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Welcome along, everybody.
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Nice to see some of you back on my we're gonna see you last year?
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She only says I work very much part time these days.
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The University of Sussex. I do more work for WEA.
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I am a geographer and I study this changing landscapes, both social landscapes and physical landscapes, and in this talk, trying to put a year's university degree course into an hour.
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So I will be painting some of this with very broad brush strokes, but it must've got any specific queries.
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We can be answering them afterwards by means of email correspondence with Fiona.
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But what we're looking at today is the way that different societies, seemingly, I mean very close gographically to one another, can be very, very different socially. My material will all be based in Sussex I'm far away down
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in southeast of England or South coast. button those are principles which you can apply to just about everywhere in the British Isles.
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There will be a few exceptions if you're way up in the Northwest Highlands.
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It might be a bit different if You're over on the west coast of Ireland County, Mayo.
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It might be a bit different. but for most of England and Wales and Lowland, Scotland these principle applied, and it all boils down to a very simple thing.
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How good is the soil, if you've got good light easily work soils, and you produce a surplus of either animals or crops.
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They tend to be what we call close communities, owned by big landlords dominated by big families, often for hundreds and hundreds of years.
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If you've got heavy sort of thick clay thin sands, very steep slopes, cold wet uplands, they tend not to be owned by wealthier people.
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They tend to be owned by Tom, Dick, and Harry.
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Only little bits of land renting out bits from some people renting out themselves renting stuff from other people, or very much more small scale piecemeal.
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It's a different fiscal landscape it's a different social landscape, and we're going to come onto all that to emphasize that my examples are just to do with Sussex But you can
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extrapolate these out i'm sure you'll know of examples.
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By the end of the hour you'll think Well, I know that place that's like the village near where I live.
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I know that area. It's an area right try to avoid so we'll no more do we go to share screen
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We get that that may go to
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Let's get going on your screen. You should be out to say a rather nice enigmatic title v accounts and chicken. stubborn. my apologies.
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My apologies about Okay, Nothing a nice prominent W. Ea.
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Logo and if you're in any doubt chat on the left is not exactly of our account.
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He's the ancestor of the present Vic Count gauge, who lives at Fell place in a Sussex near nursing.
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They've been there for the last 520 odd years.
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They show no signs of moving, and on the right hand side the screen there are some chicken stubborns.
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That was a local name for plucking birds and preparing poultry, and these are 2 social extremes now with I mentioned rice at the beginning.
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Soil is all important if you are down here on the edge of the South Downs.
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In fact, in the South Downs National Park. you've got some large fields, well trained, light chalky soils, relatively near the south coast of England, quite mild.
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And It's no surprise that this is land that's owned by a big state, and in fact, its own by the ancestors of Sir John Gauge, who was on that very first picture the contrast is If you go
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into the northern part of Sussex up to was either the Kent border or the Surrey border, and that's an area called the wheel.
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It's from the old Germanic world vote meaning a forest. You may know you know, the Black Forest in Germany is the Schartzbout.
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So this is the wheels, the androids wheel.
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The Saxons termed it a huge area of woodland, mostly native British hardwoods.
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There are some native software. as Well, it's an area of thick thick, heavy clays, and some rather thin sands, some sandstone bluffs.
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It's not the best farming environment. Okay, so that's the other end of the physical landscape.
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Yeah, what a frightened anybody! This is the model of what we call close and open communities.
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It says on this chart The villages I prefer the term communities, because you can have several communities within a village or within within a parish.
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Now on this easiest one is at the top of the chart.
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The concentration of land ownership if you've got very few people owning the landscape.
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It. You generally take this in British terms as the parish and it's mainly studied in the seventeenth through to the early twentieth century.
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But you can apply this to almost any era but I won't Go into all of this, but concentration of land ownership to There will be the squire.
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He will be the magistrate he will have political power and legal power. He's often he's the patron of the Church.
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He's often politically conservative it's in a community where the Squire provides the social provision.
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You work on the squire's land you follow his horses. you share his shape, you get in his corn, you. He provides you with a house, but he provides you with a house as long as you don't step out of
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line. Okay, so it doesn't want you to be a Non-conformist to Quaker, or worst of all the Catholic.
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He wants you to be judge of England mostly. Okay. tow the line.
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You got a job for life, you've got a good house and in the wintertime the Countess will send around soup and colds for the old people and the children.
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Now that is an example of a close or a closed community.
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You generally find those on the better soils. I have never found one community which matches all of those boxes, but you get one which best fits it.
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Now, if you think of that, continue continuum as a long, long stretch of line.
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At one end is a close community, and at the far other end isn't open community with the dispersal of land ownership.
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And here there are laborers who are part-time farmers.
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There are people with many occupations, it says dual occupations here often is, you know, multi multiplicity.
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There are plenty of cottages available because anyone can put up a cottage on any bit of land they're renting.
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There's no one to say you can't put it there. the that generally means you've got a a population which is growing.
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People are moving in. to take advantage of this cheaper housing Often there's a high birth rate which means there's a high poor rate.
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It's a very different type of community. I think goes with non conformity in all aspects.
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Often very radical in politics. No, virtually no one has them as the vote.
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But you can make your political views known so it's very very different type of place to the close community.
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Okay, Yeah, somebody's valid this is not necessarily just just a moment.
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It's not less than we go along. so i'm gonna Go back to the try to test it.
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Take me up doing that. Okay. Now, this is a very simplified geology map of the southeast.
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I'm down here in in Brighton the vik count lives just to the east of Lewis over here, and the chicken stubborns are up here and what's called the high will so very simply you've
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got the download the north bounds the Hampshire Downs, South Downs chalk landscapes lovely light soils so southwest, and to the north you've got some very rich soil on the
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Kent coast here, and on the west side of hampshire coast and inland.
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You've got this big belt of wheels clay that's a really sticky, heavy, heavily wooded clay.
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And then this is very picturesque in the center the high wheeled sandstones and clays, very much wilder landscape.
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It's that some of the wildest bits of landscape in the southeast of England. So while I'm sure if you only appreciate this that crowbar she's just over here in the nineteenth century
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was advertised as the Sussex highlands Scotland in Sussex, because of the red deer, the bracken, the pine trees, and the gorse.
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So it's a much wilder area on the interior than this. Marla cultivated landscape running around the periphery, exemplified the download.
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But this lovely 1935 image. Eric Revilius was Sussex into war artist.
