He was French.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:13.000
He had a lot of things against him, so no, he never was given any recognition of it at all, not even a letter from the Queen.

00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:28.000
Hmm again. But the shame really a lot of his history is so interesting, and and he feels very neglected to me, which I suppose is why i'm so in favor of him to talk.

00:49:28.000 --> 00:49:38.000
Okay, and we've got another question from an actually this is an interesting one, and says what fascinating way to thank you on

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:42.000
She's saying he would make a fascinating case study in a mental health course.

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:48.000
Has anyone commented on his high energy levels and obsession with layout so very interesting?

00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:59.000
Question. Well, thank you, and that that's I never I never thought of that before, but I also understand that because you know he does.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:50:10.000
He does display, some qualities which i'm sure are there is a certain element of of kind of obsessive compulsive about him.

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:13.000
But i'm it's not i'm not an expert in the field.

00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:27.000
I'm sure So if somebody else was to kind of look at some of the the levels of interest, and one of the other issues that he had was that he was he wrote very poorly in English, and he needed a secretary all of

00:50:27.000 --> 00:50:33.000
his life. he is English spoken English was quite fluent, but he never really mastered.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:42.000
Writing in English and so we have very little of what he himself actually said or thought.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:50:53.000
And so it might be quite difficult to Do such a case study because it would be based on people's recollections of him, and I don't know how that works.

00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:00.000
If you ever find out i'm i'd love to know Okay, there's a little challenge for you

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:09.000
Okay? Another question. this is from Chris. Was he accepted by the establishment, and was he openly critical?

00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:15.000
I expect to work in Ireland for the pool and rejection of the great expedition might have put some against them.

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:22.000
Yeah, I mean he had. He had his detractors all the way through the you know.

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:36.000
People with people who took talk particularly with the situation with the Got. The The symposium in the Great Exhibition was that there was a lot of discussion in the press that was putting him down in a addition to which of course because he is, involved

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:41.000
with the Reform Club and things like the dinner for Ibrahim Tasha.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:45.000
He had put himself very much on one particular political tangent.

00:51:45.000 --> 00:52:00.000
Added to the fact that he was a man who Didn't he didn't compromise. So if you read some of the transcripts, for example, of these discussions at the Reform club when he's called up

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:16.000
before the Board. he doesn't give any anything away he says you either take me or you don't and he so he did have quite a lot of people who were against him in that respect, and he didn't really care which considering that he

00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:22.000
had no backup in terms of his status, or even financially, is quite interesting.

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:36.000
But he he did have his critics there was there was also a number of people who tried to say that what he was doing in terms of suit kitchens wasn't really nutritionally valuable that it

00:52:36.000 --> 00:52:44.000
wasn't enough, you know, to give a man a bowl of soup and a biscuit once a day to keep the budget to be able to keep them working.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:57.000
But the counter argument is maybe it wasn't but that nutritional bowl of soup and a biscuit once a day was going to keep them alive, and at a time when people were dying in their hundreds

00:52:57.000 --> 00:53:06.000
and that seems to me to be better than nothing Okay, I don't dominate saying you deserve to statue in London.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:15.000
And and now which you recommend any books about him?

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:20.000
Are there any books out there that that people could tickle the cat to find out more about some?

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:27.000
There is a book called Relish which is very good, and

00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:30.000
There is another really she's quite clever because it what it does?

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:37.000
Is, it tells his life through different courses and does include some updated recipes.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:40.000
If you're really interested it's a quite a big chunky book.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:50.000
And there is another one which isn't quite as good and I cannot remember its name right now, and there is merge at the Reform Club.

00:53:50.000 --> 00:54:02.000
If you want something a bit lighter over the Christmas season with a mince pie which is the third in a series of detective stories which starts in India, and they end up in London for the third one in which as I said before

00:54:02.000 --> 00:54:15.000
Sawyer is. he was actually a suspect. He even emerges and is set at the Reform Club, so they use the kitchen and the people in the kitchen, as part of the background. for what goes.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:26.000
On. So if you prefer your your history in a in a animal non fictional sense, then that's the way to go.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:33.000
And I know some people do Well, what we can do is everybody, as we. we we do with some of the lectures.

00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:43.000
We can get the names of these boots. so that everybody can take a look at that. I can give you the I can let you have the Pdf.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:46.000
Information for the cookbook as well for a shilling cookery for the people.

00:54:46.000 --> 00:54:51.000
If you'd like that sort that one out to model alley Okay.

00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:59.000
Cool. Okay, if anyone's got any other questions we do have a couple of minutes, and just sort of question comment from Sue Doesn't.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:09.000
Even the army catering core recognize them. Given that they have been using his stove, or had been using his store for such a long, long time, they do.

00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:12.000
They do recognize him, I mean because the so the stoves are.

00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:16.000
You know there is one of his stays on display there.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:28.000
But the for me the issue is it's not just about that it's all the other things that he did that he's he's not being a you know acknowledged for he he has as much right I think to

00:55:28.000 --> 00:55:35.000
be acknowledged for his achievements, as you know, perhaps some of the great Victorians.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:43.000
You know, if we can argue that Florence Nightingale is a great woman.

00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:54.000
Then Shely, Alexey Sawyer is a great man, because he did a great deal of things for a great many people, and was influenced, you know, influence the way our kitchens look even.

00:55:54.000 --> 00:56:08.000
That you know I think it's the whole thing he's French. he's he died young, so he wasn't particularly good with his own legacy. he was entrepreneurial you know he made money. off

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:19.000
it, and we do we don't always like our our heroes to be money makers. so I don't I don't know if the reason why he's he's not better known but he should be

00:56:19.000 --> 00:56:27.000
noble people know the name of queen Victoria's cook, Frank Itlli, because he comes up in the Tv series.

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:30.000
Now, poor old Sawyer, and frankly tell you. Thank you.

00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:39.000
Telly was worked Undersia at 1 point and stole some of his recipes.

00:56:39.000 --> 00:56:42.000
Right. we've got one final question and then We'll wrap things up.

00:56:42.000 --> 00:56:45.000
I think. Yeah, this is from Sylvia it's just talking about.

00:56:45.000 --> 00:56:49.000
So his way, Emma? and was she a successful artist?

00:56:49.000 --> 00:56:54.000
Surely successful. She was certainly known to be very good.

00:56:54.000 --> 00:56:58.000
She was the daughter of an artist. It was how Sawya met her was that he went to.

00:56:58.000 --> 00:57:01.000
He was in, he went to go and have his portrait taken by him.

00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:11.000
His father, and She was as successful as any woman painter could be at the time.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:21.000
And there's certain she was certainly very good at portraiture, and there's quite a lot of rather nice pencil and pastel drawings out there by her.

00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:29.000
And she is collectible now. Great? Well, thank you very much for that Allison I'm sure everybody enjoyed that out there.

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:33.000
What, as I said, what a fascinating character, and certainly a name that I had never heard before.

00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:18.000
Okay, well welcome to everyone. The The history of the postbox is off.

00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:29.000
Sierra bit of an unusual subject, and yet is something that you all know about, because you only have to walk down the road.

00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:40.000
And there is the the bright read books which you can post your letters which i'm sure you have been doing for many years.

00:00:40.000 --> 00:01:01.000
But it is surprising that How many people do not reckon, or taking the details of the box itself, or wondered why or how it evolved over the years.

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:16.000
Why, in fact, there are different host boxes. the most familiar of course, is the pinner box, the tool cylindrical box.

00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:27.000
But there is also the the war bot and as his name implies It's inserted in the the wall.

00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:49.000
Of someone's house and I knew people who actually have a war box in there from garden, and I did ask them one day that did the post office actually pay you a rent for using your rule.

00:01:49.000 --> 00:02:06.000
But the answer is, no, so you might have the privilege of having a wall box in the convenience of post and letters, but it is of no financial benefit to yourself to to have it.

00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:13.000
And then the third type, which you may not, be aware of.

00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:20.000
The expression, but it's called a lamp and this hey?

00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:35.000
About, because in London, as the the city grew, there was a need for a small box attached the lampose.

00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:43.000
Well, today we still have laptop, and we still have lamp boxes.

00:02:43.000 --> 00:02:54.000
But these are invariably now on a pedestal? and i'm sure that when you receive them you'll think Oh, well, hello!

00:02:54.000 --> 00:03:19.000
Is that what it's called because they they are quite common well today i'm going to if a short injury, and then i'm going to share with you some slides, and then we'll finish with a conclusion.

00:03:19.000 --> 00:03:26.000
Discussion or won't be discussion because it you're all muted. but

00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:36.000
I will give a a short conclusion. We will look in particular at the the difficulty in Scotland.

00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:45.000
At the very beginning of Queen Olivia, the second rain, which ended up in in the unfortunate incident.

00:03:45.000 --> 00:04:01.000
One of boxes being blown up, and then I will hand back to Susanna, and then there will be opportunity for questions.

00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:27.000
Well. They, the royal male, stated many years before the arrival of the first post box, and it actually started in as early as 1516, which is in the reign of it.

00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:46.000
Were the eighth. Sorry, Henry the Eighth, and you get it right, Henry the Eighth, and it was a service providing or royalty, and for communications with the courts.

00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:56.000
But it was not available. The general public and because of this royal connection we have.

00:04:56.000 --> 00:05:05.000
That's the reason why it's called royal male

00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:18.000
Well, years went by, and we have the the rain charles the first 6, 35.

00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:32.000
So that's another important date in the history of the post office, because he made the post available to everyone. So all of us.

00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:44.000
Then you were living at that time could make use of the royal male to post letters.

00:05:44.000 --> 00:06:05.000
The only disadvantage was is that the the cost of the letter had to be born by the person receiving the letter.

00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:13.000
So that was the very big difference between today today. of course as we all know.

00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:21.000
If you want to send a letter, it's you have to buy this dump and use the post.

00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:32.000
The letter with the stamp on it, and the person receiving the letter. Provide you put sufficient postage on there.

00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:41.000
We'll have the letter to deliver free to them by the time the Charles the First.

00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:49.000
It was the person receiving a letter that had to pay.

00:06:49.000 --> 00:07:06.000
There has to be said that the limit fast majority of letters posted in that time, where business letters and the average person really did not write letters.

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:16.000
After all. But Johnny lived in in a village, and all their family also lived in the same village.

00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:34.000
So what was the point of writing letters? You could just gradually your front door walk down the road and visit them, so that it was very much a a business exercise at that time.

00:07:34.000 --> 00:08:01.000
Now what really altered was at the end of the 17, hundreds and early 18 hundreds We went to war with Napoleon, and this meant that our professional soldiers, a later conscripts we're saying across Europe the fight

00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:08.000
Napoleon Course a number of famous battles.

00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:18.000
The Bachelor of Foga, and we have the the battles, the lamb battles as well.

00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:28.000
Which please to say that in the end we we defeated Napoleon

00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:46.000
Particular war went on for many years, and of course the with so many of our young men fight in overseas, and they sent back letters to their family.

00:08:46.000 --> 00:09:03.000
Then today the the mothers we're anxious due to hear news of their husbands, their husband, or or brothers for uncles, and so on.

00:09:03.000 --> 00:09:25.000
And when the letters arrived they found that the call yeah, more than they could have, and so that they would ask the postman if they could just have a look at the envelope, and they would look at the handwriting which they would

00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:41.000
recognize, and they knew that their husband, when he had posted that letter he was dead alive, but they handed back the envelope.

00:09:41.000 --> 00:10:11.000
Postman unopened and unpaid. So it was a a huge social aspect, and and many of the people of this country unable to afford you receive thatgers.

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:29.000
Well, it took a long time before things were resolved and we have the reforms that the postal service in 1840, and i'm going now to start sharing slides.

00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:59.000
So my picture will probably just appear

00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:22.000
Well before they eat the postal reforms of 1840 letters, and we're typically like this, and i'm very fortunate to have this example in my collection, and you will see that if they stamped 18

00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:41.000
17. So it's before the reforms it was a single piece of paper folded up and sealed with no envelope.

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:50.000
Now you might be wondering what was of interest inside this particular letter.

00:11:50.000 --> 00:12:08.000
Well, if nothing very exciting actually because it was posted by a company called Provero and hunt bristol merchants, it doesn't actually mention the commodity.

00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:21.000
But it's likely to be Wine and the letter or to this particular individual in Newbury was was to say that they were pretty sweet.

00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:31.000
Their business waiting, and they would wait upon him for any further business.

00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:47.000
So. It was quite a short letter, but Mr. Woody would have had to have paid to receive that

00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:53.000
So this is Rodin Hills 1840 postal reforms.

00:12:53.000 --> 00:13:05.000
Yes, first of all, he reduced the the cost of sending letters significantly.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:15.000
He introduced a uniform inland postage rates based on wait alone.

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:36.000
Now this is quite revolutionary, because letters were delivered by the Post office, and who's based not only on weight, but also the distance traveled.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:46.000
Now, of course, we all enjoy uniform hostage. We we can send a letter

00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:57.000
Call more to the tip is Scotland, and it costs the same amount

00:13:57.000 --> 00:14:07.000
And then the third one down, which was very significant pre-payment, became compulsory.

00:14:07.000 --> 00:14:12.000
And of course this is what we're doing today we have great and buy our stamps.

00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:20.000
Put them on the envelopes and post them off

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:34.000
And to help with that The last one there was the introduction of the world's First, a deeds of potis stamps, and these were the penny blacks

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:53.000
We are the only country in the world not to have the name of the country on our stems, because we issued the very first how to stamps.

00:14:53.000 --> 00:15:13.000
There were stamps where cancelled I and it was done by a Maltese cross in in red, but it was soon discovered that it was possible to wipe the the red.

00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:25.000
Oh, the stamp, and then reuse it. And so, after the end of 12 months, the post office changed to a pen.

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:38.000
You red with the black cancellation stamp and that is Why, the penny black it's such a valuable stamp.

00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:48.000
It was only ever used. 12 months

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:55.000
Now, in addition to hostess Dumps, would you? Goodbye.

00:15:55.000 --> 00:16:04.000
They were also special envelopes produced and you'll see that in the bottom left hand corner.

00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:34.000
There. There's the name w already role side role society of arts, and we designed this particular envelope, and it was all about the different parts The world you'll see that Africa here per left and we've got America there in the

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:47.000
upper right and there here we have drawn so people acrely reading the letters.

00:16:47.000 --> 00:17:10.000
Well these some envelopes we're, not popular by the public, and so, after a period of trouble, yes, it was decided not to continue them and to destroy any remaining copies.

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:40.000
So you can imagine that surviving envelopes like this are very valuable, and that I think you would normally have to expect to pay £500 at least quality

00:17:41.000 --> 00:18:10.000
So we come to the man you actually introduce the very first house box, and it's the name i'm sure that and you will recognize as being and all for that, quite a famous over Anthony Trollope and you might

00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:21.000
therefore be quite surprised to find that he was actually, in his early days, employed by the post office.

00:18:21.000 --> 00:18:43.000
He started off as a humble clerk. in London but he was a bit of a misfortune, and indeed he got into you financial debt, and it's employers would have seen that them individuals tried to recover the debt would

00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:50.000
come. I mean to the post office and asked to see him.

00:18:50.000 --> 00:19:01.000
So very soon. The people he worked with new he's predicament.