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He was war artist, sadly died on active service during the war, but did a lot of work in in the Sussex downland where he lived.
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And these are the downs at Furl, where I can gauge live very large fields unfenced. no, virtually, no hedges, not because we could.
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Farmers have remove edges since 1,935.
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This is because the land is too valuable for edges.
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You grow one crop up to another crop sheep up on the high downland.
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They come down in the evening to fertilize the stubble fields to let the grain grow.
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So very good landscape. Okay, This is a 1724 map of the area.
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So Lewis county town. Every sussex is over here since the river who's rolling down to New Haven and the ferry to France, and here is furl, and here is furl place, and this was the home of comes
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vike out gauge surgeon gauge that we saw on the time the slide, and oh, everything you see on here is his across the river over here inclined.
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Hey? it's the land of vic count hamden set by Count Hamburg this side of the river via account gauge this side of the river.
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Okay, and you get on this side of the river is the mark.
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We've got some very, very big landowners cheek by jail with one another.
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Okay, you Drive into the village of Fell it's one of those villages.
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You want to take a forum visit to 2 it's a very English rural community, and there is indication of the name of Fell used.
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Thought it meant oak tree landscape so there's an oak tree.
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There is fell beacon rising above 700 feet, and here is principal product of the area a shape.
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Okay, if you go into the church. This is the John Gauge who we saw on that painting on the title step picture.
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His wife is just behind. I know their foot is a sheep so very important to the local economy.
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He's, you know knights are buried with a lion at their feet.
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If they're killed in war and a dog at their feet if they die in peace, he's dying with the rabbit.
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He's feet you know that's he's a symbol of his house, his coat of arms has a ram on this helmet.
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Okay, here we are, just the coat of arms inside the big house, and there is the ram up there.
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So sheep, very, very important as they were across much of Britain, and until World War one, our biggest dollar of our biggest overseas currency owner, are not steam trains, not battleships, ocean liners, or
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machinery. Its war wool is the biggest component of our gross national product, and to your world one and the the gauge is heavily involved in sheep farming.
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They are creating a lot of wealth. Okay, if you go into the church yourself. This is a window like John Piper, the twentieth century artist, it's a great friend of the present Lord Gauge, his father and here is the
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oak tree for exposure to being land of the oaks, and at the base is a flock of sheep.
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It's rather a nice image here, is the village pub it's called the Ram.
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Okay, Now, if you walk around Fell village it's got dark green doors and dark green painwork, that's what you get in a close community.
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The gauge is own. 95% of the parish of Fell.
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Even today they owned 98% a 100 years ago.
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Then estate color is dark green. So if you move into a house in the village you get dark green door, whether you like dark green or not.
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Okay, if you go to another village in West sussex called Slinden, that's a national trust village, and the landowners there had cherry red, which is quite nice, If you go to Midhurst in West
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Sussex. They have got mustard yellow. The county estates is mustard, yellow, and mustard yellow on doors and windows through a whole town quite bizarre. but that is the construction of a closed community.
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You have nice houses well maintained you have a job but don't think you can change your front door color if you walk through the village into the farmland roundabout.
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There are some very big things agricultural buildings that's because this is very good land, and it produced a surplus of fleeces in the spring and grain throughout the autumn, and into the heart into the winter when it
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was thrashed out in the in the in the rickyard, and you filled up these huge front bones.
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So they produce a great deal, but it's capitalist agriculture.
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The people in this village do not live on roast martin and huge loads of white bread every day.
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This is all food for export out of the area. Okay?
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And this the product. There are some sheep freshly short, and there is full place in the background.
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Nicely for place in the country. you're all looking at the 1,800 fortys wing the trees side on the north side. So south side is the Tudor wing. That's the John gauge had constructed in the
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early. 1,005 hundreds, same family have been there since about 1,520.
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It will take a month or 2, and you can see why people keep sheep, because what sheep produce once a year is a fleece.
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Okay, but what they produce every hour of the day is sheep done, and that's what keeps your corn land in good heart until you can import fertilizer in the nineteenth century The economy runs on
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sheepd. Okay, if you went into the big house. This is the 19 o one census for full place.
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Now the Lord Lady Gauge at that time were away. but zoom be at their London townhouse.
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Which is in Whitehall Yard but they've left their eldest son Reynolds, who's 5 and he's described as head of household head he's described as a nobleman the head
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is absent, and his sisters, Irene and Vera, 3 and one, are described as ladies. and then there are 19 house servants to care for these 3 children, and those are just the ones living in the house many of the house
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servants would have been living in the village. So down there you have housekeeper, cook, nurse, laundry, made house, made still roommate, kitchen mate, nursery bates, gallery made butler, and 2
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footmen. So this is downtown Abbey in in 19 o one, and rainy old gauge, who is at the top of the list.
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There as the son of the household. Here he goes on to inherit this in 1,912, when he was 16, and he stayed until he was 86 for 70 years.
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Rain or gauge, was the lord of the manor, and is fondly remembered by many of the older Polar villages.
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Okay felt, has always been an important place. This is the Armada map of Sussex in 1,580.
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8 threat of the Armada, The Government map, the Sussex coast.
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We are the invasion coast. very fortunate that we get mapped a great deal by the Government, and they map the coast with very little away from the coast.
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Phoenix, and Full are about 8 to 9 miles from the coast, but they are mapped because Mr.
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Gauge says, Here is a prominent Roman Catholic and prominent Roman Catholics, where the Spanish invasion about to take place.
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The Government need to know where they are. So this is government surveillance without drones. in 1,588.
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They need to know where Mr. Gate is, and you know, until the 1,007 hundreds the family stayed.
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Catholic family. Okay, yeah. that's all taking place in the downland in a Sussex on very very good soil.
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We're going to go short distance away into West Sussex over near Aaron Doroth, or many of you know, Arundel Carson, see the juice of Norfolk so we're just over here on
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the edge of the West Sussex coastal plane, and that is an area of very rich soil from Hello great to agricultural soils.
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Over here a place called Binstead. grade one soil Okay, so it's been stiff, and you can spell it with that way, or you could spell it.
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There, but you wanted to get an 8 or you don't get it a so very small village exactly like Furl.
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There is one road in and one road out. there is no through road.
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They are off the major highway of life 1724 map again.
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Here's Arundel. she's just the west Sussex County town is just off the screen and down here is bitstit next to Marsh Farm, but this area is an area of outstanding agricultural
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excellence. Okay, this is the soil at Binstead by always show this.
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So I go and talk to Gardening clubs across the South East, and if I go to a gardening club where I know they've got very poor sandy soil or very thick clay, I show them this picture and I always think
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that in dark, even in a dark room you can see gardening club members physically dripping.
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This is grade One soil, i'll always make the comment that if you were to buy this soil, you could only buy in a branch of weight troops, you know this is waitress great soil, and you grow absolutely anything and
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everything and bump across and again, This is what keeps the bumper crops going overwintering the sheep on the stubble, and that means you can grow constantly grow crops before imported
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fertilizers, but I still do it i'll talk into a farmer a couple of years ago, in this area. talking about historic agriculture, and he said, There's nothing historic about this We still do it.
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The price of fertilizer is sky high, much easier to use sheep dumb.
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Here is the house. This is instead house haven't got to see it in detail.
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It looks like It's a moneyed property. and it is it's right on the edge of this purely rich land.
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Okay, So isolated church there really is no big village here it's a few farms.
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It's a nice house and a church love lovely Norman window here, some some Margaret's church, now in the middle of a field, surrounded with sheep and different crops.
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At 10 times the year. There was some big families, the analysis and the steakers, and they were prominent people in the neighborhood.
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Yeah greatly traveled. You can see here, Melbourne or straight Christ Church, New Zealand Colorado, but they weren't big landowners.
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The big landowner was the Duke of Norfolk, just down the road at Arundel Castle, and he is an absentee landlord.
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The gauge is at furl live in furl it means it's tightly closed.
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Binstead is a little less Tightly, closed because the lord of the matter. You, Duke of Norfolk, is about 3 miles away, crucially he's not looking over his car.
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So walk at your cottage to slightly easy of social social tension.
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Okay, Now We've been over in Essex at fell and We've been over in in West Sussex at Binstead.
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It's just about their Films there. We're going to creep over the South Downs, and we're going to go to a parish called Plumppton.
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Now, Plumpton is where you would plump some race course.
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It lies across the chalk, the green sand the gold. the wheeled clay, and into the wood it's what we call strip parish, 7 and a half miles long by a mile wide.
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Looks like great cigar or on a parish map, and it encompasses different bits of landscape.
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Okay, So this is the 1724 map Plumpton is down here, runs northwards up here and here's ditchel in common, and here's South Common and on later maps.
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This is called Plumpton Heath. So this is poor land running through here.
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You'll notice there are no farms and settlements this is thick, heavy clay.
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It is not settled. It's poor land down here, proliferation of farms.
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Mills. Okay. pretty ancient farm here. Whales far. okay.
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And this is the landscape at the southern end of Planton.
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It's lovely light chalky so huge fields right we could stop foot there at the base of the steep slope.
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Through. Many of you have seen images of South Downs very steep north facing slope, and this is at the foot of it to get all the pill wash comes down onto this land, which is good quality.
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Anyway. So this is all grade to land nineteenth century.
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This is owned by the Earl of Chichester.
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Okay, it's a Roman villa site this is not one of my pictures.
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So colleague who is a drone person took this drone picture of the Roman villa site at Plumpton.
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So it's a rather nice, small, villa but on excellent land. So it's continuity going back literally thousands of years.
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Major landowners early Chicago, some Rowan, the trailer, Romano, British and correctly say, have to say, Ramano, British
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I work with the registered Romanized archaeologist, who said, There is not a shade of evidence that any Italian born Roman, ever lived in Sussex, because the Roman Empire stretched from Morocco
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to Iraq, and from Romania drop down to Southern Sudan, and there's no evidence at all that any Italian born Roman was ever insisting. So we have to call them Romano British. okay?
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If you stand on the South Downs and look north, here is the parish church of Plumpton sneaking through the trees.
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This is Wales farm, which is an ancient farm name. Wales, is the name that the invading South Saxons Sussex, is the land of the South Texas.
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They gave that name Wales to the native britons the Welsh that's the Welsh Get driven westwards into Wales.
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Well, Wales farm and anywhere that's got W. A. L.
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Will be no nice non-tems, lots of water and farms.
00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:33.000
Those are the native British settlements when the Saxons arrive.
00:24:33.000 --> 00:24:42.000
So this is a very, very long settlement. area you've got the Roman villa, and you've got the British settlement at Wales farm, and here's the church.
00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:55.000
If you go up to the church we are rather nice Sussex churchable, a Sussex cap, a wooden spire here, and this is the grave of the man who lived at Wales farm for much of the nineteenth
00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.000
century Benjamin Wood. He couldn't be closer to the church unless he was inside the church.
00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:06.000
So it gives it idea of social standing You know here's his farm near his farm to the church.
00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:19.000
He's a major employer, he rents all this land. He doesn't own an inch of land. he rents it all from the Earl of Chichester, but he's got a lot of social standing the olive register does not live
00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:26.000
anywhere near bumped and He's Right over the Hill, Stammer Park, near the University of Sussex.
00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:32.000
But he's you know this asian If you like Benjamin Wood is the prominent person here.
00:25:32.000 --> 00:25:39.000
Okay, 50 yards away from the church, plumped in place.
00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:47.000
This is in the nineteenth century, very nice tudor Manor House, lived in by succession of grandees in the early twentieth century.
00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:52.000
It's brought by Edward hudson was the the owner of Country Life Magazine.
00:25:52.000 --> 00:26:04.000
His custom was it with luxury's rather helps so it would lions, redesigns it as a mock Tudor Manor house, and it's passed down through many many hands.
00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:11.000
Look at it today. 6 right at the foot of the South Downs, very secluded, and lots of rich people for 25 years.
00:26:11.000 --> 00:26:15.000
In the 1,900 seventys, the 1,900 eightys.
00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.000
It was the the home of Jimmy Page of lead. Zeppelin.
00:26:19.000 --> 00:26:31.000
So very wealthy Rock Star millionaire living. there Okay, yeah that's all taking place as well as farm it's all taking place in the southern end of the parish.
00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:37.000
When you move into the North, you where there is nobody seemingly living, It's a very different landscape.
00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:48.000
We've left people in the lovely light chalky soils, and we've got thick, heavy waterlog clay, a lot of trees which is great for daring.
00:26:48.000 --> 00:26:56.000
Cometon had a reputation for cheese making, and especially butter, making early twentieth century pumped and butter was top-notch stuff.