00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:07.000
He was, he wrote in his is them more? Is that 10?

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:25.000
He was always afraid of being cancelled and and or Lucy's job, because it was not particularly good employer employee.

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:44.000
And so that he spent 6 miserable years in London, until there was an opportunity came up for a traveling surveyor in Ireland.

00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:49.000
Ankle. Trollope's boss in London was Delighted to get rid of him.

00:19:49.000 --> 00:20:00.000
So we gave him a global report and you together the job and went over to Ireland.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:28.000
Now part of this job there was to travel by train and visit various Irish Hope offices and them to inspect them, and it was in these long rail journeys around Ireland that he was able to spend time developing

00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:42.000
It's right in skills. Well, the job an hour they really suited him, and it went up and went up in the estimation of his bosses.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:21:12.000
There, and so he was actually sent to the Channel Islands to see how he could improve the postal services, and it was there that he recommended the introduction of the post box first in Jersey and then Guernsey Now the

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:23.000
idea wasn't unique in that front which we all know is quite close to the channel.

00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:36.000
I mean, had post boxes for something like a 100 years before, and they were quite common around the country, and and so that

00:21:36.000 --> 00:22:06.000
The idea of a post box, hey on the streets was not a new idea, but it was new to us, and and date report was accepted, and so that then the the local surveyors were invited to produce a locally produced the

00:22:09.000 --> 00:22:36.000
works. Now this is the one from currency so this is the original, and it's been painted in various colors over the years, and and now it's, I believe, is a rather brighter red Now the sniffing of these

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:50.000
boxes were that them it had the initials of the current monarch so referred to as a cipher.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:23:14.000
So here is, is quite plainly feature. Later, when the idea was extended into the Uk mainland, then a much more elaborate initials were

00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:30.000
So over the 80 hundreds we see the introduction of there's various types, host box, early ones.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:38.000
Then in the General Islands we're introduced in 1852.

00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:46.000
And then, shortly after happen, the idea was adopted. In the Uk mainland.

00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:57.000
We have war boxes, and then we have lamp boxes right at the end of the *s.

00:23:57.000 --> 00:24:05.000
Nowadays, and most lamp boxes on the right hand side.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:31.000
On the pedestal and that's the form i'm sure that many of you reckon nice so there, very few, or today attached to a lamp post or an old telegraph home

00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:42.000
Now, at this time the design of the pair box was influenced by the post office surveyors.

00:24:42.000 --> 00:25:10.000
The country was divided up into areas quite large areas, like the southwest, southern nameland, the Midlands, and so on, and there was a a surveyor in charge of each district, but they have free range to adult opposed box the pillar

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:23.000
bugs and So we we have a variety of designs. And what I want to do to emphasize also is that damn?

00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:32.000
Even though you will only see tonight just one or 2 variations.

00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:51.000
There are a large number of variations to be found now, apart from some rare host boxes, which are nowadays only to be found in museums.

00:25:51.000 --> 00:26:05.000
There is an example of every different type that was ever produced can still be found on the streets of our country.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:15.000
So if you're diligent enough can that go and find these out.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:23.000
Now this is in the Uk mainland. This is the oldest operational.

00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:29.000
Pay your books it's endorsed it it's not very tall.

00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:43.000
You can appreciate from the the sizes little girl and it's got a vertical slope

00:26:43.000 --> 00:26:55.000
This was thought to be make from the box more difficult

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:14.000
We got our Vr. with the crown we got a detail of when the next some delivery to take place, and we have some information on times the collections.

00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:37.000
So this box has got all the the common features. it was you can just but make out this little plaque Here it was manufactured in cluster

00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:44.000
The other interesting thing is that, is the multi-sided

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:56.000
These boxes were not initially cylindrical.

00:27:56.000 --> 00:28:02.000
You would also find this. This is one example from Warren.

00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:08.000
There are 2 in the streets Main Street to Warwick.

00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:19.000
A fluted cylindrical in your books still when it's vertical.

00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:31.000
See.

00:28:31.000 --> 00:28:54.000
Now this is one that today is only we to be found in the Museum, as you can see it's a very elaborate decoration, and was introduced of the the principal cities, like London and Manchester

00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:59.000
Edinburgh.

00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:13.000
And the letters, the slots. The letter was right up in the cap

00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:37.000
Well in 1859, the The post office decided that they would decide centuries on the design of post boxes, and so this was the the first national standard

00:29:37.000 --> 00:29:51.000
Can still find some of these around this one I know in in Brighton.

00:29:51.000 --> 00:30:01.000
And then there was the war boxes, which also went through National standards.

00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:09.000
So this is one of the the first ones on the left here.

00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:20.000
But you notice that on the right it's actually was the national standard from 12 months.

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:34.000
The problem was is that the rain tended to get in through the slot and made the the post that yours dump.

00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:43.000
And so they introduced this which is now quite common on all our post boxes.

00:30:43.000 --> 00:31:06.000
This cover to protect the slot from the rain

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:25.000
No, this is a a remarkable survivor, and might think, Well, is this war box stuck up here at this height?

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:33.000
You expected to stand on this wooden bench and and try and reach it.

00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:44.000
I think you would find divorce. This is it near low, worth 2 doors that?

00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:57.000
And the reason why the the war boxes, as such a height is that it was service by a stage coach

00:31:57.000 --> 00:32:19.000
So the stage coach would come along and at that time of course the seat wasn't there move the pavement and they could stop this stage coach quite close to the wall i'm got out haven't you get down from the

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:47.000
stage coach, open the box, and 3 the envelopes, and if any anyone was and the letters could then be taken on and sorted.

00:32:47.000 --> 00:33:02.000
Not surprisingly, it is no longer in use. if you were able to read that it says out of order on the top

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:16.000
So the company began to get used 2 and a variety of post boxes, particularly the the

00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:34.000
These cylindrical ones, and so there was a lot of debate in the local a national press that the Post Office ought to produce something rather more attractive.

00:33:34.000 --> 00:34:04.000
Then a plain slid can go. How was Bob? And so that this particular auto tide, called Penfold was invited to design a special box, and they became very much linked to the very fashionable areas of the country so

00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:26.000
in Bar, for example, that there are 2 in in Poland Street which is the very grand area of accommodation in the city, and places like Cheltenham.

00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:47.000
I think, have a about 12 examples, and it is the only host box which local councils I've approached the post office to ask them if they could provide one.

00:34:47.000 --> 00:35:13.000
Their particular town or city, and and so the post office has had new copies manufactured is the only type which you will find replicas on our streets, and you should find a little plaque at the back of the post

00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:23.000
office post box to to show that. it is indeed replica.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:35:32.000
This one on the right is being painted in a

00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:45.000
This indicates how they were originally painted, and later the left hand side.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:53.000
The board from me. a red there is. this is the

00:35:53.000 --> 00:36:02.000
They were neat design for the letters. Vr

00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:10.000
The cipher

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:18.000
There was times in cities expanded, so no longer was it practical.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:34.000
Just the her a May Post office and people we encourage to open sub post offices, and this invention was in their own private.

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:44.000
I was, which they conferred, converted a grain floor room into a post office.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:53.000
But they were also expected to pay for the cost of the letter box.

00:36:53.000 --> 00:37:19.000
Now type of cast down letter box, used by the post office was quite expensive. and so this particular company call that flow in permanent, came forward with this design, which I think is quite attractive with the enamel plate and behind that because it's

00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:41.000
inserted in the wall of the sub post office. It has a wooden frame, and the postman can actually get access to the box inside the post office, so this could be manufactured much more cheaply.

00:37:41.000 --> 00:37:54.000
And those yellow boxes continue right up until and the first year, or Queen lizbeth the second.

00:37:54.000 --> 00:38:06.000
So you will find examples of these every

00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:17.000
And then you're right at the end of queen victoria's reign, and the post office introduced this rather larger oval.

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:31.000
Officially. It's called a type c and these remainder for London, and you will see here, there's piece of metro here.

00:38:31.000 --> 00:38:38.000
There's nothing on them at all this photograph but what do you have read?

00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:51.000
Was London, or for outside London, and so you had to post your letters accordingly.

00:38:51.000 --> 00:38:57.000
In the appropriate slot, and you can see there's a door at the end.

00:38:57.000 --> 00:39:06.000
Send the postman would have had to open 2 to access.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:17.000
The difference solutions of the bulk. So this is right. At the end of Queen Victorious rain.

00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:29.000
He died in 1,901, and the question then arose with the the next team.

00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:55.000
What should happen to all of these boxes Should then the post office goes to the expense, placing all the doors, but including the the new cipher of the new king.

00:39:55.000 --> 00:40:12.000
Well, In the end it was decided that the cost doing that, and because there were so many different types and sizes a port box, he will be too expensive.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:24.000
And so that the decision was made that, all of those the had the earlier Queens cipher should remain on.

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:32.000
Yeah. and that principle has a tier right up to the present day.

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:45.000
So we do have examples of every rain

00:40:45.000 --> 00:41:03.000
Now we're not 1,905 there were quite a number of Oh, design changes, for example, the the height of the doors were increase to include the aperture of posting the size of the aperture

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:16.000
was widened. next collection indication introduced, and some I couple more more to teach out changes.

00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:29.000
There, and this particular example on the other white, includes all of these features

00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:48.000
Right for the same. what's the king but no they do extends from just under the cap right down to the base, and it incorporates slot.

00:41:48.000 --> 00:41:59.000
That is the pattern used today, right country

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:10.000
We're going to jump right up into the 19 fiftys now, this is how much?

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:17.000
Just close to where I live, and what is the delic place?

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:24.000
It is. Imagine everyone wants to retire here to a third cottage note is over the door.

00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:37.000
It sounds wonderful, and is got a more box so you don't even have to go very far to post your letters.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:52.000
But the reason why I want to show you this is that it is an example of a modified box at the end of the Second World War.

00:42:52.000 --> 00:43:06.000
There was A lot of complaints made. the post office about the width of the slot, proposed to letters.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:18.000
Letters were getting, envelopes were getting larger, and it becoming become difficult to post, and so that

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:29.000
There were various schemes, one of which involved scraping the earlier historical bomb, I'm.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:41.000
Putting in a modern box, and but this one scheme was was to modify, Inspect you.

00:43:41.000 --> 00:43:51.000
This load. Now you notice there's a cast in here on the right hand side and incorporating the much more.

00:43:51.000 --> 00:44:05.000
There's no So when you look around some of these you might say Victoria Regina on on the top there.

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:12.000
But it has been modified

00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:19.000
1,900 fiftys, and we come to

00:44:19.000 --> 00:44:43.000
The final slide before I stop sharing this is the cipher of our present King Charles the Third, and we are all eagerly waiting the very first house box with the new cipher.

00:44:43.000 --> 00:44:51.000
So i'm going to stop sharing now and to talk about Gem.

00:44:51.000 --> 00:44:59.000
The situation in Scotland. Now we go back to

00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:07.000
Our late question, Queen. it is but the second more less in in the same sense.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:22.000
Time Frame is King Charles at the moment, because after she became queen, then the post office. How did you design a new cipher?

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:32.000
Wait, she approved, and then work started on producing a number of new pair boxes.

00:45:32.000 --> 00:46:00.000
The very first one was unveiled. in London it horse cars parade, and then the the second one was going to be in Edinburgh, and there was a new It's state which was being built and clearly they

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:18.000
needed to have a post box, and so it seemed appropriate that the the next production, Pinner books, should be allocated to Scotland.

00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:46.000
But before the open ceremony, if you like. And there was the pressure group which had written to a number of officials questioning the vagality of using the E 2 are safer there.

00:46:46.000 --> 00:47:07.000
You probably all guess the the reason for this is that a tutor, Queen Elizabeth the first was not Queen of Scotland, and therefore to to have a pitifully we'd this put the second on

00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:19.000
it. It was not something that they they welcome well the time came for the dependent folks to be unveiled.

00:47:19.000 --> 00:47:37.000
I don't know the officials got this around, and because of these disquiet by number of individuals in the population, there was a heavy police contingency.

00:47:37.000 --> 00:47:44.000
All the unveiling went to hate without difficulty any problems.

00:47:44.000 --> 00:48:09.000
But a few weeks later the must be covered with Tor, and even more concerning was that a few weeks later a postman who was empty in the box, this discover dawning, might parcel

00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:20.000
A few more weeks went by when there was a huge exploitation, her by everyone else on the newest state.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:42.000
And this brand new Pinner books was blown up and it's a a subject which political subject which is beyond my remit to discuss.

00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:53.000
But jam appreciate particularly even this week. with the course decision. and and

00:48:53.000 --> 00:49:06.000
There is our by the the rooted party in Scotland for Independence, and as a result of even right back to the early 1950 S.

00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:25.000
It is made that, from now on decipher boxes, post boxes in Scotland should have a Scottish craft

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:32.000
Hello! I hope that you would find that find this talk of interest.

00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:41.000
There is much more to discover, and indeed, I would encourage you all to tomorrow.

00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:56.000
To put on your heavy warm coats and go out and looking more detail at your local post boxes.

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:14.000
There's great. they were to be discovered and going to see in this case. it's it's really the the key to enge in your understanding.

00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:22.000
So now our hand back to Susanna Brilliant. Thank you, Michael.

00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:31.000
That was very interesting. Okay, so let's go to some questions so firstly, from Karen.

00:50:31.000 --> 00:50:34.000
Why was it decided that post boxes were needed? In the first place?

00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:39.000
Did everyone go to a post office originally you did touch on this a little bit?

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:42.000
I don't know if there's anything further that you would like to say on it.

00:50:42.000 --> 00:51:06.000
Michael. Well, that's right there there were an originally if we ever saw that television program and which Doris Lane was the and the post mistress and

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:18.000
But that was the typical arrangement. There was one post office in a local community, and you had to go and walk.

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:37.000
Can. Most people couldn't afford a horse they would have to walk to the post office, and because the post office was the only place you could buy a stamp, you need to do that even after the postal.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:54.000
Reforms. So when the poster reforms came in, you could buy a sheet post of all of stamps.

00:51:54.000 --> 00:52:11.000
We could then attach to your envelope. and you didn't really want the the border, particularly as villages and towns grew in size, and the distances involved increased.

00:52:11.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Hey? watch More convenient will be to have your own local post box.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:28.000
So that's the reason why boxes were provided brilliant, Thank you, Michael, moving on to a question from Lisa.

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:34.000
She's. raised the point. that most people couldn't write in the 1,006 hundreds was there a link between that and the levels of post.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:58.000
Well, I i'm sure that that is that is a factor to consider as well. Apart from the fact that what I mentioned, of course, was that families didn't really move outside of their loop technology and and therefore the need to write letters

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:22.000
we're not really pressing, but you're Quite right that there were many individuals who could right and that Therefore the postal service was was something that not a interest to them. Brian. thank you Michael a couple of questions on the

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:33.000
Black Penny, or the Penny Black apologies so how much on an envelope is a penny black worth that's from you and from Karen in 1,840.

00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:36.000
Did it cost a penny to send a letter anywhere in the country?

00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:40.000
And is that how the Penny black gets its name? That is right.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:48.000
Yes, they it did cost a penny up to a certain weight.

00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:56.000
And then there was also a top knee stamp or heavier.