00:26:56.000 --> 00:27:05.000
But until the railways come you can't get that milk out of the area you have to make cheese and butter, so remove the product ideal for Jerry Kathleen.
00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.000
But liquid milk is not an option until the railway comes.
00:27:09.000 --> 00:27:11.000
The railway comes in 1,868.
00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:17.000
The London Brighton, the South Coast Railway, and here is the plummet and creamery, and you can see the churns outside.
00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:24.000
They can collect the Milk. it's an hour and a bit on the train to London a bit less down to Brighton it less still going down to Eastport.
00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:37.000
So they've got a market for all This so you're starting to see with the railway coming it's opening up this sparsely populated clay rich area.
00:27:37.000 --> 00:27:43.000
And and so if you've got a lot of clay you can make bricks with the railway, you can bring in coal.
00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:56.000
This is a nineteenth century. Well, that knowing 100 probably some it's time, job, but they straw hats you shirt sleeves, you breaking in rural areas is seasonal take the clay in the autumn weather it down through
00:27:56.000 --> 00:28:02.000
the winter make the bricks in the summer and This was one of 10 brickyards in Plumpton.
00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:19.000
So we're moving away from that landscape of huge fields and grandees, and rather nice manor houses, and even nicer houses, and we're moving out into a landscape of industry rural industry
00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:23.000
charcoal burning from the woodlands clay digging, using the charcoal to make bricks.
00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:37.000
The railway comes. bring it in cold to make bricks sending out lots and lots of bricks to the booming areas of London to the north and the South Coast holiday resorts to the south Okay, notice.
00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:44.000
In the picture You've got children now I did make the mistake of saying, this is child labor until someone points out it's the middle of the summer.
00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:56.000
It's probably subur holidays. and their mother has said to them, I am not having you under my feet for 6 weeks going, and all your father at the brick works. So these are going to learn to be brick makers because that's what you
00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:03.000
do it plumped in green but you've got a children writ makers tend to be young young families.
00:29:03.000 --> 00:29:10.000
You need a school. There was a school in Plumpton, but it was next to the big house run by the Vickers daughters.
00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.000
It was, too. rooms with all this influx of young families.
00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:19.000
You need a new school. So this is the 1,877 school, which is still there.
00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:25.000
It's now a shelter housing complex Okay, and We young families, sort of big population, growing population.
00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:32.000
You need a village shop, and this is a magnificent example of the pumping Green Post office, which is still there.
00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:42.000
It's still called. chill shop even in the 20 first century hasn't been chill shops it's about 1,940, but it's still called chill shot so you've got what is term the
00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:58.000
Victorian colonization of the world, and this is going on across nineteenth century Britain, as the roundways open up areas which were just agricultural and people find they've got slate. or they got granite.
00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:04.000
Or they've got clay or they've got sandstone, they become industrial communities.
00:30:04.000 --> 00:30:08.000
Younger families move in for work. Village school gets built, village shop gets built.
00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:18.000
So you see, you know, this expansion of some areas. with the coming of the railways in the nineteenth century, you get suburbanization.
00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:24.000
The railway allows people with access some money to access the trains to work in nearby towns.
00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:31.000
So you end up with suburban villains. This could be just about anywhere in late nineteenth century Britain. right? nice.
00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:39.000
Probably this terracotta here is produced locally they've got some distinctive clay that produces this wonderful terracotta.
00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:45.000
Okay. And with the new school, the village shop, the train station, the creamery.
00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:50.000
You get a new church. The old church is down in the establishment end.
00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:59.000
The new church, which looks very urban this looks like it's, crept out of a suburb of baseball or worthing with Brighton.
00:30:59.000 --> 00:31:05.000
It's an 18 nineties church in a growing area.
00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:11.000
The Church of England had to be able to church because there were other religions established.
00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:14.000
There was a Baptist chapel, there was a Methodist chapel.
00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:20.000
There was no Church of England. The Church of England church was 3 or 4 miles away, in the southern part of the parish.
00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:36.000
Okay, So that's an example of a community of fact. 2 communities in one parish close community on the light land grip making and daring cheese, making butter, making on the heavier lad.
00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:42.000
Now we can move from there up into the high wheeled up near Tunbury Wells, which is again here.
00:31:42.000 --> 00:32:00.000
What first way up here It's heavy land it's high. it gets a lot of rainfall, so that 16 inches difference between the rainfall down here at Eastport, which is about 21 inches of rain a year.
00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:10.000
And you move 16 miles 20 miles up to mayfield and Wadhurst, and it goes up to 36, 37 inches rain here, so it's a lot of rain.
00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:17.000
It's heavy clay lots of sandstone it's waterlogged, or a rush is growing in the fields.
00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:30.000
The fields are smaller. Look more tree growth. and in the nineteenth century look more vermin in there which wealthier people would like to hunt and shoot, but predated on people's crops.
00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:36.000
Okay, this is not a picture risk, beautiful farming landscape.
00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:43.000
You need tractors like this to work that land we haven't got the lovely flint barns that we had down at furl.
00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:49.000
We got corrugated iron and asbestos and you look at the roadway.
00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:55.000
Okay, you Your equipment is not stored in a lovely flimpant. it's in an old railway car.
00:32:55.000 --> 00:33:00.000
You're making doing many this is a landscape best way to describe it.
00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:15.000
Always describe the people living in the wield and district, in the open communities, with many, many land owners owning penny packets of land. I always think of them as if you cast your mind back to folks and horses.
00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:18.000
These are rural dell boy trotters. They are ducking and diving.
00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:29.000
They are making some money wherever they can, legally, semi legally and illegally, and there is no overall compunction to stop them doing it.
00:33:29.000 --> 00:33:37.000
There are a few big landowners, but they are not dominant, so they don't have social control.
00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:41.000
You can buy a lot of goods if you drive around in the world today.
00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:45.000
There are outside farm gateways, at cottage gateways.
00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:50.000
There are tables with things to sell baskets of apples bit earlier in the autumn.
00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:58.000
Jars of honey. people's bird boxes bundles of firewood, people stack them up on side the rubber and honesty box.
00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:02.000
This is what you can buy, and what first guinea fell.
00:34:02.000 --> 00:34:07.000
Yes, but i'm not certain where the zebra the bison and the wilder beasts are going to be found.
00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:13.000
But you know this is just 2 poles with some chicken wire, so corrugated plastic and a felt tip pen.
00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:19.000
Now you would not be allowed to do this in the downland you wouldn't even dream of doing it in the downtown.
00:34:19.000 --> 00:34:27.000
But here, someone's trying to make you know a few shillings, and they put this up probably as a joke to lure people. in
00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:34.000
They probably have got spinach honey and her rocket to to sell possibly not will debase them.
00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:41.000
Random, but that's the difference between these open communities where Jack is his own master.
00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:49.000
You can do what you like if you want to be a Baptist, a Quaker, a Methodist there is no one to say You can't be so.
00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:55.000
You get these little chapels opening up in very remote spots?
00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:02.000
Okay, you go into whathurst town itself what it's a large village, small town, beautiful sand and stone.
00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:19.000
So sandstone lands get lots of wood. so you get the wooden spire, and you go into the church, and you can see what the principal industry was for literally 2,000 years is iron making because the gravestones inside podhurst church
00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:31.000
there are 30 cast-time gravestones this is the heart of the wielded iron industry. Where you before you've got an eye industry in Sheffield or in the Black Country, or in the central belt of Scotland, you
00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:33.000
know you have got Britons in the Iron Age making iron.
00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:37.000
The Romans come and put it onto an industrial footing.
00:35:37.000 --> 00:35:45.000
The Saxons may die, you know, but in the sixteenth century the blast furnace comes into the high world.
00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:52.000
Charcoal, 5, because millions of trees, huge amounts of iron, mostly cannon, are made.
00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:59.000
But here we've got the body a David baron gent from eighteenth of February, 1643.
00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:04.000
So on, only dies out in the 18 twenties, is for 2,000 years.
00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:13.000
There was an iron industry, but it's taking place in this environment where nobody can say to you, You can't make a lot of smoke making line.
00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:21.000
You can't make a lot of smoke making charcoal you can't have a lot of noise with people beating out iron and beating out stone.
00:36:21.000 --> 00:36:27.000
You tell them to go away to shut off now let's just wind back a little bit.
00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:30.000
We go back to that bungeon's map 1724.
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:41.000
So his full and full place. Now, the first place here is not the one I showed you on the picture with the sheep and the sheep droppings that was built in the 17 forties.
00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:55.000
This is the 17 twentys so what you've got here is the tutor house still the Tudor house that Sir John Gauge, on the title slab person loose casafelk we saw in the church that's his
00:36:55.000 --> 00:37:04.000
house to shoot a house there. Okay, here, he is and he said. He is Henry the Eighth, top man, governor of the charter of London.
00:37:04.000 --> 00:37:06.000
He's Governor of Calais when we owned Calais.
00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:11.000
He's joint governor of baloin when we also own the loin.
00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:15.000
He's chance of the duchy of Lancaster He's the High Sheriff for Sussex.
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.000
He has got a lot of titles he's very important he's very wealthy.
00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:26.000
Hence he's got a very nice house he's the person with all these sheep, and at 34 here.
00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:29.000
I'm sorry Fiona you won't might want to not listen to this bit.
00:37:29.000 --> 00:37:43.000
He's just defeated the Scots soway moss north of Carl Oil, head of the army, and Henry the Eighth had hands hold by painting the picture of his favorite general.
00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:48.000
Now this is a copy, because this is infill place, and the full place has got the copy.
00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:53.000
Because King Charles has still got the original in St.
00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:59.000
James's palace. So an important man and this is his Tudor house.
00:37:59.000 --> 00:38:07.000
That's the there's the georgian bit and This is the Tudor house that's the very old bit there when the gauge is moved here in 1,520.
00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:14.000
They move to the old house. so 1,520, there is an old house, 15 forties.
00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:28.000
They built the new house, and then in the seventeenth fortys. they build the newer house. Yeah, So they've been there a long time, and that's the essence of close communities is a continuity of land ownership
00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:36.000
immense, well handed down generation to generation. They are currently on the 8 by Count Gauge.
00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:43.000
The noise by account. Gauge is living in the house, because old Lord Gauge is in his late eightys, and he's son.
00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:48.000
Henry has moved into the house in preparation for taking over.
00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:56.000
Okay, and this is the land They phone. Well, the gauges don't farm it, But the tenant farmers do beautiful rich.
00:38:56.000 --> 00:39:12.000
What he's called lower chalk. land lovely big crops coming off of this sheep on there in the autumn to manure it. Huge crops coming off end of July August, so that's the
00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:22.000
good land. That means you are a close community. Okay, Then you move up into the north, 20 miles away, 15 to 20 miles away.
00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:28.000
You are up on Heath filled down with forest Dallington forests here.
00:39:28.000 --> 00:39:33.000
Okay, you are in a landscape where you've got the cruel thing down here.
00:39:33.000 --> 00:39:47.000
The burwash forge up here the biblim forge over here the hawks den forge over here it's a landscape of industry, of making armaments, huge cannon to go on British
00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:53.000
warships, lots of timber it's a wild landscape.
00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:58.000
It's lots of tiny tiny fields lots of woodland.
00:39:58.000 --> 00:40:04.000
Here is the Waldron furnace, and here is the furnace works down here, and here's the Hammer Pond.
00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:08.000
The water flows down into the furnace lots of little bits of land.
00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:12.000
If you've got little bits of land you can't keep lots of fat sheep time.
00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:19.000
It's not really good for it. but wet heavy soil you're not going to grow a lot of rich barley, because just the field just too small.
00:40:19.000 --> 00:40:23.000
But what you could do is small bits of land. You have to be in inventive.
00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:33.000
You keep a lot of hands a sussex is a very, very long tradition of country keeping many of you in about stone gate eggs.
00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:35.000
Eggs are on the news today. Well, then, short use of eggs.
00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.000
But we have our own breed of of chicken.
00:40:39.000 --> 00:40:46.000
The light. Sussex. We have stone gate eggs and older people may remember Bucks did farm chickens.
00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:51.000
It's been a big business because you can keep on little pockets of land like this.
00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:55.000
You can keep a lot of hens, and so that grows out.
00:40:55.000 --> 00:41:01.000
Small landowners utilizing the landscape. Okay, and these are chicken stubborns.
00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:08.000
Now, someone's told these people the photographer is coming because this lady would not dress up like this plucking chickens.
00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:10.000
Yeah, she has a Sunday best on including a Sunday body.
00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:18.000
But these are chicken stubborns, and with the coming of the railway it means you can send dead stock before the railway.
00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:26.000
You sent livestock to letting hall market in London with coming at the railway. you can say dead stock up in huge quantities.