00:53:56.000 --> 00:54:06.000
Envelopes brilliant. Thank you, Michael, moving down to another question from Judy.

00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:12.000
Why were the prepaid envelopes so unpopular?

00:54:12.000 --> 00:54:33.000
Well, is it difficult to say really that if you recall that very elaborate decoration? the only envelope one of the complaints was there wasn't a great deal of room to write the address and

00:54:33.000 --> 00:54:41.000
that's the only objection I actually seen recorded but Tim.

00:54:41.000 --> 00:54:50.000
Most people didn't bother with with envelopes they still continued the old practice of folding up as a single.

00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:58.000
Sheet of paper and see that it down. Okay, back. Brilliant.

00:54:58.000 --> 00:55:02.000
Thank you. When did the Royal Mail actually start?

00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:12.000
A few people were commenting on this Michael. Well, the the royal male actually started.

00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:30.000
Literally we henry the eighth that's when the title came in, and and then we have this term the post office, which is part of the royal male.

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:45.000
Indeed. if you go in today and look at a a fairly new pillar box, you will see on the Pentagon the words royal male.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:56:02.000
I used to say, post office, so you can determine which pillar boxes are the more recent ones, and which are the older ones by the title.

00:56:02.000 --> 00:56:08.000
But the Post Office is part royal, male, brilliant.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:16.000
Thank you. Okay. Question from Duncan. How was the male collected before Trollope?

00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:29.000
Well before Trollet, and you literally the only places where male was collected, was at these post offices.

00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:54.000
That's why you had to go, to the post is and hand in your or that your and and so they they were then post boys who who traveled around the country, and and they would leave Saxon Male in in a in a

00:56:54.000 --> 00:57:05.000
and that will be left there. The next post boy moved on to the next area to be connected.

00:57:05.000 --> 00:57:23.000
Eventually, of course, they post boys. were substitute subsidy to buy by the stage coaches, and there was a whole network moving male around the country.

00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:29.000
Great thank you Michael, that's very interesting we are at time but i'm going to continue going with questions.

00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:32.000
We've got a few more and any that we don't answer as usual.

00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:42.000
We will circulate afterwards. So, looking at another question from Karen, Why are some of the Penfold pillar boxes green?

00:57:42.000 --> 00:58:00.000
And why are some of them red? Well, they the original code on the we're we're red and at some time it's

00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:09.000
It was the post office decided they would paint them green and i've actually got the dates.

00:58:09.000 --> 00:58:31.000
If anyone's interested later in which it was decided that Green was inappropriate because some people missed typically the war boxes miss the the postbogs, because if it's inconspicuous

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:39.000
color, and so that it was then decided to change to date.

00:58:39.000 --> 00:59:07.000
This was in the sort of mid 18 hundreds. and then from then on all post boxes red except when, as we've seen in in recent years, the the post office is closed, down, but the post box typically the war boxes have remained in set

00:59:07.000 --> 00:59:23.000
you, but are no longer operational, and so the the slot is sealed up, and the post office regulations required that that particular book be painted.

00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:34.000
Any color other than red. Most of them are painted black, so you will find black who boxes in particular.

00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:52.000
In old post offices has been no longer in use and the only exception I've discovered is that if the old post office is listed.

00:59:52.000 --> 01:00:22.000
Then the occupants are not permitted to change the counter, so you will find a few more boxes painted red are out of use, and it's because the post office, who originally had the post box installed is listed

01:00:23.000 --> 01:00:38.000
brilliant. Thank you for that, Michael. so a question from Susie referring to the raised post box around the stage coach that we saw a picture of How do people actually post the letters in a box so high if they weren't in a stage coach or could

01:00:38.000 --> 01:00:47.000
they just not do it? Well, they they they would. Yes, their lectures.

01:00:47.000 --> 01:01:15.000
To the post office as usual, and it will be the post office which would arrange for lectures to be handed to to the coach driver, so that

01:01:15.000 --> 01:01:24.000
It was only the collection of letters that was actually done

01:01:24.000 --> 01:01:31.000
From the height of the coach. Excellent. Thank you.

01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:36.000
Okay, a question from Ruth. Are there any post boxes for Edward the Eighth?

01:01:36.000 --> 01:01:44.000
Not at all. Oh, sorry, Edward the Eighth. Yes, they did.

01:01:44.000 --> 01:01:53.000
There are. Yes, this is my my got right. This is this is the Edward and Mrs.

01:01:53.000 --> 01:02:05.000
Simpson and and he was made King but never went through a carnation, never crowned.

01:02:05.000 --> 01:02:27.000
Yes, that's right But then there there was a period of time between him becoming king, and leave in the country, and during that time a number of kind of boxes and wall boxes we're manufactured Now, you can Well, imagine that

01:02:27.000 --> 01:02:42.000
and these are extremely rare to be found. Yes, very interesting. thank you.

01:02:42.000 --> 01:02:49.000
So a question from Lisa what perks do royalty get with the royal mail having their crests on it I'm.

01:02:49.000 --> 01:02:54.000
The total of our 7, where very good. No discount. Okay.

01:02:54.000 --> 01:03:03.000
Fair fair enough question from Karen. Where do you think the first post box for King Charles will end up going?

01:03:03.000 --> 01:03:09.000
Well, I I think almost certainly it will be somewhere in London.

01:03:09.000 --> 01:03:24.000
I would agree. from Fiona she raised the point about the gold post boxes, and then another person came into the chat and mentioned that they would celebrate the Olympics that's right Yes, they someone was in the olympics.

01:03:24.000 --> 01:03:28.000
From the local area. Is it based on the geography of where that person lives?

01:03:28.000 --> 01:03:35.000
Well that that's right and this don't Jim where the the person is Carry living.

01:03:35.000 --> 01:03:45.000
This is interesting that because where I live we do actually have a gold pillar box.

01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:52.000
But the individual who won the gold medal no longer lives.

01:03:52.000 --> 01:04:00.000
The town, but he did go. He was born here, and you went to school here, and

01:04:00.000 --> 01:04:15.000
He was actually invited back to see his goal, painted her box, and to show his gold medal to the local relations.

01:04:15.000 --> 01:04:27.000
Now. at one time the post office said that these boxes would only be painted for 12 months, but they have no S.

01:04:27.000 --> 01:04:39.000
Decided they they will maintain them that's gold boxes pretty and thank you.

01:04:39.000 --> 01:04:48.000
Okay, Stewart just asked. Are there some sort of post boxes in areas such as Gibraltar or other parts of the former Empire or Commonwealth?

01:04:48.000 --> 01:05:00.000
Oh, yes, most certainly, and and and and these were to plugged by British manifesters.

01:05:00.000 --> 01:05:07.000
So you will find the identical boxes that you might be familiar with in this country.

01:05:07.000 --> 01:05:20.000
You will find in places like Cyprus and Hong Kong and Southern Ireland, and and so on.

01:05:20.000 --> 01:05:30.000
Sometimes countries, and some round away the cipher. Hmm!

01:05:30.000 --> 01:05:40.000
And and they painted on their local name of their post office organization.

01:05:40.000 --> 01:05:46.000
But nevertheless the the basic design of the box can be easily recognized.

01:05:46.000 --> 01:05:56.000
Brilliant, thank you from Hayley She's asked if you can recommend any books on this topic.

01:05:56.000 --> 01:06:26.000
Well, yes, there are a number of books. Unfortunately they they are currently I to print but as a starter there there is a book by shy brooks called old letter boxes, published in in 2,000, and 4 but

01:06:27.000 --> 01:06:40.000
it's quite a slim for you but you should be able to find second handhand copies

01:06:40.000 --> 01:06:51.000
Or Amazon. So it's worth looking out for some of these they put them up quite deeply.

01:06:51.000 --> 01:06:57.000
Wonderful. Thank you, Michael.

00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:19.000
Welcome along, everybody.

00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:23.000
Nice to see some of you back on my we're gonna see you last year?

00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:27.000
She only says I work very much part time these days.

00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:30.000
The University of Sussex. I do more work for WEA.

00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:45.000
I am a geographer and I study this changing landscapes, both social landscapes and physical landscapes, and in this talk, trying to put a year's university degree course into an hour.

00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:51.000
So I will be painting some of this with very broad brush strokes, but it must've got any specific queries.

00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:58.000
We can be answering them afterwards by means of email correspondence with Fiona.

00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:13.000
But what we're looking at today is the way that different societies, seemingly, I mean very close gographically to one another, can be very, very different socially. My material will all be based in Sussex I'm far away down

00:01:13.000 --> 00:01:22.000
in southeast of England or South coast. button those are principles which you can apply to just about everywhere in the British Isles.

00:01:22.000 --> 00:01:26.000
There will be a few exceptions if you're way up in the Northwest Highlands.

00:01:26.000 --> 00:01:30.000
It might be a bit different if You're over on the west coast of Ireland County, Mayo.

00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:39.000
It might be a bit different. but for most of England and Wales and Lowland, Scotland these principle applied, and it all boils down to a very simple thing.

00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:49.000
How good is the soil, if you've got good light easily work soils, and you produce a surplus of either animals or crops.

00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:58.000
They tend to be what we call close communities, owned by big landlords dominated by big families, often for hundreds and hundreds of years.

00:01:58.000 --> 00:02:09.000
If you've got heavy sort of thick clay thin sands, very steep slopes, cold wet uplands, they tend not to be owned by wealthier people.

00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:12.000
They tend to be owned by Tom, Dick, and Harry.

00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:21.000
Only little bits of land renting out bits from some people renting out themselves renting stuff from other people, or very much more small scale piecemeal.

00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:30.000
It's a different fiscal landscape it's a different social landscape, and we're going to come onto all that to emphasize that my examples are just to do with Sussex But you can

00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:34.000
extrapolate these out i'm sure you'll know of examples.

00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:40.000
By the end of the hour you'll think Well, I know that place that's like the village near where I live.

00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:49.000
I know that area. It's an area right try to avoid so we'll no more do we go to share screen

00:02:49.000 --> 00:02:57.000
We get that that may go to

00:02:57.000 --> 00:03:14.000
Let's get going on your screen. You should be out to say a rather nice enigmatic title v accounts and chicken. stubborn. my apologies.

00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:22.000
My apologies about Okay, Nothing a nice prominent W. Ea.

00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:27.000
Logo and if you're in any doubt chat on the left is not exactly of our account.

00:03:27.000 --> 00:03:35.000
He's the ancestor of the present Vic Count gauge, who lives at Fell place in a Sussex near nursing.

00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:38.000
They've been there for the last 520 odd years.

00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:44.000
They show no signs of moving, and on the right hand side the screen there are some chicken stubborns.

00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:57.000
That was a local name for plucking birds and preparing poultry, and these are 2 social extremes now with I mentioned rice at the beginning.

00:03:57.000 --> 00:04:01.000
Soil is all important if you are down here on the edge of the South Downs.

00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:12.000
In fact, in the South Downs National Park. you've got some large fields, well trained, light chalky soils, relatively near the south coast of England, quite mild.

00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:25.000
And It's no surprise that this is land that's owned by a big state, and in fact, its own by the ancestors of Sir John Gauge, who was on that very first picture the contrast is If you go

00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:34.000
into the northern part of Sussex up to was either the Kent border or the Surrey border, and that's an area called the wheel.

00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:41.000
It's from the old Germanic world vote meaning a forest. You may know you know, the Black Forest in Germany is the Schartzbout.

00:04:41.000 --> 00:04:44.000
So this is the wheels, the androids wheel.

00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:53.000
The Saxons termed it a huge area of woodland, mostly native British hardwoods.

00:04:53.000 --> 00:05:02.000
There are some native software. as Well, it's an area of thick thick, heavy clays, and some rather thin sands, some sandstone bluffs.

00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:09.000
It's not the best farming environment. Okay, so that's the other end of the physical landscape.

00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:17.000
Yeah, what a frightened anybody! This is the model of what we call close and open communities.

00:05:17.000 --> 00:05:28.000
It says on this chart The villages I prefer the term communities, because you can have several communities within a village or within within a parish.

00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:32.000
Now on this easiest one is at the top of the chart.

00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:38.000
The concentration of land ownership if you've got very few people owning the landscape.

00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:46.000
It. You generally take this in British terms as the parish and it's mainly studied in the seventeenth through to the early twentieth century.

00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:55.000
But you can apply this to almost any era but I won't Go into all of this, but concentration of land ownership to There will be the squire.

00:05:55.000 --> 00:06:02.000
He will be the magistrate he will have political power and legal power. He's often he's the patron of the Church.

00:06:02.000 --> 00:06:10.000
He's often politically conservative it's in a community where the Squire provides the social provision.

00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:21.000
You work on the squire's land you follow his horses. you share his shape, you get in his corn, you. He provides you with a house, but he provides you with a house as long as you don't step out of

00:06:21.000 --> 00:06:27.000
line. Okay, so it doesn't want you to be a Non-conformist to Quaker, or worst of all the Catholic.

00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:33.000
He wants you to be judge of England mostly. Okay. tow the line.

00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:41.000
You got a job for life, you've got a good house and in the wintertime the Countess will send around soup and colds for the old people and the children.

00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:46.000
Now that is an example of a close or a closed community.

00:06:46.000 --> 00:06:55.000
You generally find those on the better soils. I have never found one community which matches all of those boxes, but you get one which best fits it.

00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:00.000
Now, if you think of that, continue continuum as a long, long stretch of line.

00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:08.000
At one end is a close community, and at the far other end isn't open community with the dispersal of land ownership.

00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:11.000
And here there are laborers who are part-time farmers.

00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:20.000
There are people with many occupations, it says dual occupations here often is, you know, multi multiplicity.

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:27.000
There are plenty of cottages available because anyone can put up a cottage on any bit of land they're renting.

00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:33.000
There's no one to say you can't put it there. the that generally means you've got a a population which is growing.

00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:42.000
People are moving in. to take advantage of this cheaper housing Often there's a high birth rate which means there's a high poor rate.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:50.000
It's a very different type of community. I think goes with non conformity in all aspects.

00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:56.000
Often very radical in politics. No, virtually no one has them as the vote.

00:07:56.000 --> 00:08:03.000
But you can make your political views known so it's very very different type of place to the close community.

00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:08.000
Okay, Yeah, somebody's valid this is not necessarily just just a moment.

00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:12.000
It's not less than we go along. so i'm gonna Go back to the try to test it.

00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:18.000
Take me up doing that. Okay. Now, this is a very simplified geology map of the southeast.

00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:28.000
I'm down here in in Brighton the vik count lives just to the east of Lewis over here, and the chicken stubborns are up here and what's called the high will so very simply you've

00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:41.000
got the download the north bounds the Hampshire Downs, South Downs chalk landscapes lovely light soils so southwest, and to the north you've got some very rich soil on the

00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:45.000
Kent coast here, and on the west side of hampshire coast and inland.

00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:51.000
You've got this big belt of wheels clay that's a really sticky, heavy, heavily wooded clay.

00:08:51.000 --> 00:09:00.000
And then this is very picturesque in the center the high wheeled sandstones and clays, very much wilder landscape.

00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:10.000
It's that some of the wildest bits of landscape in the southeast of England. So while I'm sure if you only appreciate this that crowbar she's just over here in the nineteenth century

00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:19.000
was advertised as the Sussex highlands Scotland in Sussex, because of the red deer, the bracken, the pine trees, and the gorse.