00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:30.000
It's a two-hour train journey up to London.
00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.000
Okay, it went on the chicken line, as it was term.
00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:38.000
This is Heath. Build station sadly, no longer there. Dr.
00:41:38.000 --> 00:41:43.000
Beachings cuts under Bright, the South Coast Railway, and this was known as the Chicken Line.
00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:50.000
Like wagons. Carts came in daily with dead stock going to London.
00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.000
Okay, now, any animal rights people just calm down before you tell me off.
00:41:54.000 --> 00:42:01.000
This is a basically cold winter's day is what out here is a blizzard, and we are up in the high wheeled infinite.
00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:10.000
I take some students up there. One of my students ran Hand Farm, and there are 3,000 chickens in this house.
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:15.000
They all free range as it is blowing a blizzard pouring with snow, and bitterly, bitterly cold.
00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:21.000
They are all underneath these hot lamps, as indeed I am taking the picture, and my 12.
00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:26.000
My class of 12 students. So, but but this is the present day because zoom production is on me.
00:42:26.000 --> 00:42:34.000
There's 3 hen houses. with 3,000 in each and they're all huge paddocks outside, but they're very sensibly in the warm.
00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:41.000
Okay, Now let's go back to a chart very very simply.
00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:56.000
You could do this for your area, that you know Well, there will be areas of heavy land which we have got here as the interior, and there will be areas that are better quality and in terms of the southeast of England.
00:42:56.000 --> 00:43:05.000
You've got the coastal fringe so the Thames Valley and the North Downs, and you've got the South Downs and the Sussex coast running along here.
00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:10.000
Okay, it tends to be that the ears areas are areas of early settlement.
00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:22.000
People sail up the Thames up the Medway, up the various Sussex rivers into Southampton Water just down here, and they areas of early settlement. The dominant in the landscape and areas of later
00:43:22.000 --> 00:43:29.000
segment are dependent. Okay, it comes into structure, the mechanisms of dominances.
00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:42.000
It says here. So you have these strip parishes that we mentioned earlier on the new village, like Plumpton, will be at the foot of the Downs, but it will have a an interior stretching out You will
00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:47.000
get churches with the Mother Church. later churches Our daughter settlements.
00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:56.000
Okay. In Sussex we have these old ancient land divisions, called rapes, similar to ridings in in Yorkshire.
00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:02.000
And other distinctions elsewhere in the country, but the Castle Town brand.
00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:10.000
But we saw Aaron to Castle. they will be on the downland, and their thiefdom runs out into the interior.
00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:23.000
It makes more sense. If you look at this timeline down here on the fourth diagram that on the white outside, you've got power, and on the interior you've got less power, so you've got the saxon nuclei
00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:35.000
villages with outliers like colonies out in the forest you've got early modern engrossment so around furl the gauges are oying in land out in the world.
00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.000
You've got the iron industry in the charcoal industry and a growing population.
00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:45.000
You saw that pumped in green nineteenth century you've got high farming.
00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:53.000
The biggest dates kind of formed educated land managers, new breeds of stock, new types of grains.
00:44:53.000 --> 00:45:01.000
They couldn't machinery out in the wheel you've got family farms, what we call dog and stick agriculture.
00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:13.000
Later in the nineteenth century. As we become more of an urban nation which tends to be on the fringes, the interior is looked upon as a haven for artists.
00:45:13.000 --> 00:45:19.000
So you get people painting at the wild heatha, the little cottage tucked away down a line.
00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:22.000
Okay, and then you move into the twentieth 20 first century.
00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:28.000
The development protection of English landscapes. You know the white Bit.
00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:33.000
Here is the South Downs National Park. This is the North dance area of outstanding natural beauty.
00:45:33.000 --> 00:45:37.000
This is the Surrey Hills area of outstanding natural beauty.
00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:44.000
So that's the protected bit and the land reservoir on the interior is modern southeast England.
00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:50.000
Okay, so we've we've got a we've got a kind of dichotomy here.
00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:56.000
So here is fell place set in its landscape park, with the sheet downs above it.
00:45:56.000 --> 00:46:04.000
The corn lands running away outside behind the trees. here. but you know, that's a symbol of immense wealth.
00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:08.000
Okay, there is the shape, the error, the big fields.
00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:14.000
There is that same barn I showed you earlier on. This is agricultural wealth.
00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000
And then you go into the interior and this is where in 1,946. They put Crawley New Town.
00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:28.000
It's an overspel from London. Okay, out on the heavy clay lands of mid Sussex.
00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:37.000
That's where the international airport is at gatwick which was not airport, because it's greatly flat clay area.
00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:41.000
Those are the focus part of sussex she's a bit strange for an apple, because it's clay.
00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:47.000
It will be for me. it's where the only bit of motorway is the M.
00:46:47.000 --> 00:46:50.000
23 motorway running up to the m 25 London orbital.
00:46:50.000 --> 00:47:00.000
So what you've got is you've got modern sussex or modern southeast England is out in the interior, and the protected, the pretty.
00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:17.000
The tourist, 8 of southeast England, is on the old land ownership side, and that's where in the world you get mass housing development very difficult to get housing into the National Park.
00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:22.000
Very strict planning controls, as you would imagine, away from the National Park.
00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:29.000
This is where new housing is going in, and this is right away across lowland Britain.
00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:44.000
At the moment, huge numbers of houses being built. Now this is generally where I would stop the this lecture, because we're talking about the downs, which is the close landscape and the wheels of area which is the open landscape.
00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:48.000
But there's a new modern twist because these things are always evolving.
00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:54.000
I study Changing landscapes and landscapes change constantly.
00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:59.000
So now in the world. Now this is a lovely, wielded picture.
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This is winter out on the wheeled clay it's not somewhere.
00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:07.000
You want to be after the rain. We've had the last few days down here in the South Torrential.
00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:14.000
Rain. it's a very poor farming area but until the 1,900 eightys.
00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:21.000
This was all farmland. It wasn't very productive farmland and the landowner.
00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:38.000
Interestingly. Someone called Sir Charles Barrel, whose family has owned this land since the late 1,006 hundreds decided to come out of agriculture and went into a new innovatory landscape use of rewilding Now, i'm sure this
00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:45.000
is something that you would have come across almost every week It's on country phone on a Sunday afternoon Su Sunday evening.
00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.000
It's in a lot of the papers it's a controversial topic.
00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:59.000
But the net estate, K. N. E. W. The net estate in West Sussex is one of the largest rewilding projects in the country.
00:48:59.000 --> 00:49:04.000
Okay, So this heavy land that's got a new use so you go to net.
00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:12.000
They've you've introduced tam with pigs yeah to replicate the world bore there are a lot of deer.
00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:26.000
They've introduced English long horn. cattle to bring some semblance of wildness back into the very kind of suburbanized landscape of Southeast England hit these very controversial but it's a
00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:32.000
new topic, and it's aing in the wield so if you do need to know about rewarding.
00:49:32.000 --> 00:49:43.000
This is the book written by Sir Charles borough's wife. right sign to that is a bell tree, and here is the turtle Dove, which is one of the great successes, and this is the story of World.
00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:47.000
But these new concepts are coming out from the wheel.
00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:53.000
The innovatory area. Okay, So 5,000 chicken stubborn.
00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:00.000
This is this is fine. Count Gauge, who inherited the estate, aged 16 in 1,912, goes off to World War.
00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:11.000
One, as all the cage men do. in the culture in guards he's badly wounded, that passion doubt comes back, but lives until he's 86.
00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:16.000
His son is the current 8 by count. so there is a died in the world.
00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:20.000
Via account, and on the right hand side we have got chicken stubborn.
00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.000
Now I hope that's given you some indication they say at the beginning.
00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:35.000
This is a year's coordinate university i'll Hope you can draw some parallels to your home areas of light soils owned by big landlords.
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Pretty picture book, England Heavy Soil. Oh, my Tom, Dick and Harry is modern.
00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:52.000
20 first century Uk: With that. i'm gonna stop sharing, and I'm gonna take you back to the lovely Fiona perhaps has got some questions.
00:50:52.000 --> 00:50:55.000
Yeah, we do have some questions. Thank you very much for that.
00:50:55.000 --> 00:51:05.000
Jeffrey, quite a fascinating subject actually to and to hear about the physical landscape impacting on the social difference.
00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:15.000
And within the communities it's not really something i've thought about before, and and interestingly, we did have a lecture and a member lecture about rewilding a couple of months ago.
00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:21.000
So there we go and testing topic. So we have got some questions here.
00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:32.000
Now let me have a little look. These are questions. This is something that you mentioned actually quite near the start about the fact that there were no hotel born and Romans in Sussex.
00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:38.000
Interesting little facts. Jesus asking, Well, where did they come from?
00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:43.000
Then, if that's the case well the end you were a Roman city at St.
00:51:43.000 --> 00:51:49.000
Paul was a Roman citizen that's one of the points he made in the New Testament.
00:51:49.000 --> 00:52:00.000
You could be a Roman citizen coming from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Syria, to you know, Tovascus Turkey, Romania, right the way through to the
00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.000
borders of Germany, Portugal, or barrier.
00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:12.000
You know you were a Roman citizen, so you could just as easily be in West Sussex, born in Tunisia, you know.
00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:18.000
You never recruited soldiers from a home area to defend their home area.
00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:29.000
There was too. much problems of Nepotism. so you know Tunisians are in West Sussex, but West Sussex. Romans are down in in Iraq. .
00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:33.000
I'm not i'm not an Archaeologist.
00:52:33.000 --> 00:52:38.000
I'm just phrasing something my archaeologist colleague stipulated.
00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:49.000
Okay, no. We've got a couple of questions here. about Compton, that you were talking about
00:52:49.000 --> 00:52:59.000
You talked about the the remains of the room and villa, and and and Plumpton and Mike is seeing and head Offordshire.
00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:03.000
All the Roman remains have been removed in the past, because the audible land is too good to waste.
00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:10.000
Don't know what You think about that well i'm not an archaeologist, but I mean the idea that you you these days, I think they would.
00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:18.000
They would farmers only to please generally to get, you know, some money, because you get some money from archaeology.
00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:24.000
For for disturbing land. but it's quite shame, if if remains are are removed.
00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:35.000
But the fact that you've got roman remains there is because it's a wealthy area, and you know you have the villas and the farmsteads.
00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:40.000
You know, which would have been part of that very wealthy landscape, and I mean the Romans are here for a long time.
00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:45.000
They're here for nearly 400 years and for a last part of that time.
00:53:45.000 --> 00:53:53.000
Roman Britain was was much milder i've seen some figures that about 200 ad it was about 5 degrees C.
00:53:53.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Warmer in general than it is today, so you know Southern down into the southeast.
00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:03.000
You know we've got vineyards now they had vineyards.
00:54:03.000 --> 00:54:10.000
Then, because the weather allowed it. Hmm! interesting. And and another quick question: about Plumpton.
00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:18.000
And Miranda was interested in the shop, and named your shop. Yes, is there is a significance to the name.
00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:30.000
Is it a local name, or is there some other significance to It I think it's quite there's quite a few chill names around in Sussex so, whether it's originated I don't know but it was the chairs
00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:35.000
ran it in the nineteenth century and I say today it's a long distort.
00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:40.000
If there are other stores available, but It's still referred to whatever in the neighborhood.
00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:50.000
As chill shot. I love all these these references here to plump this very very obscure little village north of Bright, just to make another link which I didn't put in there.
00:54:50.000 --> 00:55:01.000
I said that prompt, and the Southern end was high establishment You've got a manor house owned by the country life man designed by Awin luther's lived in by a rock star millionaire the house next
00:55:01.000 --> 00:55:09.000
to plumped. in place is Lanes rectory, who grew up in Lanes Rectory the present day Queen of England.
00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:14.000
Camilla grew up in Brompton probably met Charles at plump and races.
00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:24.000
You know. she's a local girl to us you know and So that's pretty much high establishment Queen of England. You've got to go a long way to top that. you know.
00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:33.000
Okay, interesting. no. We've got a question here at Now hold on to me. Seconds it came up here. I must answer this one.
00:55:33.000 --> 00:55:37.000
This is from Jane, where the Csi resorts developed mainly by large landlords.
00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:46.000
Many of them were the troops of Devonshire, own Eastbourne, the Earl's Della, war only Bexilon, c.
00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Brighton was a big result, but it was a resort that was a an open community brightness on very steep slopes, with deep wet valleys and thin soil.
00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:10.000
So Tom, Dick and Harry only bits of bright didn't really develop big estates when you went across the border from right into hove much better soil from 4 people owned 90% of nineteenth century.
00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:15.000
Hope so. They own it in big blocks, and those are the big set piece.