00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:31.000
So it's a much wilder area on the interior than this. Marla cultivated landscape running around the periphery, exemplified the download.

00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:36.000
But this lovely 1935 image. Eric Revilius was Sussex into war artist.

00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:45.000
He was war artist, sadly died on active service during the war, but did a lot of work in in the Sussex downland where he lived.

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:55.000
And these are the downs at Furl, where I can gauge live very large fields unfenced. no, virtually, no hedges, not because we could.

00:09:55.000 --> 00:09:58.000
Farmers have remove edges since 1,935.

00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:00.000
This is because the land is too valuable for edges.

00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:06.000
You grow one crop up to another crop sheep up on the high downland.

00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:11.000
They come down in the evening to fertilize the stubble fields to let the grain grow.

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:16.000
So very good landscape. Okay, This is a 1724 map of the area.

00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:29.000
So Lewis county town. Every sussex is over here since the river who's rolling down to New Haven and the ferry to France, and here is furl, and here is furl place, and this was the home of comes

00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:42.000
vike out gauge surgeon gauge that we saw on the time the slide, and oh, everything you see on here is his across the river over here inclined.

00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:48.000
Hey? it's the land of vic count hamden set by Count Hamburg this side of the river via account gauge this side of the river.

00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:51.000
Okay, and you get on this side of the river is the mark.

00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:58.000
We've got some very, very big landowners cheek by jail with one another.

00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:02.000
Okay, you Drive into the village of Fell it's one of those villages.

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:13.000
You want to take a forum visit to 2 it's a very English rural community, and there is indication of the name of Fell used.

00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:17.000
Thought it meant oak tree landscape so there's an oak tree.

00:11:17.000 --> 00:11:25.000
There is fell beacon rising above 700 feet, and here is principal product of the area a shape.

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:32.000
Okay, if you go into the church. This is the John Gauge who we saw on that painting on the title step picture.

00:11:32.000 --> 00:11:39.000
His wife is just behind. I know their foot is a sheep so very important to the local economy.

00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:42.000
He's, you know knights are buried with a lion at their feet.

00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:47.000
If they're killed in war and a dog at their feet if they die in peace, he's dying with the rabbit.

00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:53.000
He's feet you know that's he's a symbol of his house, his coat of arms has a ram on this helmet.

00:11:53.000 --> 00:12:00.000
Okay, here we are, just the coat of arms inside the big house, and there is the ram up there.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:15.000
So sheep, very, very important as they were across much of Britain, and until World War one, our biggest dollar of our biggest overseas currency owner, are not steam trains, not battleships, ocean liners, or

00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:26.000
machinery. Its war wool is the biggest component of our gross national product, and to your world one and the the gauge is heavily involved in sheep farming.

00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:42.000
They are creating a lot of wealth. Okay, if you go into the church yourself. This is a window like John Piper, the twentieth century artist, it's a great friend of the present Lord Gauge, his father and here is the

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:48.000
oak tree for exposure to being land of the oaks, and at the base is a flock of sheep.

00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:53.000
It's rather a nice image here, is the village pub it's called the Ram.

00:12:53.000 --> 00:13:02.000
Okay, Now, if you walk around Fell village it's got dark green doors and dark green painwork, that's what you get in a close community.

00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:06.000
The gauge is own. 95% of the parish of Fell.

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:10.000
Even today they owned 98% a 100 years ago.

00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:18.000
Then estate color is dark green. So if you move into a house in the village you get dark green door, whether you like dark green or not.

00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:28.000
Okay, if you go to another village in West sussex called Slinden, that's a national trust village, and the landowners there had cherry red, which is quite nice, If you go to Midhurst in West

00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:42.000
Sussex. They have got mustard yellow. The county estates is mustard, yellow, and mustard yellow on doors and windows through a whole town quite bizarre. but that is the construction of a closed community.

00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:53.000
You have nice houses well maintained you have a job but don't think you can change your front door color if you walk through the village into the farmland roundabout.

00:13:53.000 --> 00:14:07.000
There are some very big things agricultural buildings that's because this is very good land, and it produced a surplus of fleeces in the spring and grain throughout the autumn, and into the heart into the winter when it

00:14:07.000 --> 00:14:14.000
was thrashed out in the in the in the rickyard, and you filled up these huge front bones.

00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:19.000
So they produce a great deal, but it's capitalist agriculture.

00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:25.000
The people in this village do not live on roast martin and huge loads of white bread every day.

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:30.000
This is all food for export out of the area. Okay?

00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:37.000
And this the product. There are some sheep freshly short, and there is full place in the background.

00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:50.000
Nicely for place in the country. you're all looking at the 1,800 fortys wing the trees side on the north side. So south side is the Tudor wing. That's the John gauge had constructed in the

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:55.000
early. 1,005 hundreds, same family have been there since about 1,520.

00:14:55.000 --> 00:15:03.000
It will take a month or 2, and you can see why people keep sheep, because what sheep produce once a year is a fleece.

00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:15.000
Okay, but what they produce every hour of the day is sheep done, and that's what keeps your corn land in good heart until you can import fertilizer in the nineteenth century The economy runs on

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:24.000
sheepd. Okay, if you went into the big house. This is the 19 o one census for full place.

00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:30.000
Now the Lord Lady Gauge at that time were away. but zoom be at their London townhouse.

00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:41.000
Which is in Whitehall Yard but they've left their eldest son Reynolds, who's 5 and he's described as head of household head he's described as a nobleman the head

00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:58.000
is absent, and his sisters, Irene and Vera, 3 and one, are described as ladies. and then there are 19 house servants to care for these 3 children, and those are just the ones living in the house many of the house

00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:09.000
servants would have been living in the village. So down there you have housekeeper, cook, nurse, laundry, made house, made still roommate, kitchen mate, nursery bates, gallery made butler, and 2

00:16:09.000 --> 00:16:19.000
footmen. So this is downtown Abbey in in 19 o one, and rainy old gauge, who is at the top of the list.

00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:32.000
There as the son of the household. Here he goes on to inherit this in 1,912, when he was 16, and he stayed until he was 86 for 70 years.

00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:39.000
Rain or gauge, was the lord of the manor, and is fondly remembered by many of the older Polar villages.

00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:48.000
Okay felt, has always been an important place. This is the Armada map of Sussex in 1,580.

00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:50.000
8 threat of the Armada, The Government map, the Sussex coast.

00:16:50.000 --> 00:17:01.000
We are the invasion coast. very fortunate that we get mapped a great deal by the Government, and they map the coast with very little away from the coast.

00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:10.000
Phoenix, and Full are about 8 to 9 miles from the coast, but they are mapped because Mr.

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:18.000
Gauge says, Here is a prominent Roman Catholic and prominent Roman Catholics, where the Spanish invasion about to take place.

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:26.000
The Government need to know where they are. So this is government surveillance without drones. in 1,588.

00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:31.000
They need to know where Mr. Gate is, and you know, until the 1,007 hundreds the family stayed.

00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:40.000
Catholic family. Okay, yeah. that's all taking place in the downland in a Sussex on very very good soil.

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:50.000
We're going to go short distance away into West Sussex over near Aaron Doroth, or many of you know, Arundel Carson, see the juice of Norfolk so we're just over here on

00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:59.000
the edge of the West Sussex coastal plane, and that is an area of very rich soil from Hello great to agricultural soils.

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:08.000
Over here a place called Binstead. grade one soil Okay, so it's been stiff, and you can spell it with that way, or you could spell it.

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:14.000
There, but you wanted to get an 8 or you don't get it a so very small village exactly like Furl.

00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:19.000
There is one road in and one road out. there is no through road.

00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:24.000
They are off the major highway of life 1724 map again.

00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:38.000
Here's Arundel. she's just the west Sussex County town is just off the screen and down here is bitstit next to Marsh Farm, but this area is an area of outstanding agricultural

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:44.000
excellence. Okay, this is the soil at Binstead by always show this.

00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:56.000
So I go and talk to Gardening clubs across the South East, and if I go to a gardening club where I know they've got very poor sandy soil or very thick clay, I show them this picture and I always think

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:01.000
that in dark, even in a dark room you can see gardening club members physically dripping.

00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:15.000
This is grade One soil, i'll always make the comment that if you were to buy this soil, you could only buy in a branch of weight troops, you know this is waitress great soil, and you grow absolutely anything and

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:30.000
everything and bump across and again, This is what keeps the bumper crops going overwintering the sheep on the stubble, and that means you can grow constantly grow crops before imported

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:42.000
fertilizers, but I still do it i'll talk into a farmer a couple of years ago, in this area. talking about historic agriculture, and he said, There's nothing historic about this We still do it.

00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:48.000
The price of fertilizer is sky high, much easier to use sheep dumb.

00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:53.000
Here is the house. This is instead house haven't got to see it in detail.

00:19:53.000 --> 00:20:00.000
It looks like It's a moneyed property. and it is it's right on the edge of this purely rich land.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:06.000
Okay, So isolated church there really is no big village here it's a few farms.

00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:18.000
It's a nice house and a church love lovely Norman window here, some some Margaret's church, now in the middle of a field, surrounded with sheep and different crops.

00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:29.000
At 10 times the year. There was some big families, the analysis and the steakers, and they were prominent people in the neighborhood.

00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:39.000
Yeah greatly traveled. You can see here, Melbourne or straight Christ Church, New Zealand Colorado, but they weren't big landowners.

00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:46.000
The big landowner was the Duke of Norfolk, just down the road at Arundel Castle, and he is an absentee landlord.

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:52.000
The gauge is at furl live in furl it means it's tightly closed.

00:20:52.000 --> 00:21:03.000
Binstead is a little less Tightly, closed because the lord of the matter. You, Duke of Norfolk, is about 3 miles away, crucially he's not looking over his car.

00:21:03.000 --> 00:21:10.000
So walk at your cottage to slightly easy of social social tension.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:18.000
Okay, Now We've been over in Essex at fell and We've been over in in West Sussex at Binstead.

00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:26.000
It's just about their Films there. We're going to creep over the South Downs, and we're going to go to a parish called Plumppton.

00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:30.000
Now, Plumpton is where you would plump some race course.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:41.000
It lies across the chalk, the green sand the gold. the wheeled clay, and into the wood it's what we call strip parish, 7 and a half miles long by a mile wide.

00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:50.000
Looks like great cigar or on a parish map, and it encompasses different bits of landscape.

00:21:50.000 --> 00:22:02.000
Okay, So this is the 1724 map Plumpton is down here, runs northwards up here and here's ditchel in common, and here's South Common and on later maps.

00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:06.000
This is called Plumpton Heath. So this is poor land running through here.

00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:11.000
You'll notice there are no farms and settlements this is thick, heavy clay.

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:19.000
It is not settled. It's poor land down here, proliferation of farms.

00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:24.000
Mills. Okay. pretty ancient farm here. Whales far. okay.

00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:28.000
And this is the landscape at the southern end of Planton.

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:36.000
It's lovely light chalky so huge fields right we could stop foot there at the base of the steep slope.

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:47.000
Through. Many of you have seen images of South Downs very steep north facing slope, and this is at the foot of it to get all the pill wash comes down onto this land, which is good quality.

00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:52.000
Anyway. So this is all grade to land nineteenth century.

00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:55.000
This is owned by the Earl of Chichester.

00:22:55.000 --> 00:23:00.000
Okay, it's a Roman villa site this is not one of my pictures.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:06.000
So colleague who is a drone person took this drone picture of the Roman villa site at Plumpton.

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:16.000
So it's a rather nice, small, villa but on excellent land. So it's continuity going back literally thousands of years.

00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:26.000
Major landowners early Chicago, some Rowan, the trailer, Romano, British and correctly say, have to say, Ramano, British

00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:39.000
I work with the registered Romanized archaeologist, who said, There is not a shade of evidence that any Italian born Roman, ever lived in Sussex, because the Roman Empire stretched from Morocco

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:52.000
to Iraq, and from Romania drop down to Southern Sudan, and there's no evidence at all that any Italian born Roman was ever insisting. So we have to call them Romano British. okay?

00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:59.000
If you stand on the South Downs and look north, here is the parish church of Plumpton sneaking through the trees.

00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:11.000
This is Wales farm, which is an ancient farm name. Wales, is the name that the invading South Saxons Sussex, is the land of the South Texas.

00:24:11.000 --> 00:24:18.000
They gave that name Wales to the native britons the Welsh that's the Welsh Get driven westwards into Wales.

00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:23.000
Well, Wales farm and anywhere that's got W. A. L.

00:24:23.000 --> 00:24:27.000
Will be no nice non-tems, lots of water and farms.

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:33.000
Those are the native British settlements when the Saxons arrive.

00:24:33.000 --> 00:24:42.000
So this is a very, very long settlement. area you've got the Roman villa, and you've got the British settlement at Wales farm, and here's the church.

00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:55.000
If you go up to the church we are rather nice Sussex churchable, a Sussex cap, a wooden spire here, and this is the grave of the man who lived at Wales farm for much of the nineteenth

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.000
century Benjamin Wood. He couldn't be closer to the church unless he was inside the church.

00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:06.000
So it gives it idea of social standing You know here's his farm near his farm to the church.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:19.000
He's a major employer, he rents all this land. He doesn't own an inch of land. he rents it all from the Earl of Chichester, but he's got a lot of social standing the olive register does not live

00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:26.000
anywhere near bumped and He's Right over the Hill, Stammer Park, near the University of Sussex.

00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:32.000
But he's you know this asian If you like Benjamin Wood is the prominent person here.

00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:39.000
Okay, 50 yards away from the church, plumped in place.

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:47.000
This is in the nineteenth century, very nice tudor Manor House, lived in by succession of grandees in the early twentieth century.

00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:52.000
It's brought by Edward hudson was the the owner of Country Life Magazine.

00:25:52.000 --> 00:26:04.000
His custom was it with luxury's rather helps so it would lions, redesigns it as a mock Tudor Manor house, and it's passed down through many many hands.

00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:11.000
Look at it today. 6 right at the foot of the South Downs, very secluded, and lots of rich people for 25 years.

00:26:11.000 --> 00:26:15.000
In the 1,900 seventys, the 1,900 eightys.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.000
It was the the home of Jimmy Page of lead. Zeppelin.

00:26:19.000 --> 00:26:31.000
So very wealthy Rock Star millionaire living. there Okay, yeah that's all taking place as well as farm it's all taking place in the southern end of the parish.

00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:37.000
When you move into the North, you where there is nobody seemingly living, It's a very different landscape.

00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:48.000
We've left people in the lovely light chalky soils, and we've got thick, heavy waterlog clay, a lot of trees which is great for daring.

00:26:48.000 --> 00:26:56.000
Cometon had a reputation for cheese making, and especially butter, making early twentieth century pumped and butter was top-notch stuff.

00:26:56.000 --> 00:27:05.000
But until the railways come you can't get that milk out of the area you have to make cheese and butter, so remove the product ideal for Jerry Kathleen.

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.000
But liquid milk is not an option until the railway comes.

00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:11.000
The railway comes in 1,868.