00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:22.000
If you go into regency architecture. and brunswick town in Hove. it's a classic 1,800 twentys, you know.
00:56:22.000 --> 00:56:26.000
It's. it's a set piece regency. architecture that's developed by big landlords.
00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:31.000
So. Yes, many of the results were. Were you better? And I know Clan did know.
00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:34.000
In North Wales, owned by the mustins, you know.
00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:40.000
So. yes, the biggest States. they could see money could be made from this, so they invested heavily in needs.
00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:45.000
But there were other resorts which developed out of more fishing communities.
00:56:45.000 --> 00:56:53.000
The what Brighton was, which, with lots of smaller landowners so you didn't get big set pieces in brighton tend to be away from it.
00:56:53.000 --> 00:56:59.000
Okay. no, i've got another question here this last year's lecture.
00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:04.000
No, let me let me try and find this question i've lost it.
00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:11.000
Now, here we are. Question from Jenny, and you were talking about the sheep being put on the fields in the winter to fertilize them.
00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:18.000
What did they eat? Because surely there would have been a lack of grass at that point it was most.
00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:20.000
It would have been double. You put them in the stubble.
00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:34.000
They they fed on the stubble stalks, and any grain that was left you would often intercrop after the the grain had come in with clothes for crops or turnips, particularly towards the end of the nineteenth century
00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:46.000
you're putting Swedes mangle wordsals and turnips in, and then they graze off the turnips, and then once they grace off the tops, you lift the turnips and they can be chopped up and go into
00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:54.000
animal feed in the yards. So yeah, there was ways of ways of getting around this, but that was the that was the surefire way of keeping your landing.
00:57:54.000 --> 00:58:01.000
Good art was to bring the sheep off the hill and onto onto the stubble onto the fallow land.
00:58:01.000 --> 00:58:15.000
Okay, interesting. question here from audrey She's saying here in New York, so deals that must be where she is, and stately homes and manor houses are all in the broad fertile valleys the
00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:22.000
Abbey states and predisolution of the monasteries controlled the farmers of the upland areas as well.
00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:27.000
How would that have influenced the communities in the upland areas?
00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:32.000
Well, they it's a slightly different when you had to move into the uplands.
00:58:32.000 --> 00:58:37.000
You started getting to a a a different dynamic.
00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:44.000
Really, the land holdings were very, very big, but often they were spread over a huge area.
00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:55.000
So when you get very good land, you don't need a lot of land to support a given community where you've got poor land, you end up with much bigger communities.
00:58:55.000 --> 00:58:59.000
Well, one of the things about the southeast is on the downs and on the coastal plane.
00:58:59.000 --> 00:59:14.000
Parishes are small, their pocket handedkerchief because the sword is so good. You don't need a lot of it, not a lot to support a given number of people when you move up into the clays and the sandstones and lap into
00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:18.000
the Web applands. You need a lot more land. so parishes up.
00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:27.000
There are really really big and i've noticed this I know northwest Wales quite well, and along the coastal plane in Northwest Wales, where you've got some very nice soils.
00:59:27.000 --> 00:59:35.000
Got the Gulf Stream along the coastline, quite small parishes, lovely on a rich grasslands and arable land.
00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:53.000
But when you move inland up into Stonia the parishes are absolutely enormous, and that that's reflecting elsewhere across Britain, many of the certainly the abbey's and monasteries were deliberately
00:59:53.000 --> 00:59:56.000
given poor land, they were deliberately given. Poor land!
00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:11.000
It, and it was. It was a way of they were given poor land that they settled their their, their feel like their monasteries on, and then they develop land around that.
01:00:11.000 --> 01:00:17.000
You seem to be some type of penance, but they were then given rights to other areas around about.
01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:26.000
So. the actual site of the monastery may not be in the best land, but they were donated, or they they acquired, or people bequeathed them land.
01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:30.000
They could buy themselves into heaven. Really, in in that format.
01:00:30.000 --> 01:00:44.000
If you go back to 1066 the the battle of Hastings takes place north of Hastings, that he's now called Battle, which is very, very poor land, and because of the slaughter there, William the Conqueror gave
01:00:44.000 --> 01:00:48.000
that land to a Normandy monastery and the enormous were horrified.
01:00:48.000 --> 01:01:02.000
They'd be boy out and left normandy and put into this swampy upland of rock and sand and forest. and now we're back to Normandy and William said troops over to drive them back at sword point to the poor land
01:01:02.000 --> 01:01:10.000
but then gave them rich land, including where pumped at companies, are certainly where fur is located.
01:01:10.000 --> 01:01:19.000
Right at the foot of the downs. So the actual monastic body was in the poor bit, but they had acquired Good land, Hmm!
01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:26.000
Fussing stuff, right? One more question and then We'll need to wrap things up. and this is question from Andrew.
01:01:26.000 --> 01:01:30.000
You talked a little bit at different times about the introduction of the real whiz.
01:01:30.000 --> 01:01:41.000
Did the wealthy landowners welcome them? Sometimes they did, because they could see the possibility of getting crops away, of utilizing the poorer land.
01:01:41.000 --> 01:01:47.000
They had, or the resources they had, getting timber and stone and sand, and all the things needed.
01:01:47.000 --> 01:01:52.000
You know, in the nineteenth century we are urbanizing rapidly, and you need bricks.
01:01:52.000 --> 01:01:59.000
You need timber, you need stone. And so they could see possibilities of this.
01:01:59.000 --> 01:02:14.000
Some, of course, of them, at the view They did this coming near their land, and so often they forbid railway companies to cross their land, So you've got quite secureous routes but sometimes they could make a great deal of money
01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:29.000
by selling their view, and where I was born, on the north edge of Brighton village, called Preston, pressed the manor very old manner, but the lantern rally line goes through the edge of their estate and when they built the
01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:41.000
railway load. they could plainly see it from press the manner, and they just demanded money from the railway companies, and you've taken away our viewpoint, and the railway companies were wealthy, and they gave a vast sum of money to the
01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:44.000
people oppressed the matter for loss of you, basically, you know.
01:02:44.000 --> 01:02:53.000
So. yet there was. There was money to be made from it, but some of them in very conservative about it, for bad the railway to come near them.
01:02:53.000 --> 01:02:58.000
Okay, interesting, right. Folks will need to wrap it up now that's 5 plus 6.
01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:02.000
So I hope you all enjoyed that that was absolutely fascinating. Thank you Jeffrey.