00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:17.000
The London Brighton, the South Coast Railway, and here is the plummet and creamery, and you can see the churns outside.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:24.000
They can collect the Milk. it's an hour and a bit on the train to London a bit less down to Brighton it less still going down to Eastport.

00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:37.000
So they've got a market for all This so you're starting to see with the railway coming it's opening up this sparsely populated clay rich area.

00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:43.000
And and so if you've got a lot of clay you can make bricks with the railway, you can bring in coal.

00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:56.000
This is a nineteenth century. Well, that knowing 100 probably some it's time, job, but they straw hats you shirt sleeves, you breaking in rural areas is seasonal take the clay in the autumn weather it down through

00:27:56.000 --> 00:28:02.000
the winter make the bricks in the summer and This was one of 10 brickyards in Plumpton.

00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:19.000
So we're moving away from that landscape of huge fields and grandees, and rather nice manor houses, and even nicer houses, and we're moving out into a landscape of industry rural industry

00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:23.000
charcoal burning from the woodlands clay digging, using the charcoal to make bricks.

00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:37.000
The railway comes. bring it in cold to make bricks sending out lots and lots of bricks to the booming areas of London to the north and the South Coast holiday resorts to the south Okay, notice.

00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:44.000
In the picture You've got children now I did make the mistake of saying, this is child labor until someone points out it's the middle of the summer.

00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:56.000
It's probably subur holidays. and their mother has said to them, I am not having you under my feet for 6 weeks going, and all your father at the brick works. So these are going to learn to be brick makers because that's what you

00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:03.000
do it plumped in green but you've got a children writ makers tend to be young young families.

00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:10.000
You need a school. There was a school in Plumpton, but it was next to the big house run by the Vickers daughters.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.000
It was, too. rooms with all this influx of young families.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:19.000
You need a new school. So this is the 1,877 school, which is still there.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:25.000
It's now a shelter housing complex Okay, and We young families, sort of big population, growing population.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:32.000
You need a village shop, and this is a magnificent example of the pumping Green Post office, which is still there.

00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:42.000
It's still called. chill shop even in the 20 first century hasn't been chill shops it's about 1,940, but it's still called chill shot so you've got what is term the

00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:58.000
Victorian colonization of the world, and this is going on across nineteenth century Britain, as the roundways open up areas which were just agricultural and people find they've got slate. or they got granite.

00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:04.000
Or they've got clay or they've got sandstone, they become industrial communities.

00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:08.000
Younger families move in for work. Village school gets built, village shop gets built.

00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:18.000
So you see, you know, this expansion of some areas. with the coming of the railways in the nineteenth century, you get suburbanization.

00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:24.000
The railway allows people with access some money to access the trains to work in nearby towns.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:31.000
So you end up with suburban villains. This could be just about anywhere in late nineteenth century Britain. right? nice.

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:39.000
Probably this terracotta here is produced locally they've got some distinctive clay that produces this wonderful terracotta.

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:45.000
Okay. And with the new school, the village shop, the train station, the creamery.

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:50.000
You get a new church. The old church is down in the establishment end.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:59.000
The new church, which looks very urban this looks like it's, crept out of a suburb of baseball or worthing with Brighton.

00:30:59.000 --> 00:31:05.000
It's an 18 nineties church in a growing area.

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:11.000
The Church of England had to be able to church because there were other religions established.

00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:14.000
There was a Baptist chapel, there was a Methodist chapel.

00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:20.000
There was no Church of England. The Church of England church was 3 or 4 miles away, in the southern part of the parish.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:36.000
Okay, So that's an example of a community of fact. 2 communities in one parish close community on the light land grip making and daring cheese, making butter, making on the heavier lad.

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:42.000
Now we can move from there up into the high wheeled up near Tunbury Wells, which is again here.

00:31:42.000 --> 00:32:00.000
What first way up here It's heavy land it's high. it gets a lot of rainfall, so that 16 inches difference between the rainfall down here at Eastport, which is about 21 inches of rain a year.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:10.000
And you move 16 miles 20 miles up to mayfield and Wadhurst, and it goes up to 36, 37 inches rain here, so it's a lot of rain.

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:17.000
It's heavy clay lots of sandstone it's waterlogged, or a rush is growing in the fields.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:30.000
The fields are smaller. Look more tree growth. and in the nineteenth century look more vermin in there which wealthier people would like to hunt and shoot, but predated on people's crops.

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:36.000
Okay, this is not a picture risk, beautiful farming landscape.

00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:43.000
You need tractors like this to work that land we haven't got the lovely flint barns that we had down at furl.

00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:49.000
We got corrugated iron and asbestos and you look at the roadway.

00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:55.000
Okay, you Your equipment is not stored in a lovely flimpant. it's in an old railway car.

00:32:55.000 --> 00:33:00.000
You're making doing many this is a landscape best way to describe it.

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:15.000
Always describe the people living in the wield and district, in the open communities, with many, many land owners owning penny packets of land. I always think of them as if you cast your mind back to folks and horses.

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:18.000
These are rural dell boy trotters. They are ducking and diving.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:29.000
They are making some money wherever they can, legally, semi legally and illegally, and there is no overall compunction to stop them doing it.

00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:37.000
There are a few big landowners, but they are not dominant, so they don't have social control.

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:41.000
You can buy a lot of goods if you drive around in the world today.

00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:45.000
There are outside farm gateways, at cottage gateways.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:50.000
There are tables with things to sell baskets of apples bit earlier in the autumn.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:58.000
Jars of honey. people's bird boxes bundles of firewood, people stack them up on side the rubber and honesty box.

00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:02.000
This is what you can buy, and what first guinea fell.

00:34:02.000 --> 00:34:07.000
Yes, but i'm not certain where the zebra the bison and the wilder beasts are going to be found.

00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:13.000
But you know this is just 2 poles with some chicken wire, so corrugated plastic and a felt tip pen.

00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:19.000
Now you would not be allowed to do this in the downland you wouldn't even dream of doing it in the downtown.

00:34:19.000 --> 00:34:27.000
But here, someone's trying to make you know a few shillings, and they put this up probably as a joke to lure people. in

00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:34.000
They probably have got spinach honey and her rocket to to sell possibly not will debase them.

00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:41.000
Random, but that's the difference between these open communities where Jack is his own master.

00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:49.000
You can do what you like if you want to be a Baptist, a Quaker, a Methodist there is no one to say You can't be so.

00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:55.000
You get these little chapels opening up in very remote spots?

00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:02.000
Okay, you go into whathurst town itself what it's a large village, small town, beautiful sand and stone.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:19.000
So sandstone lands get lots of wood. so you get the wooden spire, and you go into the church, and you can see what the principal industry was for literally 2,000 years is iron making because the gravestones inside podhurst church

00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:31.000
there are 30 cast-time gravestones this is the heart of the wielded iron industry. Where you before you've got an eye industry in Sheffield or in the Black Country, or in the central belt of Scotland, you

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:33.000
know you have got Britons in the Iron Age making iron.

00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:37.000
The Romans come and put it onto an industrial footing.

00:35:37.000 --> 00:35:45.000
The Saxons may die, you know, but in the sixteenth century the blast furnace comes into the high world.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:52.000
Charcoal, 5, because millions of trees, huge amounts of iron, mostly cannon, are made.

00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:59.000
But here we've got the body a David baron gent from eighteenth of February, 1643.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:04.000
So on, only dies out in the 18 twenties, is for 2,000 years.

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:13.000
There was an iron industry, but it's taking place in this environment where nobody can say to you, You can't make a lot of smoke making line.

00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:21.000
You can't make a lot of smoke making charcoal you can't have a lot of noise with people beating out iron and beating out stone.

00:36:21.000 --> 00:36:27.000
You tell them to go away to shut off now let's just wind back a little bit.

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:30.000
We go back to that bungeon's map 1724.

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:41.000
So his full and full place. Now, the first place here is not the one I showed you on the picture with the sheep and the sheep droppings that was built in the 17 forties.

00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:55.000
This is the 17 twentys so what you've got here is the tutor house still the Tudor house that Sir John Gauge, on the title slab person loose casafelk we saw in the church that's his

00:36:55.000 --> 00:37:04.000
house to shoot a house there. Okay, here, he is and he said. He is Henry the Eighth, top man, governor of the charter of London.

00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:06.000
He's Governor of Calais when we owned Calais.

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:11.000
He's joint governor of baloin when we also own the loin.

00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:15.000
He's chance of the duchy of Lancaster He's the High Sheriff for Sussex.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.000
He has got a lot of titles he's very important he's very wealthy.

00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:26.000
Hence he's got a very nice house he's the person with all these sheep, and at 34 here.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:29.000
I'm sorry Fiona you won't might want to not listen to this bit.

00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:43.000
He's just defeated the Scots soway moss north of Carl Oil, head of the army, and Henry the Eighth had hands hold by painting the picture of his favorite general.

00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:48.000
Now this is a copy, because this is infill place, and the full place has got the copy.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:53.000
Because King Charles has still got the original in St.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:59.000
James's palace. So an important man and this is his Tudor house.

00:37:59.000 --> 00:38:07.000
That's the there's the georgian bit and This is the Tudor house that's the very old bit there when the gauge is moved here in 1,520.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:14.000
They move to the old house. so 1,520, there is an old house, 15 forties.

00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:28.000
They built the new house, and then in the seventeenth fortys. they build the newer house. Yeah, So they've been there a long time, and that's the essence of close communities is a continuity of land ownership

00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:36.000
immense, well handed down generation to generation. They are currently on the 8 by Count Gauge.

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:43.000
The noise by account. Gauge is living in the house, because old Lord Gauge is in his late eightys, and he's son.

00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:48.000
Henry has moved into the house in preparation for taking over.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:56.000
Okay, and this is the land They phone. Well, the gauges don't farm it, But the tenant farmers do beautiful rich.

00:38:56.000 --> 00:39:12.000
What he's called lower chalk. land lovely big crops coming off of this sheep on there in the autumn to manure it. Huge crops coming off end of July August, so that's the

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:22.000
good land. That means you are a close community. Okay, Then you move up into the north, 20 miles away, 15 to 20 miles away.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:28.000
You are up on Heath filled down with forest Dallington forests here.

00:39:28.000 --> 00:39:33.000
Okay, you are in a landscape where you've got the cruel thing down here.

00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:47.000
The burwash forge up here the biblim forge over here the hawks den forge over here it's a landscape of industry, of making armaments, huge cannon to go on British

00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:53.000
warships, lots of timber it's a wild landscape.

00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:58.000
It's lots of tiny tiny fields lots of woodland.

00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:04.000
Here is the Waldron furnace, and here is the furnace works down here, and here's the Hammer Pond.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:08.000
The water flows down into the furnace lots of little bits of land.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:12.000
If you've got little bits of land you can't keep lots of fat sheep time.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:19.000
It's not really good for it. but wet heavy soil you're not going to grow a lot of rich barley, because just the field just too small.

00:40:19.000 --> 00:40:23.000
But what you could do is small bits of land. You have to be in inventive.

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:33.000
You keep a lot of hands a sussex is a very, very long tradition of country keeping many of you in about stone gate eggs.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:35.000
Eggs are on the news today. Well, then, short use of eggs.

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.000
But we have our own breed of of chicken.

00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:46.000
The light. Sussex. We have stone gate eggs and older people may remember Bucks did farm chickens.

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:51.000
It's been a big business because you can keep on little pockets of land like this.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:55.000
You can keep a lot of hens, and so that grows out.

00:40:55.000 --> 00:41:01.000
Small landowners utilizing the landscape. Okay, and these are chicken stubborns.

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:08.000
Now, someone's told these people the photographer is coming because this lady would not dress up like this plucking chickens.

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:10.000
Yeah, she has a Sunday best on including a Sunday body.

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:18.000
But these are chicken stubborns, and with the coming of the railway it means you can send dead stock before the railway.

00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:26.000
You sent livestock to letting hall market in London with coming at the railway. you can say dead stock up in huge quantities.

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:30.000
It's a two-hour train journey up to London.

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.000
Okay, it went on the chicken line, as it was term.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:38.000
This is Heath. Build station sadly, no longer there. Dr.

00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:43.000
Beachings cuts under Bright, the South Coast Railway, and this was known as the Chicken Line.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:50.000
Like wagons. Carts came in daily with dead stock going to London.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.000
Okay, now, any animal rights people just calm down before you tell me off.

00:41:54.000 --> 00:42:01.000
This is a basically cold winter's day is what out here is a blizzard, and we are up in the high wheeled infinite.

00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:10.000
I take some students up there. One of my students ran Hand Farm, and there are 3,000 chickens in this house.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:15.000
They all free range as it is blowing a blizzard pouring with snow, and bitterly, bitterly cold.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:21.000
They are all underneath these hot lamps, as indeed I am taking the picture, and my 12.

00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:26.000
My class of 12 students. So, but but this is the present day because zoom production is on me.

00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:34.000
There's 3 hen houses. with 3,000 in each and they're all huge paddocks outside, but they're very sensibly in the warm.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:41.000
Okay, Now let's go back to a chart very very simply.

00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:56.000
You could do this for your area, that you know Well, there will be areas of heavy land which we have got here as the interior, and there will be areas that are better quality and in terms of the southeast of England.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:43:05.000
You've got the coastal fringe so the Thames Valley and the North Downs, and you've got the South Downs and the Sussex coast running along here.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:10.000
Okay, it tends to be that the ears areas are areas of early settlement.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:22.000
People sail up the Thames up the Medway, up the various Sussex rivers into Southampton Water just down here, and they areas of early settlement. The dominant in the landscape and areas of later

00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:29.000
segment are dependent. Okay, it comes into structure, the mechanisms of dominances.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:42.000
It says here. So you have these strip parishes that we mentioned earlier on the new village, like Plumpton, will be at the foot of the Downs, but it will have a an interior stretching out You will

00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:47.000
get churches with the Mother Church. later churches Our daughter settlements.

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:56.000
Okay. In Sussex we have these old ancient land divisions, called rapes, similar to ridings in in Yorkshire.

00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:02.000
And other distinctions elsewhere in the country, but the Castle Town brand.

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:10.000
But we saw Aaron to Castle. they will be on the downland, and their thiefdom runs out into the interior.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:23.000
It makes more sense. If you look at this timeline down here on the fourth diagram that on the white outside, you've got power, and on the interior you've got less power, so you've got the saxon nuclei

00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:35.000
villages with outliers like colonies out in the forest you've got early modern engrossment so around furl the gauges are oying in land out in the world.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.000
You've got the iron industry in the charcoal industry and a growing population.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:45.000
You saw that pumped in green nineteenth century you've got high farming.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:53.000
The biggest dates kind of formed educated land managers, new breeds of stock, new types of grains.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:45:01.000
They couldn't machinery out in the wheel you've got family farms, what we call dog and stick agriculture.

00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:13.000
Later in the nineteenth century. As we become more of an urban nation which tends to be on the fringes, the interior is looked upon as a haven for artists.

00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:19.000
So you get people painting at the wild heatha, the little cottage tucked away down a line.

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:22.000
Okay, and then you move into the twentieth 20 first century.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:28.000
The development protection of English landscapes. You know the white Bit.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:33.000
Here is the South Downs National Park. This is the North dance area of outstanding natural beauty.

00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:37.000
This is the Surrey Hills area of outstanding natural beauty.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:44.000
So that's the protected bit and the land reservoir on the interior is modern southeast England.

00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:50.000
Okay, so we've we've got a we've got a kind of dichotomy here.

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:56.000
So here is fell place set in its landscape park, with the sheet downs above it.

00:45:56.000 --> 00:46:04.000
The corn lands running away outside behind the trees. here. but you know, that's a symbol of immense wealth.

00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:08.000
Okay, there is the shape, the error, the big fields.

00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:14.000
There is that same barn I showed you earlier on. This is agricultural wealth.

00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000
And then you go into the interior and this is where in 1,946. They put Crawley New Town.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:28.000
It's an overspel from London. Okay, out on the heavy clay lands of mid Sussex.

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:37.000
That's where the international airport is at gatwick which was not airport, because it's greatly flat clay area.

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:41.000
Those are the focus part of sussex she's a bit strange for an apple, because it's clay.

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:47.000
It will be for me. it's where the only bit of motorway is the M.

00:46:47.000 --> 00:46:50.000
23 motorway running up to the m 25 London orbital.

00:46:50.000 --> 00:47:00.000
So what you've got is you've got modern sussex or modern southeast England is out in the interior, and the protected, the pretty.

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:17.000
The tourist, 8 of southeast England, is on the old land ownership side, and that's where in the world you get mass housing development very difficult to get housing into the National Park.

00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:22.000
Very strict planning controls, as you would imagine, away from the National Park.

00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:29.000
This is where new housing is going in, and this is right away across lowland Britain.

00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:44.000
At the moment, huge numbers of houses being built. Now this is generally where I would stop the this lecture, because we're talking about the downs, which is the close landscape and the wheels of area which is the open landscape.

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:48.000
But there's a new modern twist because these things are always evolving.

00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:54.000
I study Changing landscapes and landscapes change constantly.

00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:59.000
So now in the world. Now this is a lovely, wielded picture.

00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:02.000
This is winter out on the wheeled clay it's not somewhere.

00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:07.000
You want to be after the rain. We've had the last few days down here in the South Torrential.

00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:14.000
Rain. it's a very poor farming area but until the 1,900 eightys.

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:21.000
This was all farmland. It wasn't very productive farmland and the landowner.

00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:38.000
Interestingly. Someone called Sir Charles Barrel, whose family has owned this land since the late 1,006 hundreds decided to come out of agriculture and went into a new innovatory landscape use of rewilding Now, i'm sure this

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:45.000
is something that you would have come across almost every week It's on country phone on a Sunday afternoon Su Sunday evening.

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.000
It's in a lot of the papers it's a controversial topic.

00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:59.000
But the net estate, K. N. E. W. The net estate in West Sussex is one of the largest rewilding projects in the country.

00:48:59.000 --> 00:49:04.000
Okay, So this heavy land that's got a new use so you go to net.

00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:12.000
They've you've introduced tam with pigs yeah to replicate the world bore there are a lot of deer.

00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:26.000
They've introduced English long horn. cattle to bring some semblance of wildness back into the very kind of suburbanized landscape of Southeast England hit these very controversial but it's a

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:32.000
new topic, and it's aing in the wield so if you do need to know about rewarding.

00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:43.000
This is the book written by Sir Charles borough's wife. right sign to that is a bell tree, and here is the turtle Dove, which is one of the great successes, and this is the story of World.

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:47.000
But these new concepts are coming out from the wheel.

00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:53.000
The innovatory area. Okay, So 5,000 chicken stubborn.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:00.000
This is this is fine. Count Gauge, who inherited the estate, aged 16 in 1,912, goes off to World War.

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:11.000
One, as all the cage men do. in the culture in guards he's badly wounded, that passion doubt comes back, but lives until he's 86.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:16.000
His son is the current 8 by count. so there is a died in the world.

00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:20.000
Via account, and on the right hand side we have got chicken stubborn.

00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.000
Now I hope that's given you some indication they say at the beginning.

00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:35.000
This is a year's coordinate university i'll Hope you can draw some parallels to your home areas of light soils owned by big landlords.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:41.000
Pretty picture book, England Heavy Soil. Oh, my Tom, Dick and Harry is modern.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:52.000
20 first century Uk: With that. i'm gonna stop sharing, and I'm gonna take you back to the lovely Fiona perhaps has got some questions.

00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:55.000
Yeah, we do have some questions. Thank you very much for that.

00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:05.000
Jeffrey, quite a fascinating subject actually to and to hear about the physical landscape impacting on the social difference.

00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:15.000
And within the communities it's not really something i've thought about before, and and interestingly, we did have a lecture and a member lecture about rewilding a couple of months ago.

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:21.000
So there we go and testing topic. So we have got some questions here.

00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:32.000
Now let me have a little look. These are questions. This is something that you mentioned actually quite near the start about the fact that there were no hotel born and Romans in Sussex.

00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:38.000
Interesting little facts. Jesus asking, Well, where did they come from?

00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:43.000
Then, if that's the case well the end you were a Roman city at St.

00:51:43.000 --> 00:51:49.000
Paul was a Roman citizen that's one of the points he made in the New Testament.

00:51:49.000 --> 00:52:00.000
You could be a Roman citizen coming from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Syria, to you know, Tovascus Turkey, Romania, right the way through to the

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.000
borders of Germany, Portugal, or barrier.

00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:12.000
You know you were a Roman citizen, so you could just as easily be in West Sussex, born in Tunisia, you know.

00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:18.000
You never recruited soldiers from a home area to defend their home area.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:29.000
There was too. much problems of Nepotism. so you know Tunisians are in West Sussex, but West Sussex. Romans are down in in Iraq. .

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:33.000
I'm not i'm not an Archaeologist.

00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:38.000
I'm just phrasing something my archaeologist colleague stipulated.

00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:49.000
Okay, no. We've got a couple of questions here. about Compton, that you were talking about

00:52:49.000 --> 00:52:59.000
You talked about the the remains of the room and villa, and and and Plumpton and Mike is seeing and head Offordshire.

00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:03.000
All the Roman remains have been removed in the past, because the audible land is too good to waste.

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:10.000
Don't know what You think about that well i'm not an archaeologist, but I mean the idea that you you these days, I think they would.

00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:18.000
They would farmers only to please generally to get, you know, some money, because you get some money from archaeology.

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:24.000
For for disturbing land. but it's quite shame, if if remains are are removed.

00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:35.000
But the fact that you've got roman remains there is because it's a wealthy area, and you know you have the villas and the farmsteads.

00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:40.000
You know, which would have been part of that very wealthy landscape, and I mean the Romans are here for a long time.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:45.000
They're here for nearly 400 years and for a last part of that time.

00:53:45.000 --> 00:53:53.000
Roman Britain was was much milder i've seen some figures that about 200 ad it was about 5 degrees C.

00:53:53.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Warmer in general than it is today, so you know Southern down into the southeast.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:03.000
You know we've got vineyards now they had vineyards.

00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:10.000
Then, because the weather allowed it. Hmm! interesting. And and another quick question: about Plumpton.

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:18.000
And Miranda was interested in the shop, and named your shop. Yes, is there is a significance to the name.

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:30.000
Is it a local name, or is there some other significance to It I think it's quite there's quite a few chill names around in Sussex so, whether it's originated I don't know but it was the chairs

00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:35.000
ran it in the nineteenth century and I say today it's a long distort.

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:40.000
If there are other stores available, but It's still referred to whatever in the neighborhood.

00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:50.000
As chill shot. I love all these these references here to plump this very very obscure little village north of Bright, just to make another link which I didn't put in there.

00:54:50.000 --> 00:55:01.000
I said that prompt, and the Southern end was high establishment You've got a manor house owned by the country life man designed by Awin luther's lived in by a rock star millionaire the house next

00:55:01.000 --> 00:55:09.000
to plumped. in place is Lanes rectory, who grew up in Lanes Rectory the present day Queen of England.

00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:14.000
Camilla grew up in Brompton probably met Charles at plump and races.

00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:24.000
You know. she's a local girl to us you know and So that's pretty much high establishment Queen of England. You've got to go a long way to top that. you know.

00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:33.000
Okay, interesting. no. We've got a question here at Now hold on to me. Seconds it came up here. I must answer this one.

00:55:33.000 --> 00:55:37.000
This is from Jane, where the Csi resorts developed mainly by large landlords.

00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:46.000
Many of them were the troops of Devonshire, own Eastbourne, the Earl's Della, war only Bexilon, c.

00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Brighton was a big result, but it was a resort that was a an open community brightness on very steep slopes, with deep wet valleys and thin soil.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:10.000
So Tom, Dick and Harry only bits of bright didn't really develop big estates when you went across the border from right into hove much better soil from 4 people owned 90% of nineteenth century.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:15.000
Hope so. They own it in big blocks, and those are the big set piece.

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:22.000
If you go into regency architecture. and brunswick town in Hove. it's a classic 1,800 twentys, you know.

00:56:22.000 --> 00:56:26.000
It's. it's a set piece regency. architecture that's developed by big landlords.

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:31.000
So. Yes, many of the results were. Were you better? And I know Clan did know.

00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:34.000
In North Wales, owned by the mustins, you know.

00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:40.000
So. yes, the biggest States. they could see money could be made from this, so they invested heavily in needs.

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:45.000
But there were other resorts which developed out of more fishing communities.

00:56:45.000 --> 00:56:53.000
The what Brighton was, which, with lots of smaller landowners so you didn't get big set pieces in brighton tend to be away from it.

00:56:53.000 --> 00:56:59.000
Okay. no, i've got another question here this last year's lecture.

00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:04.000
No, let me let me try and find this question i've lost it.

00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:11.000
Now, here we are. Question from Jenny, and you were talking about the sheep being put on the fields in the winter to fertilize them.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:18.000
What did they eat? Because surely there would have been a lack of grass at that point it was most.

00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:20.000
It would have been double. You put them in the stubble.

00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:34.000
They they fed on the stubble stalks, and any grain that was left you would often intercrop after the the grain had come in with clothes for crops or turnips, particularly towards the end of the nineteenth century

00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:46.000
you're putting Swedes mangle wordsals and turnips in, and then they graze off the turnips, and then once they grace off the tops, you lift the turnips and they can be chopped up and go into

00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:54.000
animal feed in the yards. So yeah, there was ways of ways of getting around this, but that was the that was the surefire way of keeping your landing.

00:57:54.000 --> 00:58:01.000
Good art was to bring the sheep off the hill and onto onto the stubble onto the fallow land.

00:58:01.000 --> 00:58:15.000
Okay, interesting. question here from audrey She's saying here in New York, so deals that must be where she is, and stately homes and manor houses are all in the broad fertile valleys the

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:22.000
Abbey states and predisolution of the monasteries controlled the farmers of the upland areas as well.

00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:27.000
How would that have influenced the communities in the upland areas?

00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:32.000
Well, they it's a slightly different when you had to move into the uplands.

00:58:32.000 --> 00:58:37.000
You started getting to a a a different dynamic.

00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:44.000
Really, the land holdings were very, very big, but often they were spread over a huge area.

00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:55.000
So when you get very good land, you don't need a lot of land to support a given community where you've got poor land, you end up with much bigger communities.

00:58:55.000 --> 00:58:59.000
Well, one of the things about the southeast is on the downs and on the coastal plane.

00:58:59.000 --> 00:59:14.000
Parishes are small, their pocket handedkerchief because the sword is so good. You don't need a lot of it, not a lot to support a given number of people when you move up into the clays and the sandstones and lap into

00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:18.000
the Web applands. You need a lot more land. so parishes up.

00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:27.000
There are really really big and i've noticed this I know northwest Wales quite well, and along the coastal plane in Northwest Wales, where you've got some very nice soils.

00:59:27.000 --> 00:59:35.000
Got the Gulf Stream along the coastline, quite small parishes, lovely on a rich grasslands and arable land.

00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:53.000
But when you move inland up into Stonia the parishes are absolutely enormous, and that that's reflecting elsewhere across Britain, many of the certainly the abbey's and monasteries were deliberately

00:59:53.000 --> 00:59:56.000
given poor land, they were deliberately given. Poor land!

00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:11.000
It, and it was. It was a way of they were given poor land that they settled their their, their feel like their monasteries on, and then they develop land around that.

01:00:11.000 --> 01:00:17.000
You seem to be some type of penance, but they were then given rights to other areas around about.

01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:26.000
So. the actual site of the monastery may not be in the best land, but they were donated, or they they acquired, or people bequeathed them land.

01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:30.000
They could buy themselves into heaven. Really, in in that format.

01:00:30.000 --> 01:00:44.000
If you go back to 1066 the the battle of Hastings takes place north of Hastings, that he's now called Battle, which is very, very poor land, and because of the slaughter there, William the Conqueror gave

01:00:44.000 --> 01:00:48.000
that land to a Normandy monastery and the enormous were horrified.

01:00:48.000 --> 01:01:02.000
They'd be boy out and left normandy and put into this swampy upland of rock and sand and forest. and now we're back to Normandy and William said troops over to drive them back at sword point to the poor land

01:01:02.000 --> 01:01:10.000
but then gave them rich land, including where pumped at companies, are certainly where fur is located.

01:01:10.000 --> 01:01:19.000
Right at the foot of the downs. So the actual monastic body was in the poor bit, but they had acquired Good land, Hmm!

01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:26.000
Fussing stuff, right? One more question and then We'll need to wrap things up. and this is question from Andrew.

01:01:26.000 --> 01:01:30.000
You talked a little bit at different times about the introduction of the real whiz.

01:01:30.000 --> 01:01:41.000
Did the wealthy landowners welcome them? Sometimes they did, because they could see the possibility of getting crops away, of utilizing the poorer land.

01:01:41.000 --> 01:01:47.000
They had, or the resources they had, getting timber and stone and sand, and all the things needed.

01:01:47.000 --> 01:01:52.000
You know, in the nineteenth century we are urbanizing rapidly, and you need bricks.

01:01:52.000 --> 01:01:59.000
You need timber, you need stone. And so they could see possibilities of this.

01:01:59.000 --> 01:02:14.000
Some, of course, of them, at the view They did this coming near their land, and so often they forbid railway companies to cross their land, So you've got quite secureous routes but sometimes they could make a great deal of money

01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:29.000
by selling their view, and where I was born, on the north edge of Brighton village, called Preston, pressed the manor very old manner, but the lantern rally line goes through the edge of their estate and when they built the

01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:41.000
railway load. they could plainly see it from press the manner, and they just demanded money from the railway companies, and you've taken away our viewpoint, and the railway companies were wealthy, and they gave a vast sum of money to the

01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:44.000
people oppressed the matter for loss of you, basically, you know.

01:02:44.000 --> 01:02:53.000
So. yet there was. There was money to be made from it, but some of them in very conservative about it, for bad the railway to come near them.

01:02:53.000 --> 01:02:58.000
Okay, interesting, right. Folks will need to wrap it up now that's 5 plus 6.

01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:02.000
So I hope you all enjoyed that that was absolutely fascinating. Thank you Jeffrey.

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Thank you very much indeed, the owner. and good evening, everybody.

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Thank you very much for choosing to join me for this.

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This lecture, and I hope you shall enjoy and find it interesting, as Fiona did say in the introduction.

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We have chosen this the to coincide with remembrance.

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Day tomorrow, so i'm going to go to the the screen share in a moment, and we'll be showing you paintings throughout the the lecture that you'll be able to look at the the detail in them and i'll

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be talking about a selected number of artists in 2 of the way in which the first and the second World wars were represented through art.

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There was a tremendous contribution made by most of male and female artists.

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This evening, however, though we're going to concentrate on a range of women artists, it is, however, handful it's a drop in the ocean as to the number of female artists that re represented aspects of

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wartime on the home front and on the the battlefield.

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During the first and the second world wars. However you may be interested in these numbers, that during the Second World War the W.

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A. C. who were responsible for commissioning artists they used 300 artists during that period, and 48 of those were women.

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I'm going to take a small selection for you this evening.

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It could be that one or 2 of these names may already be familiar to you.

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Some of them may indeed be renew so i'm going to start screen share with you.

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Now, and i'm going to go to my

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Do you want to try again and reach right that should be on the screen?

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Now that's it thank you so we're taking a a selection of artists, and from those individual women artists have taken a few from the first, and from the the second world wars I wanted to within the selection that

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I have chosen. I wanted to consider the way in which they had represented the work and the efforts on the home front, and also what was happening.

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In terms of work in the the factories on the the medical front.

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So the selection that i've taken I think covers fair bit of ground, and the the military range as well.

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So let us make a start with an artist called Anna Airy.

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Anna Erie was living between 1882 and 1964.

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She was important, and she was an artist of considerable occasion.

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In that she was one of the first women who was officially commissioned as a war artist, and as such the paintings that she produced incredibly detailed, incredibly complex compositions are a fascinating insight into the work

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that was done in a number of the the factories at the time, and indeed much of that work was being done by women.

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She was the daughter of an engineer. she was also the granddaughter of the astronomer Royal George Biddle.

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Harry. She studied at the sledge school and she's, won a number of prizes for her portraits during the First World War.

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She undertook a number of factory commissions and she painted on site. so it wasn't simply a case of making sketches.

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Going back to a studio and producing these images. It was all done on site under very hot, difficult, and in dangerous environments.

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It was so hot in some of them that her shoes literally started to burn away

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And I. if we take the first example by an area, that I've chosen for you of the Burden shop, 15 inch shells at the Singer manufacturing company, Clydebank in

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Glasgow in 1,918, and singer is household name in domestic appliances.

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But of course, at the time of the first world war it was producing armaments, and the women who may well have been employed in domestic service previously.

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We're now on the factory floor, working and you can perhaps see this within the the painting.

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Women are not perhaps the close focus cool. They are indeed, you can see just where I'm, pointing to you, can see them present within that factory environment.

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When you look at this composition, you can see the incredible detail and precision that is required in terms of creating the perspective.

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The scale and the 3 dimensional effect. Artists are no through art history to at times use artistic license.

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We Within the context of wartime commissions like these, there was no room for that.

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Artists were chosen so that they could produce work that fitted a specific brief, and they would chosen for the work.

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They done a style they worked in, which was thought would be then appropriate for such a commission.

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So the artists have specific briefings, and they work had to depict exactly what was required.

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If there was any ambiguity about that, anything that needed correcting.

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With no question. It was handed back to the artist, and they would have to correct that.

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So everything that you see is with precision, and often the size of the paintings was also prescribed as well.

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And just to give you some idea of that, in this case the painting is 120, sorry 182.8 by 213.3 cm.

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Just to give you some idea of scale

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We moved to another of women working in a gas retort.

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House. This was one particular end in which Anna Airy found it to be extremely hot.

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The heat was incredibly intense. A rich is literally an oven in which the coal is baked to release coal gas, and from this painting, which again was on a large scale, it really comes the work that was being done, the

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enormity of that environment, and indeed the intensity of the heat that was being generated.

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From that retort you can also see something of the really quite precarious nature of some of the the work.

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If you look to the right hand side and you see the the figure.

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Yeah, with this incredibly steep dropdown. If you go over to this portion of the painting, and you see the heat from that furnace, it is intense, and you can perhaps see from even just the first 2 paintings

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that we've been looking at. Why, an arid was considered to be such.

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I prime artist to depict these scenes the importance of commissions during the war time by all artists was to record, for I'm Beverly.

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But there was also an element of informing, and an element also of morale boosting as well

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In the shell Forge, the national projectile factory at Hackney Marshes in London, and this is again is 1918, and here you see the the glowing hot shell cases, and they were presented in this painting

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to really convey the heat and Anna airy work with enormous speed to capture the color of the molten shells.

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This was one such environment where the ground was so incredibly hot that the shoes began to burn off a feet to.

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If we go in a little close, so you can see some of the incredible detail of the structure all the yet the building that she captures

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And forging the jacket for an 18 inch, and gone at messes arms strong.

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Whitworth and Co. works at open shore, 1,918.

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And again you see the the technical detail. You see the incredible heat glow from the heat as well

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Just going in closer to a detail you can see that although we have figures present.

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We've had figures in the other paintings as well, the concentration is upon the equipment structure, and really the figures are a dwarf besides some of that

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Quite a different environment. but again important to convey all aspects.

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This was painted in 1,917.

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The cookhouse at Whitley. Count in sorry

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Now, although I talked about Anna airy painting on the spot, and that much of the work that she did was done there rather than in a studio.

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But she did produce some sketches as Well, and I just wanted to convey one of those to you, just to give you an idea of that, because sometimes we're so used to seeing the completed the finished paintings that it gives

00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:39.000
us some idea of the creative process to see sketches

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And if we move on to take an example, awesome examples of work by evil in the in doing so, we move from first to the Second World War, and we also take a different aspect of wartime, being represented by Evelyn Dong

00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:25.000
who live between 19 o 6 and 1960 she was an Artist. an illustrator, a teacher painted portraits, landscapes, and mere rules, and her contribution recording women's contributions during the second world war are a

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significant part of the output that she is particularly renowned or she represented Britain on the home front, and particularly aspects of the women's, land army as well.

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It's interesting that she was the only woman who was working for the war artist, advisory committee on a full-time salaryid basis, whereas the older women and many of the other artists male as well were

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:07.000
committed painting by painting, or perhaps for a series of paintings.

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R. rather than on a salary basis. She was born in reading.

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She was the fifth and youngest child of Scottish father and Yorkshire mother family moved to Kent in 90 13, and she stood at a Chelsea School of Art and the Royal College of Art and so

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the seems that you see represented by evil in Dunbar.

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A world away from the intense heat and the danger of the the factories.

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Nevertheless, all aspects of they work represented in the the First and the Second World War were of great importance, and were inexplicably linked in terms of the combined or effort Yeah, on the screen.

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You have seen of milking practice with artificial others from 1,940.

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Perhaps some of these things that you don't always think about you don't always realize that some of these practices took place, and these are vital records.

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That record that that conveyed that to to people who were looking at demand formed an important archive.

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The majority of the paintings that we are looking at this evening are in the collection of the Imperial War Museum.

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1944 pastoral land army girls ruining E.

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Smell in 1944, and this is an interesting approach, because she takes an inset scene of the druning taking place in the orchard, and around that you have a montage effect of bowls of fruit, and hams holding

00:17:17.000 --> 00:17:25.000
different tools.

00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:33.000
And a particularly good harvest of fruit meant that it needed to be dealt with.

00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:42.000
It needed to be utilized and not wasted. And this is a representation of a Canning demonstration.

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Find the wi in 1940 and it's really a fascinating behind the scenes.

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View isn't it in terms of the process and the way that this was being demonstrated so that people could go away, and they could do this themselves, and they could maximize the amount of route from the the excellent

00:18:09.000 --> 00:18:24.000
harvest grow not only in orchards like the one you've just seen, but also in people's gardens as well

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From a medical perspective. Eve Linden bar recorded aspects of that.

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Here we have a hospital train, 1942

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:55.000
And in the same year a montage effect with a multiple number of scenes at St.

00:18:55.000 --> 00:19:19.000
Thomas's Hospital in the evacuation waters. So works like this: give really quiet, fascinating insight into these different aspects on the the home front

00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:32.000
Dora mason is another interesting example and I think a name that is not so well known that's as area and some of the other artists.

00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:40.000
She lived between 1869, and 1955, an Australian artist who lived in Chelsea for a great deal of her life.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:56.000
She studied the Slade School and in Paris, as well as in Australia and New Zealand, and she became an elected member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters in London.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:10.000
Now the examples that are chosen by Dora Mason are to represent another aspect of wartime, and I wanted, within the the limited range that we can cover this evening.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:27.000
I wanted to show range of different aspects, and to represent the way in which these artists made this very important contribution and recording them.

00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:44.000
This is Conjugate Street, 19 or 21 the ones that i'm showing you by Dora Mason are representing the the destruction and the way in which this was dealt with on the the whole road from the

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:59.000
intense, bombing rates.

00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:04.000
Also from 1,941 a furniture store in Stephanie only.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:14.000
Ion left

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:35.000
And it's perhaps when you see some of these paintings, when you see the record and the visualization of whether it be the efforts on the home front, the work, in the factories or the scrub destruction that you're seeing

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:44.000
here from the the bombing by the paintings by Dora Mason, that it really brings home to you.

00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:56.000
So some of the things that you read about or hear about, and this is a view of some false cathedral after surrounding buildings have been flattened by Nm.

00:21:56.000 --> 00:22:11.000
Bombing, remarkable that Falls was not hit itself

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:21.000
Now, perhaps, amongst the artists that we are taking a selection of works from this evening, Laura Night may well be the more familiar.

00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:26.000
9, living between 1,877 and 1,970.

00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:35.000
Laura Night had a wide and varied career. No, for her paintings.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:47.000
All fisher folk or gypsy communities ballet dances, circus performers, but it's a wartime paintings that we're concentrating on this evening.

00:22:47.000 --> 00:23:05.000
And with great poignants. Laura Night captured with detail as specs of the work in the factories and the military contribution.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:10.000
Tank. can a buried selection of the her wartime work?

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:38.000
To illustrate this point to you. Starting with an undated painting of a Land Army girl.

00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:48.000
In 1944. she undertook this commission to represent the sterling bomber construction.

00:23:48.000 --> 00:24:05.000
You see here, and the painting the tremendous detail in terms of the structures in terms of the perspective scale.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:27.000
She has rendered in enormous detail, and you see a workforce of both men and women

00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:35.000
It is, though perhaps this painting that may well be her most famous wartime work.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:51.000
H. is of Ruby Loftus screwing a breach ring, painted in 1943, a painting that measures 86 by a 100 cm, and a painting which later went on to be

00:24:51.000 --> 00:25:06.000
exhibited and regarded very highly. It was also a painting that was not simply produced as just the painting.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:23.000
It was wanted to something to be produced as a poster, something that could be reproduced in post a form by the we're out to advisory committee to place in factories to promote the work.

00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:35.000
Map women were doing in place of men, and in this particular painting you have an enormous amount of detail and proficient precision.

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:44.000
You also have the almost heroic representation of Ruby Loftus.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:53.000
Ruby Loftus had, before the the war, worked in a tobaccoist shop in Finchley.

00:25:53.000 --> 00:26:03.000
During the war she worked as a royal ordinance factory worker, operating high precision machinery for A.

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:22.000
B office gone at the factory in Newport. She can be seen here working at an industrial lathe, cutting screw of a breach ring, enormous concentration on her face, and at the age of 21 she became

00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:34.000
an expert in this over a period of 7 months, rather than the period of several years which it had usually taken.

00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:55.000
Men working in that factory. so she was very highly acclaimed in the work that she did, and as such provides an excellent example for Laura Night to have been commissioned to paint initially Laura Knight agreed to do this

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:03.000
painting, and to make some sketches and go away to her studio and paint.

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:11.000
However, once the amount. the for this particular commission was agreed.

00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:21.000
100 guineas and expenses were paid prior to that Laura and I thought the amount was not enough for the work that would be involved.

00:27:21.000 --> 00:27:41.000
She went on to paint this in a period of 3 weeks, and although the surface of the floor wasn't as hot as Anna Airy had experienced the significant amount of oil on the floor of the factory did actually start to to Rot

00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Laura night's. shoes so this commission to promote women's work in factories has become somewhat iconic.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:59.000
Not only during the Second World War, but certainly since, and in terms of of ruby lofters.

00:27:59.000 --> 00:28:05.000
What became of her. Well, the war. She was offered the opportunity to take an engineering course.

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:11.000
She decided against it so, and emigrated to Canada with.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:16.000
But she is immortalized in this particular painting.

00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:23.000
It can even see the the sparks lying over over here on the right hand side of the painting.

00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:39.000
In the background, you see other women concentrating on their own particular jobs in the factory

00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:53.000
As well as the Lambda army. If factories, Laura Knight had commissions to depict the military figures, including here the Raf.

00:28:53.000 --> 00:29:07.000
In Tapeco, painted in 1943. Here she depicts the crew of Sterling mark, 3 raf bomber at the Raf Milden Hall in Suffolk.

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:19.000
The figures, the she painted with tremendous, almost photographic detail.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:28.000
She had made sketches beforehand, and this painting was then produced later on.

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:39.000
So not in sits you in the same way that she painted Ruby loft us, and it turned out to be an extremely and painting.

00:29:39.000 --> 00:30:01.000
Once it was completed because one day she's sketching them, she's gathering the information for this painting, and before the painting was complete the sound news was the crew were lost and that the navigator you see in

00:30:01.000 --> 00:30:09.000
the foreground have been killed, and a reproduction of the painting was presented to his mother.

00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:31.000
As a momento, and you can see here just some of these sketches that she made this one very much compositional to work out the the placement, the proportion within that composition.

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:36.000
But some of them much more detailed and outographic as this one.

00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:47.000
The navigator in the foreground

00:30:47.000 --> 00:31:02.000
And she undertook a number of commissions to represent figures working in the women's auxiliary service.

00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:20.000
Starting here in 1940, Corporal Jdm. Yesson, and she presents portrait of women who were considered to be quite extraordinary.

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:27.000
Or shall we say, ordinary in an extraordinary situation doing extraordinary things.

00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:31.000
She's shown here. Corporal jdm pearson or Joan definitely.

00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:44.000
Mary on duty holding a respirator. but the portrait was commissioned as a tribute because she had been involved in the rescue of a pilot of a crashed plane.

00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:52.000
She had gone towards the the burning fuselage in order to save him.

00:31:52.000 --> 00:31:59.000
And so the heroic act resulted in her being awarded the Empire.

00:31:59.000 --> 00:32:21.000
Gallantry medal, and I think with some of these portraits you get some sort of sense of the significance of what they have done, but also the vulnerability as well.

00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:38.000
Within the situation. This is Corporal Jm. Robbins, and she was in December, 1940, and the dog took out, which received a direct hit from the intense bombing ride.

00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:44.000
A number of men were killed and injured, and she immediately went to the aid of the injured.

00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:54.000
She stayed with them despite the danger. she stayed with them until they were evacuated, administering first aid.

00:32:54.000 --> 00:33:02.000
So what you notice about these portraits. They are not being represented in those heroic acts.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:11.000
They are being represented at all. the point

00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:19.000
Assistant section leader, Elsbeth Henderson and Sergeant Helen Turner, of the Women's Auxiliary Service.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:29.000
What painted in 1941 by Laura night for the contribution that you were awarded.

00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:37.000
The military medal for calendaring, because on the first of September 1940, despite an air raid.

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:51.000
There you refused to leave their posts, and they continued beginning hell communication with fighter command relaying vital information.

00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:59.000
A direct hit, so that i'm building and fia didn't even stop them.

00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:13.000
And it was only at the point when the room there were in court fire that they finally have to be ordered to actually leave

00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:38.000
But again, there is an enormous poignancy of these portraits, and no, not always simply of individual named individuals, but of the combined efforts, such as in this painting of a balloon site. in commentary 1943 and in

00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:46.000
the background you can perhaps see the churches and the chimneys in the distance.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:35:03.000
In the foreground you see the tremendous force which is being engaged in order to pull on the the ropes for the barrage balloon and This is a tremendous representation of a barrage

00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:12.000
balloon at close waters, and something which convey something of the

00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:31.000
The nature of these barrage balloons, which often in some paintings you see in the distance, just as you do here in the background

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:42.000
But not only at the balloon site but also the maintenance as well, and in 1942 you painted this one from it's slightly elevated viewpoint.

00:35:42.000 --> 00:36:00.000
To look down on the repairs being undertaken on one of the barrage balloon

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:14.000
Laura and I herself described these barrage balloons as colossal silver toads.

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:22.000
And it wasn't simply during the the war that Laura night was commissioned.

00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:41.000
But she received a postwar commission to go and represent the Newuremberg trial, something which she found significantly difficult.

00:36:41.000 --> 00:37:01.000
Not simply from a logistical perspective. Oh, the observation of it, working out the composition. she's seen here in this photograph, working in a small booth where a window overlooked the courtroom i'm working out

00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:07.000
how that commission, how that commission and composition would best combine.

00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:17.000
But it was something which she found very difficult in terms of the the disturbing

00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:36.000
I didn't now. she could work in but there were times when they could switch the sound on, and she could hear the the proceedings, but she described it as very traumatic in the diarrhea, and she made a series of

00:37:36.000 --> 00:38:05.000
sketches which were then going to combine to provide her with the visual reference material that she would require for the finished painting, and she decided on a combination of the courtroom, including the military police.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:14.000
They do judiciary, and the defendants

00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:23.000
So all preparatory sketches that she made in 1946,

00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:35.000
I'm. this is the finished 19 in which she had decided to combine that courtroom ways.

00:38:35.000 --> 00:39:04.000
A montage of destruction in the background. So she was taking quite a creative approach in her interpretation of representing the Neururemberg trials by showing the accused showing the officials and showing some sort of context to that

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:20.000
particular trial, and it was a painting that received a mixed reception in terms of that combination that she had decided upon

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:44.000
But much as this time of recording and paintings of the trials were a very traumatic sort of comm commission, something which was a necessary part of the overall recording of the war, there are also paintings.

00:39:44.000 --> 00:40:03.000
Which give us some idea of the aftermath being a more positive fashion, and Nellie Eliza is an artist who was born in 1886, until 1955.

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:18.000
She was from Hermpstead, a father, was a Naval architect and marine engineer, and during the First World war she was offered a guinea p work. one like the Imperial War Museum Committee It

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:31.000
was a women's work subcommittee and she produced a whole range of works during the war, but I've chosen 2 from the end of the First World War.

00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:36.000
Here, they receiving of the news of the armistice.

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:46.000
On November the eleventh, 1918. She produced this in 1919.

00:40:46.000 --> 00:41:06.000
So you see the the women workers there waving the the scolves when they hear this news, and that combines with, and there's quite a spontaneous feel to the style that she's produced these in and here with the

00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:14.000
display of flags during Armist this week in the county

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:29.000
And you get a real sense of the celebratory app atmosphere

00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:45.000
With that in mind. I also wanted to include a couple of examples of posters which were produced postwar in 1948.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:51.000
By Heaven, Mckee, it will live between 1889, and 1957.

00:41:51.000 --> 00:41:56.000
She was an artist and an Illustrator lived in Chelsea.

00:41:56.000 --> 00:42:12.000
She'd studied at Lambert school at art and Ryan to the the war, and after the war she contributed to magazines she exhibited in both London and in Paris. During the first and second world.

00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:25.000
Wars. She was responsible for a number of sketches of military figures, as well as paintings, and in 1947.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:40.000
The Commission by the Southern Railway, so not specifically a wartime commission, but one which links with wartime was this one of Waterloo Station.

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:49.000
It was for the Centenary of Waterloo, and it was to represent the strategic importance.

00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:54.000
Oh, Waterloo Station for water i'm London in 1942.

00:42:54.000 --> 00:43:13.000
The main concourse had been bombed, but still carried on to provide that that support and that importance, and the 2 posters, the 1848, 1948 postage for that centenary.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:19.000
Represent wartime peacetime and they're very much like spot.

00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:30.000
The difference in in many respects. So, for just, for example, in the wartime one, you have the military vehicles military.

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:32.000
Many, many of the figures are in military uniform.

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:53.000
You have the blackout on the roof panels of the station, and of course, when you look at the peacetime one, you see everyone in much the same positions towards cool within the the peacetime.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:44:06.000
Context. so a fascinating representation of that, and I thought an interesting way for Ros to conclude the selection.

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:15.000
So in terms of the range of paintings and artwork that we've taken this evening.

00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:24.000
I wanted to represent a significant contribution made by women artists during first and the Second world wars.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:35.000
We have really just dipped our towel into that prolific pool of material that they contributed.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:53.000
But hope that you have found that to be an interesting sample, and thought provoking in terms of the work that these artists did, and the things that they represented.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:44:58.000
Thank you very much, Rachel, about some real stunning artworks theatre, I think.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:03.000
And we really reflect in the rule, or some of the rules of women during the world wars.

00:45:03.000 --> 00:45:08.000
Now we've got lots of questions for you so i'm just trying to find him a first one.

00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:14.000
If you give me a little second yes, you have been talking right at start.

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:22.000
The lecture about you know they're not being really any room for artistic license with these commissions.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:30.000
Of work, and and Mike is asking if they had to be precise, why not use photography?

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:38.000
Good point interesting point. my

00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:56.000
Absolutely so. we're photographic records as Well, but it was considered important to have this artistic record and to provide as buried representation as possible.

00:45:56.000 --> 00:46:10.000
Now in terms of saying no artistic license. I I meant that in terms of where there was something very technical to be shown that that needed to be absolutely accurate.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:18.000
There was no room for sort of for example. the wall was a case wasn't by any of these artists.

00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:25.000
But there was a painting during, I think the I think the First World War, and it showed some vehicles.

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:32.000
It was in in France, seen in France, and it showed some vehicles, and they were going in the wrong direction, and it was handled back to the artists.

00:46:32.000 --> 00:46:35.000
They said, No, this is not correct that's not how it would be.

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:39.000
You need to repay this part of the the painting.

00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:43.000
Each of the artists who were selected were selected for their particular skills.

00:46:43.000 --> 00:46:50.000
They all have their own individual styles you've seen something of the individual styles just in the small selection.

00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:59.000
I I have shown but so yes, I hope I hope that helps Mike i'm shoot It does no of.

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:06.000
We had so Tuesday questions that were quite similar so i'm gonna kind of roll them all into to one.

00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:10.000
And now so there was Jin, Judy and Carl.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:24.000
I wonder if you could say something about the main media mediums that that each of the artists used and in particular Jane was interested in the knowing if Anna ears paintings were watercolors so I don't know if you

00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:32.000
could say a little bit about the medium and the yes, apologies for not mentioning medium as as we were looking at them.

00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:44.000
Anna Aries were oil paintings. well oil paintings, the ones that we looked at, the Laura knights for oil paintings.

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:52.000
The ones we looked at latterly by mellis that were watercolors.

00:47:52.000 --> 00:48:01.000
The artwork Hi, Helen Mckee would have been done in oil.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:17.000
She did sketches she did a few walk to color and pencil sketches for preparation, but she'd have produced all oil paintings that then would have been produced by lithographic printing process for the

00:48:17.000 --> 00:48:20.000
posters. Okay, and she well, hopefully, I hope that helps you out.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:27.000
Jane Kle and Judy, and gives you a little bit more insane, primarily oil paintings.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:31.000
Would generally be the commissions, but there was 4 to colors.

00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:35.000
The ones by Dora me, and they were also watercolors as well of the

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:41.000
The bombed buildings. Okay, thank you and now we've got another question from Karen and Andrew.

00:48:41.000 --> 00:48:48.000
Now again. I think we're talking about anna evie's paintings, and they're asking

00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:58.000
The paintings are all mainly 1918 would they have been used to show the improvements and production which had been heavily criticized earlier in World War.

00:48:58.000 --> 00:49:07.000
One I don't know if that's something that that that you would be able to answer.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:19.000
Sorry. could you? just come back with that question again? The The paintings by Anna * are all we're all mainly 1918, but with the paintings have been used.

00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:26.000
To show improvements and production which had been heavily criticized earlier in the war.

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:36.000
30. Possibly. Yes, yes, yes, some of it was to show the to record the processes, to record the production.

00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:42.000
There had been some criticisms. yes, in some areas a production of the lack of organization.

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:51.000
So. Yes, with some of those it would exemplify improvements, as well as showing the the type of work that was being done.

00:49:51.000 --> 00:49:56.000
And to you know, it was part of it was recording.

00:49:56.000 --> 00:50:18.000
It was also an educative process as well recording Now I've got another couple of questions that I'm going to roll in together once from Andrew And from an no Andrew is asking where were these paintings shown at

00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:33.000
the time was the in propaganda as such, or more of a a record of wartime life, and related to that, and was asking about where Anna Eightys painting specifically would have been displayed.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:39.000
The paintings would have been displayed at different points.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:47.000
Some paintings would have been shown during wartime, and there would have been an element of morale boosting.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:51.000
With that there would also have been a propaganda element as well.

00:50:51.000 --> 00:51:14.000
It was important to go, what would, being done it was important to demonstrate the the efforts, and it was important to give a very positive representation of that to keep to keep people's Morale or so there would have been

00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:24.000
work that was displayed during the first, so first and second World War. Some would not, perhaps have been displayed until until afterwards.

00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:37.000
But it would have certainly been I opening for people who perhaps didn't realize some of the things that that were happening just as the work showing the

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:41.000
Yeah, for example, some of the battlefield paintings as well.

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:49.000
No, we we live in a very everything's very globally available now visually isn't it turn it has a vision army put me into that. So it is there.

00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:59.000
But these paintings were crucial in really providing that to that record and that role boost as well.

00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:16.000
So they would have been displayed. in London and They would have been, you know, a small exhibitions would have been put on, but the the majority of the work, I think pretty much everything I've shown you was went into the

00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:30.000
Imperial War museum collection they have a vast absolutely vast collection and archive of art works, and they do display a lot of work, but they can't display everything.

00:52:30.000 --> 00:52:39.000
So I would always say, if you are wanting to see something particular check first before you travel before you travel.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:52.000
Yeah, Okay, interesting. Okay, no. We've got a question here. from Helen, and she was very moved by the sort of montage and the paintings of the Nuremberg trials.

00:52:52.000 --> 00:53:02.000
But she's wondering if there was any feeling that such a coal essence between arts and the recording of history was a little flippant as a parallel.

00:53:02.000 --> 00:53:08.000
She doesn't think anyone would have produced such fusion art would say scenes of concentration camps.

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:13.000
I don't know what your thoughts on that are .

00:53:13.000 --> 00:53:26.000
That's interesting, and certainly there will some record made once some of the concentration counts were liberated.

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:37.000
There were some caught, some commissions, an artist called Doris in Kaisen, or it didn't include part of her commissions did show that.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:46.000
But at the point obviously at which the she went to Belson, for example, and it certainly wasn't born in any any flippant way.

00:53:46.000 --> 00:53:55.000
Nor was the work that was done by Laura Night, or the the purpose of the Commission, or the intent of the commissions.

00:53:55.000 --> 00:54:05.000
But it was to record, and it was don't in in an archival manner, but certainly not to fulfill any sort of.

00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:13.000
And to entertainment brief at all. Okay, right no again.

00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:26.000
I've got another couple of questions that are kind of related so i'll i'll kind of ask both of them, and she's asking, Did any of the women artists actually go into battle, areas, and Sheila was asking if I can

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:37.000
just find sheila's question again i'm just scrolling up and down here, and did many of the women or the artists and sales get injured sort of during the work.

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:46.000
Obviously health and safety back then. probably wasn't as it is no so I don't know what you know you can tell us about that absolutely.

00:54:46.000 --> 00:54:59.000
Well, briefly, the way zoom artists who did did serve both men and women.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:14.000
And there was some who went into combative areas in terms of health and safety, say in the factories, Yes, exactly standard, not what they would be.

00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:25.000
Now, when Laura Knight was painting in the the factory, a screen was erected to protect her from any sparks that were were flying.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:39.000
But, as I mentioned, when we were looking at the painting the the oil on the floor did sort of degrade to show shoes, and an airy found the surface of that.

00:55:39.000 --> 00:55:48.000
Those particularly the gas Retort house, and also the The shell forge, I think, incredibly and fiercely odd.

00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:57.000
And started to to burn her shoes away. so no I I think that there would have been.

00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:04.000
I can't bring to mind any specific injuries. but I can imagine that the could have been think so.

00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:10.000
Well, certainly some very near misses. Okay, I hope that answers your questions.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:15.000
And sue and sheila no we've got another question from jail.

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:24.000
Let me just scroll back up No 1 s lots of good comments here.

00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:32.000
Yeah, she's asking and was there any representation of the contribution.

00:56:32.000 --> 00:56:42.000
From the the non white population. Obviously a lot of the paintings that we were looking at are white people.

00:56:42.000 --> 00:56:51.000
And was there any at that time, any in in art, any representation from from from the non-white population that we know about?

00:56:51.000 --> 00:57:01.000
Yes, there was so yeah Say, not not included in the examples that I've I've shown this evening, but we've taken just a small sample.

00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:11.000
There were, as you'll appreciate many out he's working by the first and the second world wars and a great deal of material produce.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:22.000
But there was some representation. Okay, right we've got another question here from Jan.

00:57:22.000 --> 00:57:30.000
The women artists that we've been talking about today, did they continue with their art after their war work?

00:57:30.000 --> 00:57:54.000
And and where they successful. Yes, all the artists who I have included today, and generally many of the others who referenced, who were what time artists continued their work after the war in other directions, and many of them were successful in their own

00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:58.000
fields. Yes, Excellent. Okay, no. I am just going through here.

00:57:58.000 --> 00:58:04.000
I think that's all the questions that got I know people and a few people have been asking about courses W.

00:58:04.000 --> 00:58:15.000
Courses that you're doing and what I will say forks, as we usually try to do. and once we get the recording of the lecture posted up on the members area of the website will try and push up some information about some

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:19.000
forthcoming w courses that that said rachel has coming up.

00:58:19.000 --> 00:58:25.000
We'll make sure that you get that information so I think That's us almost buying on time.

00:58:25.000 --> 00:58:31.000
Which is great. I think everybody has very much enjoyed this today.